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Файл:Нефтегазовое дело. Бурение скважин (на английском языке) = Oil and gas drilling engineering through English. Учебное пособие.pdf
3. Speaking. At the lecture
Student
Professor, how can you characterize the petroleum industry of
nowadays?
Professor
In short, even at the beginning of the 21st century, the petroleum in-
ficult for the industry to get the results they require within the
times weeks or eve n months, just a single w ell.
Student
Professor, when and wher e did the offic ial petroleum business star t?
Professor
In the USA in the mid-19th century. Edwin Drake drilled the first well,
near Titusville in Pennsylvania. Although, some claims of prior art do
exist, for example Germany in 1857 and Canada in 1858, Drake’s
crew drilled in the manner of salt well driller s but used a steam engine
for the drill to penetrate further into the ground. This gave a progress
day. However, they hit their first production
depth of 21 m drilling from spring to A ugust 27.
Student
Professor, and what hap pened next?
Professor
Since then, a variety of drilling mechanisms has been developed
ground. Each has its own
advantages and disadvantages, in terms of depth to which it can
drill, the type of sample returned, the cost involved and penetration
rate achieved.
Student
Were cable tool and rotary drilling the only two techniques applied
in the drillin g phase?
Professor
Yes. However, at the turn of the 20th century, when the rotary drilling technique was introduced it immediately displaces the cable
tool from ope ration.
Student
What are the major differ ences between them?
Professor
With the cable tool, drilling has to be stopped in order for cuttings
lates through the system and carries away cuttings from the hole
while drilling continues.
Student
Professor, tell me please about this technique.
Is there any unknown information for you? Say what is new for you
(see exa mple in Unit 1).
Say 5–6 facts about the drilling industry of nowadays.
dustry is yet to overcome some major problems it faces in the operations. A major focus is on the drilling practices. This makes it dif-
shortest possible time. Hence a lot of time is put into drilling, some-
for the purpose of petroleum production, in 1859 in Venango County,
well at Titusville is still registered as the first to be copied. He and his
to power the drill and a piping to prevent borehole collapse, allowing
of three feet (1 m) per
and modified to sink a borehole into the
to be removed from the hole. With the rotary drilling, a mud circu-
41
Professor
Rotary technique operation is more like a common hand held drill, rotating the bit with an applied force to drill down the earth crust. The
prime mover, hoisting equipment, rotating equipment, circulating
equipment and blowout preventers complement each other to give the
ble. Unlike the cable tool, it can drill through most rock formations,
venters are easily adapted and ca n drill directionally as well.
Student
Are there any other tech niques, more modern and promising?
Professor
Yes, you are right. Experiments carried out so far on different types
of lasers have shown very positive tendencies. One was conducted
mine its feasibility for drilling and perforating petroleum wells and
types. Each of these has cleared the doubts of whether or not lasers
technology c a n be applied in well operat ions.
Student
As far as I know, laser is no more an innovation. Is it so in petroleum industry?
Professor
That’s true. Although laser drilling experiments dates back to the
ing it to petr oleum and gas drilling.
Student
Any success?
Professor
Quite so. In 1997, the Gas Technology Institute (GTI) initiated a
ploration and pr od uc t io n.
Student
What do similar experiments show?
Professor
The experiments show that laser drilling stands a viable option to
improve dri lling technologies, espe cially in off shore operations.
Student
More details, please.
Professor
No problem. Downtim es c reated by dull bi ts ar e dra stically r educed as
bits are replaced with laser heads that have no contact with the rock
and also waste created by drilling mud is eliminated. It seals the wall
dition, it penetrates over
100 times faster than conventional r otary methods.
Student
Thank you, Professor.
rotary technique its status in today’s drilling. These five distinct components make a complicated looking rotary facility very understanda-
has a high penetration rate and can drill deeper wells, blowout pre-
on MIRACL (Mid Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser) to deter-
another was the COIL (Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser) to determine the least specific energy (SE) needed to destroy varying rock
1960s, it is only recently that experts started looking towards apply-
two-year study exploring the feasibility of adopting high-powered
military lasers for a revolutionary applica tion in the oil and gas ex-
of the well bore as it bores by creating a ceramic sheath. This eliminates the cost of employing steel wall casing, as influx/out-fluxes of
fluids in and out of the well is eliminated and hence, problem of formation collapse is drastically reduced. In ad
(abridged from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_Well)
42
Claims of prior art
Свидетельства более ранних аналогичных действий
Registered as the first t o be copied
Зарегистрирована как первая, c которой все началось
Borehole collapse
Обрушение скважины
In terms of
В отношении
Penetration rate
Скорость бурения
Cable tool drilling
Ударно-канатное бурение
Rotary drilling
Роторное бурение
Displace from operation
Вытеснить из практики
Mud
Буровой раствор
Cuttings
Шлам, обломки горной породы
Bit
Долото, буровая коронка
Prime mover
Двигатель
Hoisting equipment
Подъемное оборудование
Rotary equipment
Роторное оборудование
Circulating equipment
Система циркуляции бурового раствора
Blowout preventer
Противовыбросный превентор
Complicated looking rotary drilling
Сложное, на первый взгляд, роторное бурение
Feasibility
Выполнимость
Clear the doubts
Снять сомнения
Viable option
Осуществимый вариант
Downtimes
Время простоя
Dull bit
Сработанное долото
Influx (out flux) fluids
Втекающие (вытекающие) потоки
To reduce drastically
Сильно сократить
Formation: the 2 form of the verb (regular or irregular)
Regular verbs:
the 1 form+-ed
Irregular verbs: ! N.B.
E.G.: see – saw
I
drilled
the well
I
saw
the birth of a rotary drilling technique
You
drilled
the well
You
saw
the birth of a rotary drilling technique
He, she, it
drilled
the well
He, she, it
saw
the birth of a rotary drilling technique
We
drilled
the well
We
saw
the birth of a rotary drilling technique
You
drilled
the well
You
saw
the birth of a rotary drilling technique
They
drilled
the well
They
saw
the birth of a rotary drilling technique
Using: to denote an action that took place in past
4. Grammar review. Past simple
Exercice. Pu t the verbs into the past simple
1. People (use) the cable tool drilling a 100 years ago but later the pe-
troleum industry specialists (prefer) more moder n drilling techniques.
2. I (read) a new repo rt about reactiv e turbo drill ing and ( reco mmend) it
to my collea gues.
3. This petroleum company (face) a lot of difficulties because of out-of-
date equipment.
4. The company director (speak) yesterday on the radio, he (announce)
that oil prices (go) u p .
43
5. The driller (make) a mistake and the equipment (run) out of energy
sooner than expected.
6. I (think) of a career in petroleum industry and (enter) the institute of
petroleum and natural gas.
7. People (invent) rotary drilling at the beginning of the 20
th
century,
but using of cable-tool-drilling (go) on until the years 1950-s.
8. A Soviet engineer Matvey Kapelyushnukov (invent) turbo drilling
technique in the years 1920-s.
9. Professor I vanov (characterize) laser drilling techniqu e as less effec-
tive that rotary drilling one because of high costs.
10. The first oil well in the USA (be, drill) in the middle of the 19
11. A radical change (occur) at the turn of the 20
th
century. The pet role-
th
century.
um industry (see) the birth of the rotary drilling as a standard method of reaching oil and ga s formations.
12. The American Oil and Gas Historical Society (summarize) the basic
difference between the rotary and the cable tool drilling technique – instead o f
repetitive lift and drop of heavy cable tool bits, the rotary drilling (introduce)
the hollow drill stem which enables rock debris to be washed out of the bore
hole with re-circulating mud while the rot ating drill bit cuts deeper.
13. The Gas Technology Institute (initiate) a two-year study exploring
the feasibility of adopting high-powered military lasers for a revolutionary application i n the oil and gas exploration and production.
14. Drake and his crew (drill) in the manner of salt well drillers but (use)
a steam engine to power the drill and a piping to prevent borehole collaps e, allowing for t he drill to penetrate furth er into the gr ound.
15. In the second part of the 20
th
century the countries of the Middle East
(take) the lead in oil production from the United States.
Reading without dictionary. Supplementary texts.
Text 1
Read the text about drilling techniques, don’t consult a dictionary. Is
there any unknown information for you? Say what is new for you (see example in Unit 1).
Read again, then answer (in short) the questions after the text.
Example: Is there any need of a 3-D model well drilling description? – yes, it should be de-
veloped.
1. What three drilling techniques are mentioned in the text?
2. When was the r otary drilling technique introduced first?
44
3. How does cable tool drilling technology differ from rotary drilling one?
4. What types of laser were used to conduct experiments on destroying
rock?
5. What radical change in drilling technique occurred at the beginning
of the 20
th
century?
6. When did laser experiments start?
7. What principle is a ca ble t oo l dri llin g technique based on ?
8. What principle is a rotary drilling tech nique based on?
9. Is a combination of a rotary drilling technique and a laser one possible?
10. Is laser actively used nowadays?
Read once again and make the summary of the text in 5–6 sentences
(see exa mples in Unit 2).
Drilling for petroleum techniques
Cable tool drilling is a really primitive technique. The basic principle
employed in cable tool drilling operating has remained virtually unchanged
since its inception in China during th e early days of th e Chinese era. Hole boring is achieved by repeatedly lifting and dropping a heavy string of drilling tool
into the bore hole with the bit crushing the rocks into small fragments. Comparatively, much success was not achieved with this because it is time consuming, has a very low penetratio n rate, blowout pre venters were n ot easily adapt ed
and it is almost limited to drill consolidate formations.
Vast improvements have been made to the basic ancient Chinese bamboo
drilling technique. The University of Kansas (1940) highlighted some improvements in rig mechanisms and labor-saving devices. For example, the old
spring pole originally operated by the weight and brawn of three or four men
being replaced with the modern all-steel rig powered with an internal combustion engine, electric motor or steam engine. During this period of mechanical
advancement, man power is highly needed one way or another in the drilling
practice. Although each driller has its own peculiar technique in operating the
cable tool, the good driller is distinguished from the poor one by the footage he
makes in a gi ven period of time.
A radical change occurred at the turn of the 20
th
century. The petroleum
industry saw the birth of the rotary drilling as a standard method of reaching oil
and gas formations The introduction of the rotary drilling that displaced the
then very popular cable tool drilling as a standard method for reaching oil and
gas “traps” down through the formation. Limitations such as downtime due to
dull bits, lack of precise vertical or horizontal wells, formation fluid leakage
during drilling and waste created by drilling mud still persist with this state-of-
45
the-art basic mechanical method. In addition, drilling for petroleum and gas get
increasingly difficult by the day. Nowadays, we are required to drill as far as
7620 m, most times, in deep stormy waters in order to get a satisfactory volume. Hence the need for a more efficient drilling technique still remains a constant goal.
Since the rotary drilling technique birth, major improvements have occurred but in the last couple of decades, the method of drilling has not changed
at all. The American Oil and Gas Historical Society (2006) summarized the
basic differenc e between the rotary and the cable tool drilling technique – instead of repetitive lift and drop of heavy cable tool bits, the rotary drilling introduced the hollow drill stem which enables rock debris to be washed out of
the bore hole with re-circulating mud while the rotating drill bit cuts deeper.
The rotary drilling fluid (drilling mud), that is used to circulate out the chipped
rock, washes the bore hole clean and makes the drilling exercise more efficient.
The drilling mud equally helps the well against bursting forth unexpectedly.
This is so because the mud controls the pressure difference be tween itself in t he
bore hole an d that fluid in the formati on.
Although the rotary drilling technique has proved very successful, applying laser technology in this drilling, which is the newest technology that is a lready at hand, has the potential of displacing both techniques from operation.
Experiments on laser drilling were conducted between 1960s and 1970s, but it
is only very recently that the application of laser technology is directed to drilling petroleum wells. However, a suggestion in 1990 had it that application of
laser technology in petroleum drilling is not feasible, but this was because the
experiments conducted then, in this regard, were made with low powered lasers, less than 1 kwt. H ow ever, current experiments have proved it otherwise.
Some very significant importance laser drilling would have over conventional rotary drilling method is highlighted. These includes: drilling over 100
times faster; cutting off downtime due to dull bits; drilling more precise vertical
and horizontal wells; eliminating formation fluid leakage during drilling; eliminating wastes created by drilling mud and rock cuttings; cost effectiveness by
decreasing current drilling times.
A combination of laser and rotary drilling is not out of thought, as this
would result in an increase in bit life. Other possibilities with the advancement
of laser technology include: development of down hole drilling machine, laserassigned drill bits, laser-perforation tools and sidetrack and directional laser
drilling devices. Hence, the thought of applying laser technology being a viable
option for enhancing the petroleum drilling phase.
Although the use of applying laser technology in petroleum well drilling
is only a fairly recent development, the improvement so far has shown that it is
very feasible. The ques tion of whether or not laser c an drill rocks has been an-
46
swered, as there are no available lasers that can destroy or drill through any
kind of rock formation relatively fast. However, experiments to outline specific
changes to reservoir characteristics – porosity and permeability changes, as
well as to what extent wil l the rock fracture du e to lasing should be condu cted.
Detailed experiments should also be conducted on the impact the varying kinds
of solid fluid phase and multiphase present in reservoir rocks have on lasing
practice. In addition, a 3-D model describing the full laser petroleum well drilling process should be developed. With the pace at which researches in this subject are yielding positive results, a prototype that would mark a revolutionary
change in se ve ral years’ time will not be a surprise.
(abridged from http://www.petroleumhistory.org/OilHistory/pages/Cable/cable.html)
Text 2
Read the text about turbodrilling in the Soviet Union, don’t consult a
dictionary. Is there any unknown information for you? Say what is new for
you (see example in Unit 1) .
Read again, then choose the correct word in the italic sentences.
Turbodrilling in the USSR
A turbodrill is a special drilling tool used mostly by petrochemical companies to drill wells for crude oil and natural gas reserves.
Among the technical breakthroughs in the world oil industry in the
1920s, a special place is held by the invention in 1922 of the reduction-geared,
single-stage downhole turbodrill motor by the Russian engineer Matvei
Kapelyushnikov, which opened the way for the subsequent mass introduction
of turbodrilling in the industry. In 1924 the first US Patent was issued to a
company c alled Scharpenberg for the first multi-staged turbodrill.
Technical innovations were and are in the petroleum industry as well.
Reactive turbodrills were proposed in the 1950’s by the Soviet scientists R. A.
loannesian, G. I. Bulakh, and M. T. Gusman. Reactive turbodrilling is a method
of drilling lar ge-diameter vertical boreh oles by mea ns of reactive turbodrills.
Reactive cable to ol drilling/turbodrilli ng is used to sink the upper intervals of petroleum, gas, water-lowering engineering and ventilating boreholes
and to construct production and air shafts in coal, oil, and other mineral deposits. It is also used for hydraulic structures, such as piers, docks, shore rein-
forcements, and railroad and highway bridge abutments.
In reactive turbodrilling the diameter of the drill bit is considerably
smaller than the diameter of the hole that is made. This is possible because of
47
the structural design of the drills, in which bottom-hole motors, such as
turbodrills, are installed with displacement relative to the axis of rotation of the
drilling column. The bottom-hole unit may have two or more turbodrills, depending on the drilling diameter. The shafts of the turbodrills and the roller
bits/derricks attached to them are driven by the action of the flow of working
fluid; interaction with the rock produces reactive forces that turn the drill and
drill column in a direction opposite to the rotation of the bits.
In the USSR, vertical boreholes were sunk by means of reactive
turbodrills with diameters of 760, 920, 1,020, 1,260, 1,560, 1,730, 2,080, and
2,600–2,860 mm. These turbodrills made it possible to drill a borehole in one
operation and without subsequen t reaming.
In 1982 the first steerable turbodrill was developed by a company
called Neyrfor. This was steerable because it had a stabilizer that was offset
from the rest, pulling the tool to one particular side. Using the law of inertia,
one could alter the direction of the hole being drilled by changing the direction
of the offset. In 1992 the first steerable turbodrill using a bent housing was created by Neyrfor. The advantage to using the bent housing method of steering
instead of an offset stabilizer, is that it provided a straighter hole with less of
a corkscrew effect, which in turn made drilling more efficient, faster, and more
accurate.
Continuing traditions of Russian engineer Matvey Kapelyushnikov the
company JSC "NGT" constantly/periodically improves designs of turbodrills.
(abridged from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbodrill)
Text 3
Read the text about Soviet drilling techniques, don’t consult a dictionary. Is there any unknown information for you? Say what is new for you (see
example in Unit 1).
Read again, then classify the statements after the text into 3 categories:
true, false, no information.
1. The minimum rotation speed of a drill wa s 40-50 rpm.
2. The Soviet engineer Matvey Kapelyushnikov invented the first re-
duction-geared, singl e-stage downh ole turbodrill motor.
3. The development of the method of directional turbodrilling made it
possible to drill inclined wells at the same rates as horizontal w ells.
4. In 1982 the first steerable reactive turbodrill was developed by a
company c alled Neyrfor.
5. High-speed turbod rills were used in USSR mainly in dril ling with di-
amond bits.
48
6. In reactive turbodrilling the diameter of the drill bit is considerably
smaller than the diameter of the hole that is made.
7. The use of turbodrills with an vertical pressure line made it possible
to control the drilling speed at the bottom of the borehole and to optimize the
drilling conditions.
8. Continuing traditions of Russian engineer Matvey Kapelyushnikov
the company JSC "NGT" constantly improves de si gns of tur bo dr ills.
9. Turbodrills use the mechanical energy of the drill itself, and
the hydraulic energy provided by the oil rig’s mud pumps to deliver power to
the drill bit.
10. Reactive turbodrilling is used for hydraulic structures, such as piers,
docks, shore reinforcements, and rai lroad and highway bridge abutments.
Soviet turbodrilling equipment
Turbodrills use the mechanical energy of the drill itself, and
the hydraulic energy provided by the oil rig’s mud pumps to deliver power to
the drill bit. The drill bit on a turbodrill spins much faster than on a conventional motor drill. The result is that, though there is less torque, this is compensated for by the increased speed, which makes straighter holes, and can drill
faster and easier through tougher ground materials. The process is very similar
to a dental drill used by a dentist. These tools are able to dig faster, operate in a
much higher temperature environment, deliver longer downhole life, and produce a better and straighter hole quality than a conventional mud motor. In
many applications turbodrills can offer their customers significant cost savings
over standard drilling systems by saving them time spent drilling the hole since
they typically pay drillers by the hour.
The use of the multistage turbodrill at a drilling speed of 600–800 rpm
was common. Within this range of drilling speeds, the conical toothed choppers
of the bit, under axia l load s of up to 1–1.5 tons per centimeter of the bit diameter,
effectively fragmented the rock while rolling over the bottom of the borehole; as
a result, the bottom hole was deepened. Since the early 1950’s, turbodrilling had
been the principal method of drilling in the USSR; as of 1975, it accounted for
70–80 percent of the oil-a nd gas-well drilling i n terms of total depth.
The development of the method of directional turbodrilling made it possible to drill inclined wells at the same rates as vertical wells. Directional
turbodrilling became of great economic importance in multiple drilling in
Western Siberia and from offshore platforms in the Caspian Sea. In order to increase the wear resistance of the chopper bits, turbodrilling ws performed at
300–400 rpm; in particularly deep wells the drilling speed was 150–250 rpm.
High-speed turbodr ills were used mainly in dr illing with diamond bits.
49
The use of turbodrills with an inclined pressure line made it possible to
Example:
Turbodrilling is better because: …
Cable tool drilling is worse because: …
Fixed Platforms
it is physically
The advantages of these types of fixed
to the sea floor
Основные платформы
ных структур платформы, вес ног и мо
ключен к морскому дну, а вм
чтобы построить ноги так долго.
control the drilling speed at the bottom of the borehole and to optimize the
drilling conditions. The maximum drilling rates for turbodrilling in soft rocks
were 40–50 m/hour.
Turbodrilling was used in rocks of any toughness (hardness) both in production drillin g and in exploratory drilling. Th e maximum well depth reached
in turbodrilling was 7,500 m.
(abridged from (http://www.chinaoilequipments.com/Petroleum/Keywords/Vibrating-
Motor/Results_10.html)
5. Writing
You are a petroleum driller, characterize the advantages of
turbodrilling and disadvantages of c able tool drilling according to 3 criteria.
Some people use electronic translator programs, they do not understand that such translation cannot be perfect. Correct these Google translation texts consulting or iginal English petroleum drilling en gineering texts.
In shallow waters,
possible to fix a platform to the sea floor.
This is what is called a fixed platform rig.
The 'legs' are structures made of concrete
or steel, extending down from the platform, and fixed to the sea bed with piles.
With some of th e concrete fixed platform
structures, the weight of the legs and seafloor platform is so great, that they do not
have to be physicall y attached to the s eafloor, but instead simply rest on their own
mass. These are c alled grav ity based fixed
platforms. There are many possible designs for these fixed, permanent platforms.
platforms are their good stability, as they
are permanently fixed
there is no movement due to wind and water forces. These p latfor ms cannot be used
in very deep water, it is not economical or
practical to build legs that long.
На мелководье, это физически возможно исправить платформу на морском
дне. Это то, что называется стационарной
платформы буровой установки. В отрезками являются конструкции из бетона или
стали, расширение вниз от платформы, и
прикрепленные к морскому дну с свай. С
некоторыми из конкретных фиксирован-
рского дна платформы настолько велика,
что они не должны быть физически под-
есто этого
просто отдыхать на собственной массы.
Они называются гравитации, основанную
стационарных платформ. Есть много возможных конструкций для этих фиксированных, постоянных платформах. Преимущества этих типов стационарных
платформ являются их высокая стабильность, так как они постоянно фиксируется
на дне моря нет никакого движения из-за
ветра и воды силами. Эти платформы не
может быть использован в очень глубокой
воде, это не экономично или практично,
50