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Файл:Нефтегазовое дело. Бурение скважин (на английском языке) = Oil and gas drilling engineering through English. Учебное пособие.pdf
Seastar Platforms
Seastar platforms are
basically
smaller tension leg platforms. The Seastar
the semisubmersible drilling rigs. A lower
g,
form movement from environmental
ible
found
forms. The tension legs are
se legs are kept under constant tension,
ment of the
ever
tion, which a llows
voirs,
ate in water depths of up to 1000 meters.
Seastar Платформы
ния
мы.
на глубине до 1000 метров.
F P S F loating P r oducti on Systems
semisubmersible
ing rigs, with the exception that they
boats can also be used as
forms can be kept in place through large,
tem, FPS, once the drilling has been
is
stead of up on
by rigid or
flexible risers from the wellhead on the
bed to the production facilities on the
duction systems can operate in
water depths of up to 2,000 meters.
F PS П л ав аю щи е произв одст вен ны е си ст емы
и также могут быть использ
венных
систем. В FPS платформы могут быть сохр
рования
могут работать на глубине до 2000 метров.
platform consists of a floating rig, as for
hull is ballasted wit h water when dril lin
which increases the stability of the plat-
loads. In addition to this semisubmers
rig type o f f ea t u re s , Seastar p l atforms also
incorporate the tension leg system
in larger plat
long and hollow and extend from the s eafloor to th e flo ati n g seast a r pl atfo rm. Th e-
and prevent any vertical move
platform. Their flexibility does how
allow for horizontal mo
the platform to withstan d the loads of the
sea and wind, without breaking the tension legs off. Seastar platforms are typically used for smaller deep-water reser
were it is not economical or practical to
develop a large r platform. They can o per-
Seastar платформы в основном мелкие
платформы для ног натяжные. Платформа
Seastar состоит из плавающего установки, а
для полупогружных буровых установок. Нижняя оболочка балластируется водой при бурении, что увеличивает стабильность движе
платформы от экологических нагрузок. В дополнение к этому полупогружной буровой установки типа функций, Seastar платформы
также включать систему натяжения ноги во
всех крупных платформах. Ножки натяжения
длинные и полыми и простирается от морского дна к плавающему SEASTAR платфор
Эти ноги находятся в постоянном напряжении,
и не допустить вертикальное перемещение
платформы. Их гибкость тем не менее позволяют горизонтального движения, который позволяет платформа выдерживать нагрузки на
море и ветер, не нарушая ноги напряжение с.
Seastar платформы, как правило, используется
для небольших резервуарах глубоководных,
были это не экономично или практично развивать большую платформу. Они могут работать
FPS or floating production systems are much like the
drill
also host Petroleum production equipment, as Well as Oil drilling equipment.
These
floating production systems. The FPS plat-
heavy anchors, or through dynamic positioning similar as used by drillships rigs.
With a floating production sys-
completed, the Wellhead equipment
actually on the seabed, in
the platform as for fixed platforms.
The produced oil and gas (petroleum) is then transported
sea
semisubmersible platform. These floating pro
FPS или плавающей производственных
систем очень похожи на полупогружные буровые установки, за исключением, что они также
провести Petroleum производственного оборудования, а также нефти бурового оборудования.
Эти лодк
о-
ваны в качестве плавающей производст
анены в месте через большие, тяжелые якоря,
или через динамического позициони
подобное как используется Буровые вышки.
С плавающей производственной системы, FPS, как только буровая была завершена,
оборудование устья скважины на самом деле
на морском дне, а не на платформе, что и для
стационарных платформ.
Нефть и газ (нефть) производится затем
транспортируется жестких или гибких стояков
от устья скважины на морском дне в производственных объектов на полупогружной платформы. Эти плавающие производственные системы
81
Spar Platforms
The Spar platforms are among the
largest offshore platforms or construc-
several
der
lize the Spar platforms in the water,
and allows for horizontal and vertical
Spar платформы
ся
ных погодных условий, как ураганы.
tions in use today. The massive Spar
platforms consist of a large cylinder supporting a typical fixed rig platform.
The large cylinder does not extend all the way to the sea bed, but instead is hold to the bottom by
big cables and lines . The large cylin
stabi
movement to absorb the force of extreme weather conditions as hurricanes.
(abridged from http://www.oilgasarticles.com/articles/9/1/Offshore-Production-Platforms)
8. Amusement corner, or no political correctness. Read the petrole-
um anecdotes and have fun
• Geological theory is dull and the practice is a real vodka drinking
• An ancient North legend: once upon a time two drillers climbed up the
rig and no one had ever seen them later. Because they came down beyond the
rig
• According to the USA Academy of science, geology is the geography
derivative because before Columbus had discovered America all European geologists lived in Europe
• At the excursion to an oil rig a student looks down into the just drilled
borehole and says: it looks like the Hell! The professor thinks: students from
rich families travel everywhere
• A driller says to his assistant: have you read the safety instruction?
The first rule: in order not to have your arms torn off – do not grab the rotating
drill
• An oil rig is like a girl – at first happiness only, then it’s easier to give
up than to maintai n
• An American driller asks Russian colleagues: how long have you been
working? – 50 years. The American is very surprised: what do you need so
much money for?
• Ukrainians celebrate their Independence day in summer because in
winter they DO need Rus s ian na tu ral ga s
• A geological sensation in Ukraine: the natural gas in not Russian but it
goes from a big tube
• In winter in Ukrainian s chools at classes of the Russian language chil-
dren learn a Russian poem “А у нас в квартире газ, а у вас?”
Лонжерон платформы являются одними из крупнейших морских платформ или сооружений, используемых сегодня. Массивные
Spar платформы состоят из большого цилиндра, поддерживающей типичный платформу
фиксированный буровой.
Большой цилиндр не распространяет
всю дорогу на морском дне, но вместо этого
провести в нижней несколько крупных кабелей и линий. Большой цилиндр стабилизации
лонжерона платформы в воде, а также позволяет для горизонтального и вертикального
движения, чтобы поглотить силы экстремаль-
82
For Ukraine gas has to be more expensive than for Western Europe for
Vodka drinking
Запой
Derivative
Производная
In order not to have one’s hand torn off
Чтобы не оторвало руки
To grab
Хвататься
They DO need
Им очень нужно
To turn off
Перекрывать
Tap
Вентиль
Coordinate coincidence
Совпадение местоположения
Haphazard
Случайность
•
Ukraine ge ts it much earlier, so it is more fresh “
• A Ukrainian fairy tale: once upon a time Ukrainian government flew
on a helicopter to a Ukrainian village and promised gas to its inhabitants. It is
still decid ing: two cubic meters or one
• A new Repin’s pictur e: Cossacks turn off gas to Turkish sultan
• “My hands have never stolen any gas”, said Yushchenko turning the
gas tap with his feet
• Ukrainian geologists have discovered a new gas field, the first well has
been drilled. Coordinate coincidence with Gazprom pipeline is only a haphazard
83
Module 5
ECOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
AND DАNGERS OF OIL AND GAS DRILLING
Learning objectives
In this module you will:
• revise developing ideas on the topic;
• understand basic concepts of modern ecological and technical prob-
lems; and dangers and acquire vocabulary connected with it;
• revise expressin g agreement and disagreement with statements on the
topic;
• revise understanding texts on the topic without translating them;
• revise making summary of texts on the topic;
• review grammar on past perfect, passive and numerals;
• improve wr iting skills using vocabular y for linking two or more parts
of statements on the topic
Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner (see example in Unit 1). How
far do you agree that:
1) Russia’s contribution to the world’s petroleum ecological problem is
less serious than USA’s;
2) in ecological problem the humanity reached t he point of no return;
3) it is still possible to restore the ecological balance, but tremendous ef-
forts are needed;
4) for nature and our environment some incidents are more harmful than
accidents;
5) the pollution will stop after the Earth runs out of petroleum?
1. Reading
Read the text about petroleum ecological catastrophe, don’t consult the
vocabulary. Is there any unknown information for you? Say what is new for
you (see example in Unit 1).
Read again, then answer t he questions on the text using the key words.
1. Where and when did Deepwater Horizon e xplosion take place?
2. What is Deepwater horizon?
3. What are Deepwater Horizon’s technical character istics?
4. What had been wrong with the wellhead before the catastrophe took
place?
84
5. Were there oil spills and fires on Deepwa ter Horizon b efore 2010?
6. What technic al problem occurred in March 2010?
7. What data were officially recognized as a cause of the catastrophe by
a “60 minute report”?
8. What caused a fire according to interview with one of the platform
workers?
9. How serious was an oil spill in Deepwater Horizon?
10. What mistakes did British Petroleum commit and what recommenda-
tions did the company ignore?
Read the text once again, consult the vocabulary and/or a dictionary.
Make a summary (see example in Unit 2).
Deepwater Horizon ecological cat astrophe
The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion refers to the April 20,
2010 explosion and subsequent fire on the
Deepwater Horizon semisubmersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU), about 40 miles (60 km)
southeast of the
Louisiana coast. The explosion killed 11 workers and injured
16 others; another 99 people survived without serious physical injury. It caused
the Deepwater Horizon to burn and sink, and started a massive
in the
Gulf of Mexico. This environmental disaster is now considered the
offshore oil spill
second larg est in U.S. history, behind the Dust Bowl.
The Deepwater Horizon was a floating
semi-submersible drilling unit.
The platform was 396 feet (121 m) long and 256 feet (78 m) wide and could
operate in waters up to 8,000 feet (2,400 m) deep, to a maximum drill depth of
30,000 feet (9,100 m). The platform commenced drilling in February 2010 at a
water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1, 500 m). At the time of the explosion
the rig was drilling an exploratory well. The planned well was to be drilled to
18,360 feet (5,600 m) below sea level, and was to be plugged and suspended
for subsequent completion as a
subsea producer. Product ion casing was being
run and cemented at the time of the accident. Once the cementing was
complete, it was due to be tested for integrity and a cement plug set to
temporarily abandon the well for later completion as a subsea producer. The rig
owner, Transocean, had safety record with no major incidents for 7 years.
The BP
wellhead had been fit ted with a blowout preventer ( BOP), but it
was not fitted with remote-control or acoustically activated triggers for use in
case of an emergency requiring a platform to be evacuated. It did have a
dead
man's switch designed to automatically cut the pipe and seal the well if
communication from the platform is lost, but it was unknown whether the
switch was activated. Documents discussed on June 17, 2010 indicated that
85
Transocean previously made modifications to the BOP which increased the risk
of BOP failur e, in spite of warnings from the contractor to that effect.
There had been previous spills and fires on the Deepwater Horizon; the
US Coast Guard had issued pollution citations 18 times between 2000 and
2010, and had investigated 16 fires and other incidents. The previous fires,
spills, and i ncidents were not considered unusual for a Gulf platform and have
not been connected to the April, 2010 explosion and spill. The Deepwater
Horizon did, however, have other serious incidents, including one in 2008 in
which 77 people were evacuated from the platform when it listed and began to
sink after a section of pipe was accidentally removed from the platform's
ballast system. By April 20, 2010 the Deepwater Horizon well operation was
already running five weeks late. Internal BP documents show that BP engineers
had concerns as early as 2009 that the metal casing BP wanted to use might
collapse under high pressure. In March 2010, the rig experienced problems that
included
drilling mud falling into the undersea oil formation, sudden gas
releases, a pipe falling into the well, and at least three occasions of the blowout
preventer leaking fluid. The rig's mechanic stated that the well had problems
for months and that the drill repeatedly kicked due to high gas pressure
providing resistance.
On the day the rig exploded, 79 of the 126 people on the rig were
Transocean employees.
According to an official report the blowout prevente r was damaged in
a previously unreported accident in late March 2010. Workers had been
performing standard routines and had no indication of any problems prior to
the explosion. Equipment readings indicated gas bubbling into the well,
which could signal an impending blowout. The heavy
drilling mud in the
pipes initially held down the gas of the le aking well. A BP official onboard
the rig directed the crew to replace the drilling mud, which is used to keep
the well's pressure down, with lighter seawater even though the rig's chief
driller protested. According to a number of rig workers, it was understood
that workers could get fired for raising safety concerns that might delay
drilling.
On March 10, 2010, a BP executive said that there was a stuck pipe and
well control situation at the drilling site, and that BP would have to plugback
the well. A draft of a BP memo in April 2010 warned that the cementing of the
casing was unlikely to be successful. BP
officials have said that they had
finished cementing 20 hours before the fire, but had not yet set the final cement
plug. A special
nitrogen-foamed cement was used which is more difficult to
handle than standard cement.
On July 23, 2010 The New York Ti mes reported that crew members had
appeared before a federal panel of investigators, saying that power failures,
86
computer crashes and emergency equipment leaks had occurred within a few
weeks of the explosion.
The fire aboard the Deepwat er Hori zon reportedly started at 9:56 p.m. on
April 20, 2010. At the ti me, there we re 126 crew on boa rd: seven employees of
BP, 79 of Transocean, as well as employees of various other companies
involved in the operatio n of the rig.
Transocean employees on the vessel state that the lights flickered,
followed by two strong vibrations. After the explosion, Transocean executive
stated that abnormal pressure had accumulated inside the marine riser and as it
came up it "expanded rapidly and ignited." According to interviews with
platform workers conducted during BP's internal investigation, a bubble of
methane gas escaped from the well and shot up the drill column, expanding
quickly as it burst through several seals and barriers before exploding.
The event was basically a
blowout. Survivors described the incident as a
sudden explosion which gave them less than five minutes to escape as the
alarm went off.
The explosion was followed by a fire that engulfed the platform. After
burning for more than a day, Deepwater Horizon s ank on April 22, 2010. The
Coast Guard stated to CNN on April 22, 2010 that they received word of the
sinking at approximately 10:21 am.
According to officials, 126 individuals were on board , of whom 79 were
Transocean employees, six were from BP, and 41 were contracted; of these,
115 individuals were evacuated. Most of the workers evacuated the rig and
took a workboat that BP had hired to service the rig. Seventeen others were
then evacuated from the workboat by helicopter. Most survivors were brought
to
Port Fourchon for a medical check-up and to meet their families. Although
94 workers were taken to shore with no major injuries, four were transported to
another vessel, and 17 were sent to trauma centers. Most were soon released.
When the blowout occurred, 4 BP and Transocean executives were on board
the platform for a tour of the rig; they were injured but survived. They were
then driven to a hotel under escort, questioned by company consultants and
investigat ors and then given a form to sign before being released.
Initial reports indicated that between 12 to 15 workers were missing;
reports soon narrowed the number of missing to nine crew members on the
platform floor and two engineers. The
United States Coast Guard immediately
launched a massive rescue operation. On April 23, the Coast Guard called off
the search for the 11 missing persons, concluding that "reasonable expectations
of survival" had passe d. Offi cials concluded that the missing workers may have
been near the blast and unable to escap e the sudden e xplosion.
On April 22, 2010, BP announced that it was deploying a remotely
operated underwater vehicle to the site to assess whether oil was flowing from
87
the well. That day the oil was leaking from the rig at the rate of about
To refer to
Относиться
Subsequent
Последующий
Disaster
Катастрофа
Floating semisubmersible drilling unit
Полупогружная буровая платформа
To plug a well
Закупоривать скважину
To suspend for
Приостанавливать
Accident
Несчастный случай
Incident
Авария, техногенное происшествие
Due to
Вследствие
Trigger
Детонатор
Dead man
Анкерная свая
To seal
Герметизировать
Seal
Уплотнение
Contractor
Подрядчик
Spill
Утечка, разлив
Internal documents
Документация компании
To experience problems
Сталкиваться с проблемами
To kick
Давать толчок, выброс
Kick
Толчок, выброс
Unreported accident
Незарегистрированный несчастный случай
Standard routines
Стандартные работы
Prior to
До, перед
To bubble
Пузыриться
To raise safety concerns
Повысить меры безопасности
8,000 barrels (340,000 US gallons; 1,300,000 litres) of crude per day. Two
remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) had been sent down to attempt
to cap the we ll, but were unsuccessful.
At an April 30, 2010 press conference, BP said that it did not know the
cause of the explosion.
In June, officials said BP should have tested cement at the well, which
would have cost $1 28 ,00 0 and ta ke n 8–12 ho ur s.
On September 8, 2010, BP released a 193-page report on its web site.
The report says BP employees and those of
Transocean did not correctly
interpret a pressure test.
On November 8, 2010, the inquiry by the Oil Spill Commission revealed
its findings that BP had not sacrificed safety in attempts to make money, but
that some de cisions had increased risks on the ri g.
A slide briefly appeared on th e Oil Spill Commission’s website which
enumerated eight “risky” and “unnecessary” steps that BP was deemed to
have taken . The New York Times newspaper has published a screenshot of
the slide.
(abridged from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion)
88
BP official
Официальный представитель ВР
BP executive
Исполнительный директор ВР
Stuck pipe
Прихваченная труба
Draft of a memo
Выписка из директивы
Nitrogen-foamed cement
Азотно-пенный цемент
Federal panel of investigators
Федеральная комиссия по расследованию
Power failure
Прекращение энергоснабжения
Computer crash
Отказ электроники
Emergency equipment leak
Протекание аварийного оборудования
Reportedly
По сообщениям
To state
Утверждать, констатировать
Marine riser
Водоотделяющая колонна
To shoot up
Подниматься, выталкивать, разрушать
To receive a word of sinking
Получить сообщение о затоплении
Workboat
Рабочий катер
A tour of the rig
Осмотр платформы
Between…to…
От…до…
To narrow the number
Уменьшить количество
Coast Guard
Береговая охрана
Massive rescue operation
Массовая спасательная операция
To call off the search
Прекратить поиски
Blast
Взрыв, уничтожение
To deploy
Развертывать, размещать
Remotely operated
На дистанционном управлении
BP was deemed to have taken
Считалось, что ВР следовало предпринять
Screenshot
Цифровое изображение
2. Speaking
Is there any unknown information for you? Say what is new for you
(see exa mple in Unit 1).
Answer the following questions:
1. Where did oil spills damage ecological sys tem of our planet?
2. How can the qua ntity of spilled oil range?
3. Why are sea oil spills mor e dangerous and damaging?
4. What safety measures can prevent more serious aftermaths of oil spill
on land?
5. Why is contro l of oil spill difficult?
6. What nitrogen heterocyclic compounds are reported as associated
with crude oil?
7. Why these compounds ten d to dissolve and move with water?
8. How can spilled oil be neutralized naturally?
9. Why underground tanks are also potentially dangerous?
10. In what circumstances can a bioremediation be used?
89
At the lecture
Student
Professor, I would like to ask you a question – what is an oil spill?
Professor
It is a form of environmental pollution, a human activity caused re-
or land areas.
Student
I have a ver y good reaso n to believe t hat the problem is serious.
Professor
Yes, crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have
, the
Galapagos Is la nds , France and many other places.
Student
Do I understand you correctly that the ecological situation is very
serious?
Professor
The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few
ns to several hundred thousand tons, for example
Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on
ecosystems, such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
Student
Professor, I would like to know what kind of spill is more dangerous?
Professor
Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on
which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill
around the spill site before most of the oil escapes,
and land animals can avoid the oil more easily
Student
I believe that there are measures that should be taken in order to
prevent oil spills.
Professor
Control of oil spills is difficult, requires ad hoc methods, and often a
large amount of manpower. The dropping of bombs and incendiary
wreck produced poor
results; modern techniques would include pumping the oil from the
wreck, like in the Prestige oil spill or the Erika oil s pill.
Student
I would like to ask you: are there any “natural” ways to reduce oil
spills aftermaths?
Professor
Yes. Crude oil is predominantly composed of various hydrocarbons.
are reported as contaminants associated with
hese compounds
have a very high water solubility, and thus tend to dissolve and move
have been shown to degrade these
contaminants.
lease of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, marine
damaged natural ecosystems in Alaska, the Gulf of Mexico
hundred to
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Atlantic Empress, Amoco Cadiz).
land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil
slick
sea birds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms it coats. Oil spills
on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be
rapidly
bulldozed
devices from aircraft on the Torrey Canyon
But certain nitrogen heterocylic compounds, such as pyridine,
picoline, and quinoline
crude oil, as well as facilities processing oil shale or coal, and have
also been found at legacy wood treatment sites. T
with water. Certain naturally occurring bacteria, such as Micrococcus,
Arthrobacter, and Rhodococcus
90