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Файл:Нефтегазовое дело. Бурение скважин (на английском языке) = Oil and gas drilling engineering through English. Учебное пособие.pdf
sign the large processes units where reactions occur and multi-story
distillation towers where the products are separated. Petrochemical
ments to measure and control processes. But as for me, I’m a future
next time. I consider it’s a very interesting job, which will allow me
to realize m y abilities and skills, my full potential.
Professor
To be a good specialist it is necessary to raise your educational level
tive social need
because for millions of people. English is no w a tool of their tr ade.
Student
I quite agree to it. An engineer must know English because it’s the
able to translate the manual. I’m fully aware of the difficulties of
sen. And I’m not afraid to face the difficulties on my way.
Full-time student
Студент очного отделения
Technical turn of mind
Технический склад ума
To carry on research work
Заниматься научными исследованиями
Major
Специальность
Petrochemical engineering
Нефтяная химия
Finished products
Готовая продукция
Gasoline
Бензин
Plastics
Пластик
Separation
Сепарация
Heat transfer
Теплопередача
Fluid flow
Поток жидкостей
Processing plant
Перерабатывающее предприятие
Reservoir
Продуктивный пласт
Pipeline
Трубопровод
To operate processing plant
Управлять работой НПЗ
Polyethylene
Полиэтилен
Polyvinyl chloride
Поливинилхлорид
Large-scale
Широкомасштабный
Distillation tower
Перегонная башня
Objective social need
Бесспорная общественная необходимость
Tool
Средство
International means
Международное средство
Up-to-date equipment
Современное оборудование
engineers work with mechanical and electrical engineers to improve the operation of plants and pipelines and to design instru-
driller, what about my major and my future job – I’ll tell to about it
and absorb useful information from different sources. And don’t forget that knowledge of English has become an objec
international means for exchanging information and experience.
A modern engineer can’t wor k wit h up -to-date equ ip ment being not
my future work. But I hope I’ll be suited to the profession I’ve cho-
11
Discussion. Develop the following ideas , add more 3–4 sentences, use
Present continuous
Present simple
Denotes action going at the moment of speaking
Denotes action as a general fact or that
doesn’t go аt the moment of speaking
The auxiliary verb «to be» i n present + t he participle present (verb+ing)
The 1 form of the verb
I
Am
carrying out my research
I
Carry out my research
You
Are
carrying out your research
You
Carry out your research
He, she, it
Is
carrying out his/her/its research
He, she, it
Carry out his/her/its research
We
Are
carrying out our research
We
Carry out our research
You
Are
carrying out your research
You
Carry out your research
They
Are
carrying out their research
They
Carry out their research
the model from the dia lo gue .
1. Educated, highly-qualified specialists are required in all spheres of oil
and gas industry.
2. The Institute of oil and natural gas engineering trains highly qualified
specialists capable of working in any region of our country, including the severe condit ions of the Northern areas.
3. I will be a petroleum engineer, there are a lot of employment opportunities in my field.
4. In order to succeed in petroleum industry it is necessary to be confident, active, goal-oriented, hard-working person with high level of responsibility and high profound kn owledge.
5. An oil and gas engineer should possess the basic knowledge in such
fields as: hydrocarbons origin, petroleum properties and states, methods of petroleum storage and transportation, oil refining and octane number, structure of
petroleum tank farm and pipeline terminal, real world drilling pra ctices taking
place in the drilling industry today.
6. The profession of oil and gas engineer requires a lot of habits from
a specialist such as making generalizations, doing abstract reasoning, remembering material from a discussion or a lab experiment and doing research work.
7. An engineer must know English because it’s the international means
for exchanging information and experience. A modern engineer can’t work
with up-to-date equipment being not abl e to translate the manual.
4. Grammar review. Present simple and present continuous
12
Fill in the gaps with the cor rec t form of present tense:
There are several types
special operations used
ing
Есть несколько типов специальных операций, используемые
и контроль скважины.
Существуют несколько типов специальных операций, выпол-
ловильные работы и контролирование скважины.
1. We (go) to the library because we (want) to listen to Pr. Ivanov’s report on modern petroleum drilling technologies.
2. I some times (go) to the library. On Mondays I (go) to work there.
3. If the temperature (rise), the asphalt (melt) and the oil (evaporate).
4. I’m busy – I (watch) the documentary about Ros neft.
5. Oil (float) on the water surface, but asphalt (not float).
6. I (go) to the scientific conference to France tomorrow, I speak French
well.
7. Pr. Petrov (read) his lecture tonight. You (go) to listen t o it?
8. I (work) in Rosneft company. I (know) a lot about oil, but I (not deal)
with natural gas, so I (not know) a lot ab out it.
9. Engineering (develop) in modern society and the profession of an engineer is very promising.
10. I’m an engineer and I (work) in Siberian Federal university laboratory, it (have) modern equipment, unique technologies and know-how, so I
(have) all I need.
11. I’m not at home at the moment - I (work) in Siberian Federal univer-
sity laborat ory.
12. My scientific supervisor (be) Doctor of technical science, Professor
Sidorov P. P., he (work) at Siberian Federal University and he (help) me to plan
my work and gives useful a dvices.
5. Writing
A. People can’t decide if they should become engineers or not. Write
3-4 arguments in favor of choosing the profession of an engineer. Try to
sound convincingly.
Example: Engineer is a good profession because it is very interesting, useful for society and is
very promising field suitable for making a career.
B. Some people use electronic translator programs, they do not under-
stand that such translation cannot be perfect. Correct these Google translation texts consulting or iginal English petroleum drilling en gineering texts.
Example:
в бурении нефтяных скважин: направленное бурение, рыболовство
in oilwell drilling: directional drilling, fish
and well control.
няемых при бурении нефтяных скважин: направленное бурение,
13
A few of the latest rigs feature automated
pipe-
handling equipment than takes over
Некоторые из последних установок оснащены
латями.
Most rigs, however, require a derrickman
when crew members run drill pipe into the
ey pull
the pipe out of the hole (when they trip out).
Большинство установок, однако, требуют пола-
они тянут трубу из отверстия (при их расцепление).
The derrickman handles the upper end of
the pipe from the monkeyboard.
Верховой рабочий обрабатывает верхний ко-
нец трубы от monkeyboard.
The monkeyboard is a small platform in the
rickman
stands to handle the upper end of the pipe.
Monkeyboard небольшая площадка в мас
рабатывать верхний конец трубы.
The contractor mounts the monkeyboa rd in
the mast of the derrick.
Подрядчик монтирует monkeyboard в мачте
буровой вышки.
At a height ranging from about 15 to 3 4 meters, depending on the length of the join ts
of pipe crew members pull from the hole.
На высоте в диапазоне примерно от 15 до 34
пажа труб вытащить из отверстия.
The derrickman uses special safety equip-
Верховой рабочий использует специальное
падений.
The derrickman controls the rate of descent
crease braking action on the line.
Верховой рабочий контролирует скорость
уменьшения торможения на линии.
When the bit is drilling and the pipe is in
in
rom the monkeyboard
and works at ground level.
Когда бит бурения и труба в отверстие, в по-
уровне земли.
When not in the derrick or mast,
dition of the
drilling mud.
Когда не на буровой вышке или мачте,
твора.
They make sure it meets the specifications
for drilling a particular part of the hole.
Они уверены, что удовлетворяет требованиям
для бурения определенную часть отверстия.
Depending on the size of the rig, its equipment and other factors, a contractor usually
hires two or three rotary helpers, or
floorhands, for each work shift.
В зависимости от размера установки, его обо-
floorhands, для каждой рабочей смены.
On small rigs drilling shallow wells, for example, two rotary helpers on a shift can
rform the required
duties.
На небольших буровых установок неглубокие
мощники
нять требуемые обязанности.
On large rigs drilling deep holes, and off-
s three rotary
helpers, but not always. In either case, on
lower end of the drill pipe when they are
На больших установок бурения глубоких от-
правило,
ках,
ключения
его в или из отверстия.
the duties of the derrickman.
hole (when they trip in), or when th
автоматизированной трубой транспортного оборудования, чем берет на себя обязанностей по-
тями когда члены экипажа запустить бурильную
трубу в отверстие (когда они сработает), или когда
mas of the derrick on which the der
ment to prevent falls.
by moving the handle to increase or de-
the hole, the derrickman, using a builtladder in the derrick or mast for normal descent, climbs down f
derrickmen monitor the con
вышки, на которых верховой рабочий стоит об-
м, в зависимости от длины суставах членов эки-
безопасное оборудование для предотвращения
спуска, перемещая ручку для увеличения или
латями, используя встроенный в лестницу на
буровой вышке или мачте для нормального
спуска, слезает с monkeyboard и работает на
derrickmen следить за состоянием бурового рас-
safely and efficiently pe
shore, the job usually require
conventional rigs, rotary helpers handle the
tripping it in or out of the hole.
рудования и других факторов, подрядчик обычно
нанимает два или три роторных помощников или
колодцы, например, два поворотных по
на валу могут безопасно и эффективно выпол-
верстий, так и на море, работа, как
требуется три поворотных помощников, но не
всегда. В любом случае, на обычных установ
поворотные помощники обрабатывать нижний
конец бурильной трубы, когда они от
14
They also use large wrenches called
«tongs» to
screw or unscrew (make up or
break out) pipe.
Они также используют большие ключи, назы-
, чтобы ввернуть или отвинтить
(макияж или выйти) трубу.
Some tongs are power tongs which re place
conventional tongs besides handling pipe,
also maintain the drilling
equipment, help repair it, and keep it clean
and painted.
Некоторые вещи электрические щипцы, кото-
ть
его, и держать его в чистоте и окрашены.
Rotary helpers get their name from the fact
that much of their work occurs on the rig
the traditional
Ротационные помощники получили свое на-
вращающего бурильную трубу и немного.
Originally, they were also called «roughnecks».
Первоначально, они также называются «ху-
лиганов».
They are also called floorhands because
ties on the rig
floor.
Их также называют floorhands, потому что они
ностей
на площадке буровой вышки.
rotary helpers
floor, near the rotary table –
device that turns the drill pipe and bit.
ваемые «щипцы»
рые заменяют обычные щипцы кроме управления
трубу, поворотные помощники также поддерживать буровое оборудование, помочь восстанови
звание из-за того, что большая часть их работы
происходит на буровой площадке возле поворотного стола – от традиционного устройства, пре-
they perform most of their du
(abridged from: Paul Bommer. A prime of oilwell drilling. University of Texas, 2008)
выполняют большую часть своих обязан
6. Amusement corner, or «no political correctness». Read the engi-
neering anecdotes and have fun
There is a profession of a software engineer: one works as a software
specialist but has a wage and a salary of an engineer
A child ask an engineer:
– Will letters fa ll on the flo or if I bre ak the com pute r scr ee n ?
– No, these letters are on the screen because of a video card, and the
monitor has a cathode-ray tube, the emission of electrons goes under the influence of voltage, these electrons bombard the phosphorescent layer, so if you
break the screen…to hell with you, let’s try!
– How are you?
– I’m looking for a job.
– Will you be an engineer?
– I will not be able to.
– What do you want to be then?
– A boss. No ne ed to know a lot
– I get my engineer diploma tomorrow and I can start designing nuclear
power stations automated systems.
– Aren’t you afraid to live in this country?
A person knowing that Lenin lived is an objective historian. A person
thinking that Lenin is alive is an orthodox communist. A person believing that
Lenin will live is a promising genetic engineer
15
Wage
Месячный доход
Salary
Годовой доход
Video card
Видеокарта
Cathode-ray tube
Катодно-лучевая трубка
Emission of electrons
Излучение электронов
Voltage
Напряжение
Phosphorescent layer
Фосфоресцентный слой
To hell with you!
Черт с тобой!
Nuclear power stations’ automated system
Автоматическая система управления
ядерными электростанциями
Objective historian
Объективный историк
Orthodox communist
Убежденный коммунист
Promising genetic engineer
Перспективный генный инженер
16
Module 2
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Learning objectives:
In this module you will:
• understand basic petroleum engineering concepts and acquire vocabulary
connected with it;
• revise d eveloping ideas on t he t opi c;
• revise e xpressing agreement and disagreement wi t h st at ements on the topic;
• read and understand text on the t opic without dictio nar y;
• make sum m ary of texts on the topic;
• review grammar on future simpl e and f uture in the past;
• write t heses on the topic;
• impro ve t ra nsl ating skills and ma chi ne translation cor rect i ng skills
1. Before you read
Discuss these questions with your partner (see example in Unit 1). How
far do you agree that :
1) a person working in petroleum industry has a good wage and a good
salary;
2) oil engineering is better developed in Russia than gas engineering;
3) petroleum industry is highly demanded in contemporary society;
4) a job in petroleum industry is promising;
5) without petroleum the whole world economy would have collapsed.
2. Reading
Read the article about petroleum engineering, don’t consult the vocabulary. Is there any unknown information for you? Say what is new for you
(see exa mple in Unit 1).
Read once again and answer the questions on the text using the key
words.
1. Is the structure of hydrocarbons forming oil and gas always the
same?
2. What gaseous hydrocarbons form natural gas?
3. What is referred to as reservoir?
4. Can you give a n example of a good oil collec tor?
5. In what case do the most favorable conditions for the formation of oil
and gas occur?
6. What substances form the interior of a dome?
17
7. What do supporter s of non-or gan ic ori gin of oil an d gas cla im?
8. What is the theory of organic origin of oil and gas based on?
9. Can these two hypotheses e xplain the for mation of oil and gas?
10. What is referred to as sewer?
Read the text once again consulting the vocabulary and/or a dictionary. Retell the te xt in Russ ian in 5–6 senten ces.
Petroleum engineering
Petroleum engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil
or natural gas. Exploration and production are deemed to fall within the
upstream sector of the oil and gas industry. Exploration, by earth scientists, and
petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from
subsurface reservoirs. Petroleum geology and geophysics focus on provision of
a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir rock, while petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of this resource using
a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gas within
porous rock at very high pressure.
The combined efforts of geologists and petroleum engineers throughout
the life of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir
is developed and depleted, and usually they have the highest impact on field
economics. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other
related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology, formation evalua-
tion (well logging), drilling, economics, reservoir simulation, reservoir engineering, well engineering, artificial lift systems, completions and oil and gas
facilities engineering.
Petroleum engine e rs di vi de th emselves into sever al types:
1. Reservoir engineers work to optimize production of oil and gas via
proper well placement, production rates, and enhanced oil recovery techniques.
2. Drilling engineers manage the technical aspects of drilling explorato-
ry, production and injection wells.
3. Production engineers, including subsurface engineers, manage the in-
terface between the reservoir and the well, including perforations, sand control,
downhole flow control, and downhole monitoring equipment; evaluate
artificial lift methods; and also select surface equipment that separates the pro-
duced fluids (oil, natural gas, and water).
Petroleum engineering keeps developing in all parts of the world where
there is something associated with petroleum, for example, fuel industry.
In most cases fuel is made of oil.
18
Oil is a natural combustible, oily liquid, which consists of a mixture of
hydrocarbons of diverse structure. These molecules represent short chains of
carbon atoms, long, normal and branched out, closed in the ring. In addition to
hydrocarbon oil contains small amounts of oxygen and sulfur compounds and
very little nitrogen. Oil and combustible gas are found in the bowels of the
earth both jointly and separately. Natural gas fuel is made of gaseous hydrocarbons – methane, ethane, propane.
Oil and combustible gas accumulate in porous rocks called reservoirs.
A good collector is a layer of sandstone, a prisoner among the impermeable
rocks, such as clay or shale, preventing leakage of oil and gas from natural reservoirs. The most favorable conditions for the formation of oil and gas fields
occurs in cases where a layer of sandstone is bent in the crease, facing arch
upwards. The upper part of the dome is filled with gas, oil is lower, but still
below – water.
To learn how to have formed oil and combustible gas, the researchers argue a lot. Some geologists – supporters of non-organic origin – clai m that oil
and gas fields were formed by seepage from the depth s of the Earth’s carbon
and hydrogen atoms, combining them in the form of hydrocarbons and accumulation in the rocks – the sewers.
Other geologists, most of them believe that oil, like coal, originated from
organic matter buried in marine sediments at a depth where is stood out from
the flammable liquid and gas. This hypothesis is an organic origin of oil and
gas resources. Both of these hypotheses explain part of the facts, but leave unanswered t he other part.
Complete development of the theory of formation of oil and gas resources is still waiting f or their future research.
In Russia, long known for Caspian oil basin, the progress began in the
district of Baku. In the years 1920-s was opened the Volga-Ural basin, called
the Second Baku. In the first 1950-s years was found West Siberian oil and gas
basin, the greatest in the world. Large pools, in addition, are known in other
parts of the country – from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the deserts of Central Asia. They are as common as on the continent and under the bottom of the
seas. Oil, f or example, comes from the Caspian Sea.
Russia takes one of the first places in the world for oil and gas reserves.
The great advantage of this minerals is the ease of transporting them. For oil
and gas pipelines are thousands of kilometers, they run to the factories and
power plants that use a fuel as a raw material for production of gasoline, kerosene, oil and chemical i ndustry.
(abridged from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_engineering)
19
Production of hydrocarbons
Добыча углеводородов
Crude oil
Сырая нефть
Are deemed to fall within…
Считаются относящимися к…
Upstream sector
Сектор добычи
Recovery
Извлечение, добыча
Porous rock
Пористая горная порода
To deplete
Опустошать, истощать
Well logging
Скважинный каротаж
Artificial lift
Искусственное поднятие
Completion
Завершение
Facilities
Оборудование
To enhance
Улучшать
Exploratory well
Исследовательская скважина
Production well
Добывающая скважина
Injection well
Нагнетательная скважина
Downhole flow control
Управление потоками на дне скважины
Combustible
Горючее, топливо
Bowels
Полость
Layer of sandstone
Слой песчаника
Impermeable rock
Непроницаемые горные породы
Clay
Глина
Shale
Сланец
Dome
Купол
Mineral deposits
Минеральные залежи
Pool
Бассейн
Sewer
Коллектор
Ease of transporting
Легкость транспортировки
Raw material
Сырье
Summary making
A summary is the shortest account of the main content and conclusions
of the original text. It consists of:
1) enumeration of the main thematic point of the original paper which is
made up of the words and p hrases from the text;
2) your own wording of them into a very small number of sentences.
Plan:
1. Those clichés introduce the heading and th e author: The ar ticle (text)
is head-lined … The head-line of the article (I have read) is … The article is
entitled … The author of the article (text) is … The article is written by …
2. Those clichés introduce the leading theme of the original paper:
The text deals with ... The article is devoted to... The chapter is about... The article touche s upon…
20