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Файл:Нефтегазовое дело. Бурение скважин (на английском языке) = Oil and gas drilling engineering through English. Учебное пособие.pdf
explosion, disintegrating one or more buildings in the process. The gas usually
dissipates readily outdoors, but can sometimes collect in dangerous quantities if
flow rates are high enough. However, considering the tens of millions of
structures that use the f uel, the indi vidual risk of using natural gas is very low.
Natural gas heating systems are a minor source of
carbon monoxide
deaths in the United States. According to the US Consumer Product Safety
Commission (2008), 56 % of unintentional deaths from non-fire CO poisoning
were associated with engine-driven tools like gas-powered generators and lawn
mowers. Natural gas heating systems accounted for 4 % of these deaths.
Improvements in natural gas furnace designs have greatly reduced CO
poisoning concerns.
Detectors are also available that warn of carbon monoxide
and/or explosive gas (methane, pro pane, etc.).
(abridged from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas)
Text 3
Read the text about petroleum activity risks, don’t consult a dictionary.
Is there any unknown information for you? Say what is new for you (see example in Unit 1).
Read again, then retell the text in Russian in 5–6 sentences.
The nature of petroleum extraction operation – extraction of volatile
substances sometimes under extreme pressure in a hostile environment – means
risk; accidents and tragedies occur regularly. The U.S.
Minerals Management
Service reported 69 offshore deaths, 1,349 injuries, and 858 fires and
explosions on offshore rigs in the Gulf of Mexico from 2001 to 2010. In July
1988, 167 people died when
production platform, on the Piper field in the UK sector of the
Occidental Petroleum's Piper Alpha offshore
North Sea,
exploded after a gas leak. The resulting investigation conducted by Lord Cullen
and publicized in the first
Cullen Report was highly critical of a number of
areas, including, but not limited to, management within the company, the
design of the structure, and the Permit to Work System. The report was
commissioned in 1988, and was delivered November 1990. The accident
greatly accelerated the practice of providing living accommodations on
separate platforms, aw a y from those used for extrac tion.
However, this was in itself a hazardous environment. In March 1980, the
'
flotel' (floating hotel) platform Alexander L. Kielland capsized in a storm in
the
North Sea with the loss of 123 lives.
In 2001,
Petrobras 36 in Brazil exploded and sank five days later, killing
11 people.
Given the number of grievances and conspiracy theo ries that inv olve the
oil business, and the importance of gas/oil platforms to the economy, platforms
101
in the United States are believed to be potential terrorist targets. Agencies and
First, at first, firs t of a ll, to be gi n wi th
Во-первых, сначала, сперва
Second, secondly
Во-вторых
Further, next, the n
Далее, затем
At last, finally, lastly
Наконец
Besides
Кроме этого, помимо этого, притом
Furthermore
Далее, к тому же
In addition
В дополнение к сказанному
Likewise
Аналогичным образом
Moreover
Более того
Similarly
Точно так же
military units responsible for maritime counterterrorism in the US (
Coast
Guard, Navy SEALs, Marine Recon) often train for platform raids.
On April 21, 2010 , the
of
Venice, Louisiana, (property of Transocean and leased to BP) exploded,
Deepwater Horizon platform, 52 miles off-shore
killing 11 people, and sank two days later. The resulting undersea gusher,
conservatively estimated to exceed 20 million US gallons (76,000 m
early June, 2010, became the worst oil spill in US history, eclipsing the
3
) as of
Exxon
Valdez oil spill.
Ecological effects. In British waters, the cost of removing all platform
rig structures entirely was estimated in 1995 at £1.5 billion, and the cost of
removing all structures including pipelines—called a "clean sea" approach—at
£3 billion.
In the United States, marine biologist
platforms off the California coast be retained as
Milton Love has proposed that oil
artifici a l re e fs, in st ead of b eing
dismantled (at great cost), because he has found them to be havens for many of
the species of fish which are otherwise declining in the region, in the course of
11 years of research. Love is funded mainly by government agencies, but also
in small part by the
California Artificial Reef Enhancement Program. NOAA
has said it is considering this course of action, but wants money to study the
effects of the rigs in detail.
surrounding the platforms. In the
Divers have been used to assess the fish populations
Gulf of Mexico, more than 200 platforms
have been similarly converted.
(abridged from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform)
5. Writing. In order not to speak primitive (or baby) English you are
to know and use spec ial vocabulary to connect two or more parts of a large
statement
A) vocabulary used to point out the order an d succession:
B) vocabulary used to link two or more statements:
102
C) vocabulary used to express contrasting ideas:
Conversely
Наоборот
However
Однако
Nevertheless
Тем не менее
On the contrary
Напротив
On the one hand
С одной стороны
On the other hand
С другой стороны
Otherwise
В противном случае
Rather
Вернее, скорее
Still
Все же
Accordingly
Следовательно
As a consequence
В результате этого
Briefly
Короче говоря
Consequently
Поэтому
Hence
Из этого следует
In few words
В нескольких словах
In short
Вкратце
In summary
Суммируя
To sum up
Можно сказать
To summarize
Итак
Therefore
Таким образом
Thus
То есть
As a matter of fact
На самом деле
By no means
Никоим образом
In fact
Фактически
Indeed
На самом деле
In reality
В действительности
Needless to say
Само собой разумеется
No doubt
Без сомнений
Of course
Конечно
To tell the truth
По правде говоря
Undoubtedly
Вне всяких сомнений
Without doubt
Бесспорно
Apparently
Очевидно
In all probabil ity
По всей вероятности
Perhaps
Возможно
Presumably
Предположительно
Probably
Say
Скажем
D) vocabulary used to make a con clusion:
E) vocabulary used to express assurance:
F) vocabulary used to express probability:
103
Exercise. Translate these sentences using the v ocabulary
Fire hose
Пожарный шланг
Resistance r ate
Коэффициент сопротивления
Subordinates
Подчиненные
Emperor Nero
Император Нерон
Fire securi ty agents
Пожарные
Phenomenon
Явление
1. Фактически происшествие в Мексиканском заливе – самая
страшная экологическая катастрофа, связанная с добычей нефти.
2. Само собой разумеется, что компания British Petroleum должна
была ответить за экологический ущерб 2010 года. Однако, этого не про-
изошло.
3. Пожар на нефтяной платформе потушить очень трудно, поэтому
нужно строго соблюдать правила противопожарной безопасности.
4. Попавшая в море нефть губительна для морских организмов.
Точно так же она способна уничтожать живые существа на суше.
5. Курение на нефтяных и газовых платформах категорически за-
прещено. Аналогичным образом запрещено применять открытый огонь
другими способами.
6. Amusement corner, or no political correctness. Read well fire safe-
ty anecdotes and have fun
• If a well is burning, increase the water pressure in the fire hose by re-
ducing the fire hose resistan ce rate
• The well director doesn’t believe that his subordinates are ready to
jump into the fire for the sake of the common good. But all well fire security
agents know the truth
• The emperor Nero would have never got a job on a p etroleum well
• There are no Negroes among the well fire security agents – they are
always thoug ht bur nt
• An oil or gas well fire is an ideal phenomenon for watching three pro-
cesses that could be constantly observed - fire burning, water flowing, people
working
104
Learinig objectives
statements on the topi c
possibility to have an enormous salary;
1.
Rosneft upgra de s con sta n tly its marketing i nfrastructur e and refinery.
2.
Rosneft is c urrently the first larges t national oil company by retail network.
3.
Rosneft has refineries in Eastern Siberia, Ural region and in Fa r East.
4.
Rosneft own and operates two major refineries in Russia.
5.
The Company implements a comprehensive program to expand its marine
terminals.
of petroleum fields depletion;
tending and optimizing the marketing network will come true;
fields?
any unknown information for you? Say what is new for you (see example in
Unit 1).
Module 6
PETROLEUM COMPANIES
In this model you will:
• Understand basic concepts of modern ecological and technical prob-
lems and dangers and acquire vocabulary conn ected with it;
• Revise developi ng i deas on the topic;
• Revise expressi ng a gree m ent a nd di sagr eem ent wi th stat eme nts on th e
topic;
• Revise understan di ng texts on the topic without translating them;
• Revise making summary of texts on the topic;
• Review grammar on past perfect, passive and numerals;
• Improve writing skills using vocabulary fo r linking two or more p arts of
1. Before you read
How far do you agree that (see e xample in Unit 1):
1. you will work in a petroleum company after the university gr aduation;
2. a job in a petroleum company is really prestigious, it gives you a good
3. employees of petroleum companies will lose soon their jobs because
4. in future, the Rosneft Company’s plans to maintain its focus on ex-
5. foreign petroleum companies will soon possess Russian oil and gas
2. Reading
Read the article about Rosneft, don’t consult the vocabulary. Is there
Read again. Are the sentences true or false?
105
6.
Rosneft’s plants are able to process about 40% of crude oil produced by the
Company.
7.
The Company plans to maintain its focus on optimizing the marketing network.
8.
Implementa tion of refinery moderni zation programs began in 2009.
9.
391 mln barrels of crude oil per year is a standard for the Russian petroleum industry.
10.
A total of 635 mlrd USD was spent in 2009 to finance investments at
Company refineries.
11.
Initially, Rosneft was established in 1993 as a state enterprise on the basis
of asserts that previously held by Rosneftegas, the successor to the USSR
Ministry of Oil and Gas.
12.
From 1995 to 1998, Rosneft’s management changed constantly and as a
re
sult its asserts were left largely unmanaged, oil production went up and
oil refining collapsed to just one third of production capacity.
13.
Rosneft had become profitable again by 2000, and from then on, the Com-
tion increa ses of over 11 % .
14.
Rosneft is rigorously implementing its strategy of acquiring new assets in
and efficient transport.
15.
The Company acquired five majors refineries – Kuibychev,
Novokuibyshevsk, Syzran, Angarsk and Achinsk.
16.
In 1998, the USA government decided to strengthen the Company’s management so that Rosneft could once again become a key player on the
world’s ene rgy market.
17.
Strengthened financial discipline and deepened scientific and technical integration led to a significant increase in the efficient use of resources.
18.
New acquisitions will help the Company to achieve its stated goal of trans-
and gas production.
19.
In 2005, the Company became the second-largest producer of oil and coal
in Russia,
20.
In 2007, Rosneft acquired major upstream assets in various regions of
Russia.
pany began a new period of strong growth, with average annual oil produc-
Russia, with a particular focus on the geological characteristics of the fields
forming Eastern Siberia into one of the most modern bases in Russia for oil
Rosneft
Ongoing development of the downstream segment is among Rosneft’s
key strategic priorities. To increase the efficient sales of better-quality and
higher value-added products to end customers, the Company constantly upgrades and expands its refining and marketing infrastructure.
106
The Company currently owns and operates seven large refineries in Russia with an aggregate annual capacity of 391 mln barrels (53,4 mln. tons) and
four mini-refineries. Rosneft’s plants are able to process about 50 % o f crude
oil produced by the Company. In the medium term, Rosneft will intensify efforts to further expand its refining infrastructure, including through the possible
construction of new plants. The Company will also continue upgrading its existing refineries to foster the production of petroleum products meeting the latest environmental standar d s.
Rosneft is currently the second largest national oil company by retail
network, which covers 38 regions of Russia and includes approximately 1700
service stations. In future, the Company plans to maintain its focus on extending and optim izin g th e ma rket in g network.
Rosneft also owns several large marine terminals that enjoy favorable locations and insure efficient exporting of crude oil and petroleum products.
Seeking to improve the balance between its export capacity and planned crude
oil and petroleum product output, the Company implements a comprehensive
program to u pgrade and further expand its marine terminals.
Rosneft owns and operates seven major refineries in Russia: the Tuaspe
refinery on the Black Sea coast, the Komsomolsk refinery in the Russian Far
East, the Kuibyshev Novokuibyshevsk and Syzran refineries in the Volga-Urals
region, and the Achinsk and Angarsk refineries in Easten Siberia (the later five
refineries were acquired by Rosneft in 2007, which allowed the Company to
considerably enhance its vertical integration). The total primary capacity of
Rosneft refineries is 391 mln barrels of crude oil per year, which is a record
high for the Russian petroleum industry and represents 49% of Company production volumes in 2009.
Rosneft also owns four mini-refineries (in Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Timan-Pechora and the southern part of European Russia) as well as a 50%
stake in the Strezhevskoy mini-refinery in Western Siberia. Total annual capacity of mini-re fineries is 4,4 mln barrels of crude o il.
Favorable refinery locations ensure Rosneft’s successful petroleum
product marketing both domestically and abroad. Moreover, the Companyowned terminals in Tuapse and Nahodka enable Rosneft to capture much higher margins on petroleum product exports to Europe and the lucrative Asian
market.
Company refineries, including mini-refineries, processed 364,5 mln barrels of oil in 2009, which is 1,1 % more than in 2008 . The g ro wth resulted from
throughput increase at the Achinsk and Kuibyshev refineries. Utilization of refining capacity exceeded 90 % and light product yield was 57,3 %. Overall
output of petroleum products rose to 41,7 mln tons, including outputs from the
Angarsk Polymer Plant and the Novok uibychevsk oils and additives plant.
107
Following successful integration of refining capacity acquired in 2007,
Rosneft has focused on refinery modernization and efficiency improvements.
The aim in many such projects is to ensure compliance with Russian technical
regulations defining main standards for petroleum products which were introduced at the start of 2008 and fix precise deadlines for changeover to Euro-3,
Euro-4 and Euro-5 sta ndards for motor fuels.
Implementation of refinery modernization programs continued in 2009,
both through reconstruction of existing processing units and construction of
new ones. Equipment that is being rebuilt or newly installed includes: reforming, isomerization and alkylation units for production of high-octane gasoline
components; catalytic cracking units of high quality gasoline components and
for increase of refining depth; hydrocracking units for production of highquality diesel and jet fuel components and for increase of refining depth; and
hydro treatment units (to ensure that requirements of the new Russian technical
regulations on sulfur content in products are met).
The first of these units were commissioned in 2009 and increased Company output of fuels to Euro-3 and Euro-4 standards in 2010.
Work continued in 2009 on capacity enlargement at the Tuapse refinery.
A total of USD 635 mln was spent in 2009 to finance investments at Company
refineries, which is 21 % mor e than in 2 00 8.
History. R osneft was one of the last vertically integrated oil companies to
emerge from the reorganization and large-scale privatization of Russia’s oil industry in the years following the dissolution of the Soviet Uni on.
Initially, Rosneft was established in 1993 as a state enterprise on the basis of asserts that previously held by Rosneftegas, the successor to the USSR
Ministry of Oil and Gas. In 1995, a Russian government decree transformed
Rosneft into an open joint stock company (OJSC).
From 1995 to 1998, Rosneft’s management changed constantly and as a
result its asserts were left largely unmanaged. Oil production fell and oil refining collapsed to just one third of production capacity.
The turnaround: in October 1998, the Russian government decided to
strengthen the Company’s management so that Rosneft could once again become a key player on the Russian energy market. The government appointed
the Company’s current pr esident, Se rgey Bogdanchikov.
The new management team under Bogdanchikov immediately began to
implement plans which ultimately lif ted the Company out of the crisis.
As a result, Rosneft had become profitable again by 2000, and from then
on, the Company began a new period of strong growth, with average annual oil
production i ncre a se s of over 11 %.
Improved management, consolidation of existing and newly acquired assets, strengthened financial discipline and deepened scientific and technical in-
108
tegration – all led to a signi ficant increas e in the effi cient use of re sources and
allowed the Company to ad opt a program of growth and expanded production.
In just four years, Rosne ft increased its oil output sharply from 98,56 mln
barrels (13,47 mln tonnes) in 2000 to 148,26 mln barrels (20,27 mln tonnes) in
2004.
In 2001, the Company became Russia’s official representative on projects with Production Sharing Agreements (PSA). In 2002, Rosneft expanded
its international activity by taking part in a project in Algeria, and a year later it
began producing oil at the Aday block near the Caspian Sea in Western Kazakhstan. In 2005, Rosneft became a participant in the PSA to develop the
Kurmangazy structure on the Caspian shelf in Kazakhstan.
Rosneft is ri gorously implementing its strategy of a cquiring new a ssets in
Russia, with a particular focus on the geological characteristic s of the fields and
efficient tra ns por t.
Among the key assets in recent years are Selkupneftegas, which has purchased in 2000, Severnaya Neft and the Veninsky block on Sakhalin-3, both of
which were purchased in 2003, and the Anglo-Siberian Oil Company, which
has acquired the same year and which owns the license to develop the Vanko r
field in Easten Siberia.
In December 2004, the Company acquired a controlling share in
Yuganskneftegas, one of the largest oil producing enterprises in Russia. The
acquisition of this asset, along with the significant growth of its own production, ensures further growth for Rosneft. As a result, in 2005, the Company became the second-largest producer of oil and gas in Russia, with an average daily output of 1,69 mln barrels of oil equivalent.
At the beginning of 2005, Rosneft won an auction for the license to the
Vorgamusur block in the Timano-Pechora oil province, which will ensure the
continued growth of Severnaya Neft, whose production facilities are just 80 km
away.
At the end of 2005, Rosneft announced its acquisition of a 25,94% stake
in Verkhnechonskneftegas. The Company later supplemented this purchase
with the acquisition of a n exploration license to the East Sugdinsky block.
New acquisitions will help the Company to achieve its stated goal of
transforming Eastern Siberia into one of the most modern bases in Russia for
oil and gas produc tio n.
In April 2006, Rosneft announced plans to consolidate 12 subsidiaries engaged in exploration and production, as well as in the refining and sale of oil and
petroleum products. The consolidation program was completed in October of the
same year and resulted in incre ased m anageme nt efficiency and transparency.
In July 2006, Rosneft conducted one of the largest and most successful
IPOs in global financial history after placing nearly 15% of its shares on stock
109
exchanges in London and Mоscow. The Company’s offering raised USD
Ongoing
Непрекращающийся
To foster
Содействовать, поощрять
Retail network
Розничная сеть
To enjoy
Пользоваться, извлекать выгоду
To implement
Снабжать, претворять
Stake
Ставка, доля капитала
Margin
Прибыль/запас
Assert
Утверждать
Decree
Указ, декрет
Open joint stock company
Открытое акционерное общество (ОАО)
Turnaround
Товарооборот
Production Sharing Agreement
Соглашение о разделе продукции
Auction
Аукцион
Professor
We are at the CIRCOR Energy office, you can ask all the questions you nee d for your future research.
Student 1
What is your company in general?
Manager
CIRCOR Energy owns and operates a range of diversified, histor-
vice soluti ons to companies around the world every day.
Student 2
Is CIRCOR Energy competent in pipeline engineering?
Manager
Pipeline Engineering is CIRCOR Energy brand and a world leader in the design, testing and manufacture of pipeline pigging and
ables industries , where a st rong rep utation has be en built for qual-
10,7 billio n.
In 2007, Rosneft acquired major upstream assets in various regions of
Russia (Samaraneftegas, East Siberian Oil and Gas Company and a 50% stake
in Tomskneft) with total proved reserves of about 1,5 bln barrels of oil equivalent and a crude output of more than 15 mln tons (110 mln barrels) per year.
The Company also acquired five majors refineries (Kuibychev,
Novokuibyshevsk, Syzran, Angarsk and Achinsk), thus increasing its aggregate
refining capacity to more than 55 mln tons (400 mln barrels) per year. In addition, Rosneft’s retail network grew 2,5 times to about 1700 stations.
(abridged from https://www.rosneft.com/business/)
3. Speaking. At the CIRCOR Energy office
Is there any unknown information for you? Say what is new for you
(see exa mple in Unit 1).
ically significant brands that supply thousands of product and ser-
flow assurance products, engineering, pipeline cleaning services
and project management. We provide precision solutions for customers' unique requirements in the Oil, Gas, Process and Renew-
110