Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Нефтегазовое дело. Бурение скважин (на английском языке) = Oil and gas drilling engineering through English. Учебное пособие.pdf
Student
That means nature can take care of itself. And wou ld you tell us how
should specialists act in case of underground tank degradation at gas
stations?
Professor
It may also occur unfortunately. This significantly affects soil and
groundwater. In these instances of the biological degradation of petroleum
hydrocarbons, solutions such as bioremediation may be used.
To release
Выбрасывать
Nautical mile
Морская миля
Oil slick
Нефтяное пятно
Mammals
Млекопитающие
Shellfish
Моллюск
To coat
Покрывать, обволакивать
Makeshift oil dam
Самодельная нефтяная дамба
To escape
Улетучиваться
Containable
Сдерживаемый
More readily
С большей готовностью
Ad hoc (lat.) methods
Оперативные методы, методы для данного случая
Manpower
Рабочая сила
Wreck
Развал, крушение
Incendiary
Зажигательный
Aftermaths
Последствия
Predominantly
Преимущественно
Heterocyclic
Гетероциклический
Pyridine
Пиридин
Picoline
Пиколин
Quinoline
Хинолин
Oil shale
Нефтеносный сланец
Legacy wood treatment side
Места переработки древесины
Have been shown to degrade
Выяснилось, что они разлагают
Groundwater
Грунтовые воды
Bioremediation
Биовосстановление
Formation: the verb HAD+the 3 form of the verb (regular or irregular)
Regular verbs:
the 1 form+-ed
Irregular verbs: ! N.B.
E.G.: lead – led
I
Had finished
the well
I
Had led
To the explosion
You
Had finished
the well
You
Had led
To the explosion
He, she, it
Had finished
the well
He, she, it
Had led
To the explosion
We
Had finished
the well
We
Had led
To the explosion
You
Had finished
the well
You
Had led
To the explosion
They
Had finished
the well
They
Had led
To the explosion
Using: to denote an action that took place in past before another action in the past:
-----Past 2-(past perfect)--------------Past 1------------Present-----------Future-------
Past perfect is translated into Russian by expressions «ранее, до этого, прежде, давно»
(abridged from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill)
3. Grammar review 1. Past Perfect
91
Exercise. Observe the Past Perfect in the sentences, tran slate them
Passive
Formation: the verb TO BE+III form of the verb (regular or irregular)
I
II
III
Is/are+verb III form
Was/were+verb III form
Had been+verb III form
Denotes an action in present
Denotes an action in the past
Denotes an action in the past before another action in the past
The rig is constructed
The rig was constructed
The rig had been constructed
Using: expresses the same ideas but makes them more «strict», more «officially»
1. There had been previous spills and fires on the Deepwater Horiz on;
the US Coast Guard had issued pollution citations 18 times between 2000 and
2010, and had inve sti ga te d 16 f ires and othe r incidents.
2. The company had finished cementing 20 hours before the fire, but
had not yet set the final cement plug.
3. The New York Times reported that crew members had appeared
before a federal panel of investigators, saying that power failures, computer
crashes and emergency equipment leaks had occurred within a few weeks of
the explosion.
4. After the explosion, Transocean executive stated that abnormal
pressure had accumulated inside the marine riser.
5. Most of the workers took
lifeboats that BP had hired to ser vice the rig.
6. The Coast Guard called off the search for the 11 missing persons,
concludin g that "reasonable expect ations of survival" had passed.
7. The blowout pr eventer, removed on September 4, had not reached the
facility in time.
8. The inquiry by the Oil Spill Commission revealed its findings that
BP had not sacrificed safety in attempts to make money, but that some
decisions had inc r ea s ed ris ks on t he ri g.
9. There had been "a rush to completion" on the well and poor
management decisions.
10. BP refuted the findings of advanced modeling software that had
ascertained over three times as many centralizer s were needed on the rig.
11. The oil firm alleged that failed safety systems and irresponsible
behavior of contractors had led to the e xplosion
Grammar r e view 2. Passive
Exercise 1. Translate th e sentences using Passive I
1. A special
nitrogen-foamed cement is used which is more difficult to
handle than standard cement.
2. This environmental disaster is now considered the second largest in
U.S. history, behind the Dust Bowl.
92
3. These claims are den ied by Transoc ean.
4. The BP wellhead is not fitted with remote-control or acoustically
activated triggers for use in case of an emergency requiring a platform to be
evacuated.
5. The previous fires, spills, and incidents are not considered unusual for
a Gulf platform .
Exercise 2. Translate the sentences usin g Passive II
1. $560 million platform was built by
Hyundai Heavy Industries in
South Korea and completed in 2001, it w as owned by Transocean.
2. Previous fi res, spill s, and inci dent s wer e no t cons ide red un usua l f or a
Gulf platform.
3. The Deepwater Horizon did, however, have other serious incidents,
including one in 2008 in which 77 people were evacuated from the platform
after a section of pipe was accidentally removed from the platform's
ballast
system.
4. A confidential survey states that workers were concerned about
safety practices and feared reprisals if they reported mistakes or other
problems.
5. According to a report the blowout preventer was damaged in a
previously unreported a c cident in late March 2010.
6. As a result, the company's perception of safety on the rig was
distorted.
7. The explosion was followed by a fire that engulfed the platform .
8. According to officials, 126 individuals were on board, of whom 79
were Transocean employees, six were from BP, and 41 were contracted; of
these, 115 in dividuals we re evacuated.
9. Most surviv ors were brought to
Port Fourchon for a medical check-
up and to meet their fam ilies.
10. Although 94 workers were taken to shore with no major injuries, four
were transported to another vessel, and 17 were sent to trauma centers in
Mobile, Alabama and
Marrero, Louisiana.
11. They were injured but survived, most were so on released.
12. They were then driven to a hotel under escort, secluded at the hotel
for hours, questioned by company consultants and investigators and then given
a form to sign before being rele ased.
Exercise 3. Translate the sentences u sing Passive III
1. Press releases from
Transocean state the platform had historically been
used for deeper wells, including the deepest underwater gas and oil well in
history at 3 5,055 feet (10,685 m) in 2009.
93
2. The BP wellhead had been fitted with a blowout preventer (BOP)
Numbers
25 – twenty-five
one thousand three
1 000 000 000 – milliard/billion
Dates
1905 – nineteen (oh) five
April 22 – April twen ty-two / The twe nty-second of Apr il
Mathematical
20 % – twenty per cent
3,14 – three point one four
Time
12:00 – noon
3:30 – three thirty/three a nd a half/half past three
3. In addition, BP had not been requir ed to file a detailed blow out plan.
4. Many centraliz ers had been needed on the rig.
5. Two
down to attempt to cap the well.
6. The platform had historically been used for deeper wells, including the
deepest unde rwater gas and oil well i n history.
Grammar r e view 3. Num erals
symbols
Exercise. Put numerals instead of the words in italic
1. On September eight, twenty ten, BP released a hundred and ninety-
three-page report on its web site. The report says BP employees and those of
Transocean did no t correctly interpret a pressure test.
2. On April twenty three, the Coast Guard called off the search for the
eleven missing persons, concluding that "reasonable expectations of survival"
had passed.
remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) had been sent
•
• 123 – one hundred (and) twenty- three
• 4325 – four thousand three hundred (and) twenty-five
• 451 365 – four hundred (and) fifty-
hundred (and) si x ty -five
• 1 000 000 – million
•
•
• 1983 – nineteen eighty-three
• 2000 – twenty hundred
• 2009 – two thousa nd on e
• 2016 – twenty sixteen
•
•
• 1/3 – one third
• 3,5 – thr ee po i nt fi ve
• 0,7 – (zer o) po int 7
• 0,23 – ( z ero) point two three
•
•
• 0:00 – midnight
• 9:00 – Nine AM
• 21:00 – Nine PM
• 8:14 – eight seventeen
•
94
3. The fire aboard the Deepwater Horizon reportedly started at nine
fifty-six p.m. on April twen ty, twe nty te n.
4. The Deepwater Horizon was a floating
semi-submersible drilling
unit. The platform was three hundred and ninety-six feet (hundred and twenty-
one m) long and to one hundred and fifty-six feet (seventy-eight m) wide and
could operate in waters up to eight thousand feet (two thousand four
hundred m) deep, to a maximum drill depth of thirty thousand feet (nine
thousand one hundred m).
5. The explosion killed eleven workers and injured sixteen others;
another ninety-nine pe ople survived without serious physical injury
6. The planned well was to be drilled to eighteen thousand three
hundred and sixty feet (five thousand six hundred m) below sea level, and
was to be plugged and suspended for subsequent completion as a
subsea
producer.
7. The Deepwater Horizon did, however, have other serious incidents,
including one in two thousand oh eight in which seventy-seven people were
evacuated from the platform when it listed and began to sink after a section of
pipe was accidentally removed from the platform's
ballast system.
8. According to officials, one hundred and twenty-six individuals were
on board, of whom seventy-nine were Transocean employees, six were from
BP, and forty-one were contracted; of these, one hundred and fifteen
individuals were evacuated.
9. On April twenty-two, twenty-ten, BP announced that it was deploying
a remotely operated underwater vehicle to the site to assess whether oil was
flowing from the well. That day the oil was leaking from the rig at the rate of
about eight thousand barrels (three hundred and forty thousand US gallons; one
million three hundred thousand litres) of crud e per day.
10. In June, officials said BP should have tested cement at the well,
which would have cost $ one hundred and twenty-eight thousand and taken
eight–twelve hours.
11. According to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (two
thousand oh eight), fifty-six per cent of unintentional deaths from non-fire CO
poisoning were associated with engine-driven tools like gas-powered
generators and lawn mowers. Natural gas heating systems accounted fo r fu r per
cent of these deat hs.
12. According to scientific researches, however, by the year twenty-
thirty, natural gas would be the source of eleven billion ton s a year, with coal
and oil now eight p oin t four billion and seventeen point two billion respectively
because dema nd is in cre as ing one point nine per cent a year.
13. Along with the gas, thirty per cent to seventy per cent of the
chemically-laced frack fluid, or flow back, returns to the surface.
95
14. In British waters, the cost of removing all platform rig structures
entirely was estimated in nineteen ninety-five at £ one point five billion, and the
cost of removing all structures including pipelines–called a "clean sea"
approach–at £ three billion.
4. Reading without dictionary. Supplementary texts
Text 1
Read the text about oil well fires, don’t consult a dictionary. Is there
any unknown information for you? Say what is new for you (see example in
Unit 1).
Read again and answer the following questions on the text
1. What can cause an oil well fir e?
2. Why is an oil well fire more difficult to extinguish than a regular
fire?
3. What should be done to the oil well after the snuffing?
4. What equipment is used during the capping process and what is it
made of?
5. Why is the capping process necessary?
6. What modern technology is used to extinguish oil well fires?
7. How does an explosive effect the fire while extinguishing?
8. What are effects of oil well f ires?
9. In what case are metal jaws which clamp off the pipe below the fire
used?
10. What is referred to as Gulf War Syndrome?
Read once again and make a summary of the text (see examples in
Unit 2)
Oil well fire
Oil well fires is the common term for
oil or gas wells that have caught on
fire and burn. Oil well fires can be the result of human actions, such as
accidents or
arson, or natural events, such as lightning. They can exist on a
small scale, such as an oil field spill catching fire, or on a huge scale, as in
geyser-like jets of flames fr om ignited high pressure wells.
Extinguishing the fires. Oil well fires are more difficult to extinguish
than regular fires due to the enormous
at a
wellhead, typically high explosives, such as dynamite, are used to consume
fuel supply for the fire. In fighting a fire
96
all the local atmospheric oxygen and snuff the flame out. Doing so removes the
oxygen necessary for the fire to burn, but the fire's fuel, whether it is natural
gas or oil, is still pres ent a nd oil c an sh ow e r dow n upon the working crew.
After snuffing, the wellhead must be capped to stop the flow of oil.
During this time, the fuel and oxygen required to create another inferno is
present in copious amounts. At this perilous stage, one small spark (perhaps
from a steel or iron tool striking a stone) or other heat source might re-ignite
the oil.
To prevent re-ignition,
or
paraffin coated tools are used during the capping process. Meticulous care is
brass or bronze tools, which do not strike sparks,
used to avoid heat and sparks, or any other ignition source. The explosive reignition of a wellhead may take the form of an extremely powerful explosion,
possibly even worse tha n the original
blowout.
Due to recent advances in technology as well as environmental concerns, many wells today are capped while they burn. High-powered water sprays and Purple K dry chemical (a potassium bicarbonate mixtur e) are used to extinguish the wells.
There are several techniques used to put out oil well fires, which vary by resources available and the characteristics of the fire itself.
In essence the trade was started by
field in the early years. His lieutenant,
Myron M. Kinley, who dominated the
Red Adair, went on to become the most
famous of oi l well firefighters.
Techniques include:
• Dousing with copious amounts of wa ter
• Raising the plume- Inserting one metal casing 30 to 40 feet high over the
well head (thus raising the flame above the ground). Liquid nitrogen or water is
then forced in at the bottom to reduc e the oxygen supply and put out the fire.
• Drill relief wells into the producing zone to redirect some of the oil
and make the fire smaller. (However, most relief wells are used to pump heavy
mud and cement deep into the wild well.) The first relief wells were drilled in
Texas in the mid 1930s.
• Using a gas turbine to blast a fine mist at the fire. Water is injected to
the compressor section of the turbine in large quantities. This does not harm the
turbine. This technique is also used for cleaning turbines.
• Using dynamite to 'blow out' the fire by blasting fuel and oxygen from
the flame and consuming oxygen in the combustion. This was one of the earliest
effective methods and is still widely used. The first use w as in California in 1913.
• Dry Chemical can be used on small well fires such as those in refineries.
• In the 1930s mechanical jaws were developed for smaller well fires
which clamp off the pipe below the fire. Rarely used, the design became the basis for the sa fety device used on off shore wells.
97
Special vehicles called "Athey wagons" as well as the typical bulldozer
protected by corrugated steel sheet ing are norma lly used in the process.
Effects. Oil well fires can cause the loss of millions of
barrels of crude
oil per day. Combined with the ecological problems caused by the large
amounts of smoke and unburnt petroleum falling back to earth, oil well fires
such as those seen in
Smoke from burnt crude oil contains many chemicals, including
Kuwait can cause enormous economic losses.
sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, soot, benzopyrene, poly aromatic hydrocarbons, and
dioxins. Exposure to oil well fires is commonly cited as a cause of the Gulf
War Syndrome, however, studies have indicated that the firemen who capped
the wells di d not report any of the sym ptoms suffered by the soldiers.
(abridged from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well_fire)
Text 2
R ead the text about natur al gas, don’t consult a dictionar y. I s ther e
any unk nown infor mati on for you? Say what is new for you (see example in
Unit 1).
Read again and answer the following questions on the text.
1. What type of f uel is describ ed as the clea nest one?
2. Is natural gas a greenhouse gas itself?
3. For how many years has natural gas negative effect in the atmos-
phere?
4. What advanta ges has natural gas in comparison with o il and coal?
5. Why is the practice of hydraulic fracturing banned in some countrie s?
6. Why is methane dangerous in mines?
7. Is hydrogen sulfide a treated gas? Is it harmless?
8. What process is referred to as a “hydrofra cking”?
9. Natural gas can be a greenhouse gas and a toxic one, how more is it
dangerous?
10. What is a track-fluid?
Read once again and make a summary of the text (see examples in
Unit 2).
Natural gas as a pollu ti ng s ubst an c e
Natural gas is often described as the cleanest fossil
carbon dioxide per
joule delivered than either coal or oil and far fewer
pollutants than other hydrocarbon fuels. However, in absolute terms, it does
contribute substantially to global
carbon emissions, and this contribution is
fuel, producing less
98
projected t o grow. In 2004, natural gas pro duced about 5.3 billion tons a year of
CO
emissions, while coal and oil produced 10.6 and 10.2 billion tons
2
respectively. According to scientific researches, however, by the year 2030,
natural gas would be the sou rce of 11 billion tons a year, with coal and oil
now 8.4 and 17.2 billion respectively because de mand is increasing 1.9 % a
year. (
Total global emissions for 2004 were estimated at over 27,200 million
tons.)
In addition, natural gas itself is a
greenhouse gas more potent than
carbon dioxide. Although natural gas is released into the atmosphere in much
smaller quantities, methane is oxidized in the atmosphere, and hence natural
gas affects the atmosphere for approximately 12 years, compared to CO
,
2
which is already oxidized, and has effect for 100 to 500 years. Natural gas is
composed mainly of methane, which has a
radioactive forcing twenty times
greater than carbon dioxide. Based on such composition, a ton of methane in
the atmosphere traps as much radiation as 20 tons of carbon dioxide; however,
it remains in the atmosphere for 8–40 times less time. Carbon dioxide still
receives the lion's share of attention concerning greenhouse gases because it is
released in much larger amounts. Still, it is inevitable when natural gas is used
on a large scale that some of it will leak into the atmosphere. (Coal methane not
captured by
coal bed methane extraction techniques is simply lost into the
atmosphere; however, most methane in the atmosphere is currently from
animals and bacteria, not from industrial leaks.) Current estimates by the EPA
place global emissions of methane at 3 trillion cubic feet (85 km
3
) annually or
3.2% of global production. Direct emissions of methane represented 14 .3% of
all global anthropoge nic greenhou se gas emissions in 2004.
Natural gas produces far lower amounts of
sulfur dioxide and nitrous
oxides than any other hydrocarbon fuel (fossil fuels). Carbon dioxide produced
is 117,000 ppm vs 208,000 for burning coal.
ppm vs 208 for burning coal.
Nitrogen oxides produced is 92 ppm vs 457 for
burning coal. Sulfur dioxide is 1 ppm vs 2,591 for burning coal.
Carbon monoxide produc ed is 40
Mercury is 0
vs .016 for burning coal. Particulates are also a major contribution to global
warming. Natural gas has 7ppm vs coal's 2,744ppm. Natural gas also has
Radon, from 5 to 200,000 Becquerels per cubic meter.
The practice of hydraulic fracturing, the process of using a combination
of chemicals ranging from harmless to toxic to force natural gas to the surface
from reservoirs with low permeability, has come under scrutiny internationally
due to concerns about environmental and health safety, and has been suspended
or banned in some countr ie s.
In
mines, where methane seeping from rock formations has no odor,
sensors are used, and mining apparatus such as the Davy lamp has been
specifically developed to avoid ignition sources.
99
Some gas fields yield sour gas containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This
untreated gas is
removes
acidic gaseous components, is often used to remove hydrogen sulfide
toxic. Amine gas treating, an industrial scale process which
from natural gas.
Extraction of natural gas (or oil) leads to decrease in pressure in the
reservoir. Such decrease in pressure in turn may result in subsidence, sinking of
the ground above. Subsidence may affect ecosystems, waterways, sewer and
water supply systems, foundations, a n d so on.
Releasing the gas from low-permeability reservoirs is accomplished by a
process called
hydraulic fracturing or "hydrofracking". To allow the natural gas
to flow out o f the shal e, oil op erator s fo rce on e to 9 millio n US g allo ns ( 34,000
3
m
) of water mixed with a variety of chemicals through the wellbore casing
into the shale. The high pressure water breaks up or "fracks" the shale, which
releases the trapped gas. Sand is added to the water as a prop pant to keep the
fractures in the shale open, thus enabling the gas to flow into the casing and
then to the surface. The chemicals are added to the frack fluid to reduce friction
and combat corrosion. During the extracting life of a gas well, other low
concentrations of other chemical substances may be used, such as biocides to
eliminate fouling, scale and corrosion inhibitors, oxygen scavengers to remove
a source of corrosion, and acids to clean the perforations in the pi pe.
Dealing with fracking fluid can be a challenge. Along with the gas, 30%
to 70% of the chemically-laced frack fluid, or flow back, returns to the surface.
Additionally, a significant amount of salt and other minerals, once a part of the
rock layers that were under prehistoric seas, may be incorporated in the flow
back as they dissolve in the frack flu id.
In order to assist in detecting
leaks, a minute amount of odorant is added
to the otherwise colorless and almost odorless gas used by consumers. The odor
has been compared to the smell of rotten eggs, due to the added
butyl
mercaptan. Sometimes a related compound, thiophane may be used in the
mixture. Situations in which an odorant that is added to natural gas can be
detected by analytical instrumentation, but cannot be properly detected by an
observer with a normal sense of smell, have occurred in the natural gas
industry. This is caused by odor masking, when one odorant overpowers the
sensation of another. As of 2011, the industry is conducting research on the
causes of odor ma ski ng.
Explosions caused by natural
gas leaks occur a few times each year.
Individual homes, small businesses and other structures are most frequently
affected when an internal leak build s up gas inside the structure . Frequently, the
blast will be enough to significantly damage a building but leave it standing. In
these cases, the people inside tend to have minor to moderate injuries.
Occasionally, the gas can collect in high enough quantities to cause a deadly
100