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Файл:Нефтегазовое дело. Бурение скважин (на английском языке) = Oil and gas drilling engineering through English. Учебное пособие.pdf
3. Those clichés draw the reader's attention to the major points of the
Example:
The article is written by an oil and gas specialist, probably an engineer. The text is
for industry. Further the author reports that all petroleum questions are answered.
troleum industry.
Professor
Your result is neither good nor excellent, so I ask you some addi-
if you answer them. What do you
know about the first submerge d oil wells?
Student
Around 1891 the first submerged oil wells were drilled from
t shallow reservoir was built from 1837
. Around
from land out into the channel. Other notable early submerged
in the 1910s. Shortly
is one such example. In the 1920s drilling was done from concrete
platform s in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela.
Professor
Quite true if I understand you correctly. Any serious events in the
first part of the XX cent ury?
contents: The author emphasizes the idea of... The author poin ts out that ... Attention is drawn to the fact... In the opinion of the author it is ... the key problems discussed are …
4. Those clichés introduce secondary information: Further the author reports… The author states… The article goe s on to say… Accor ding to the text …
5. Those clichés form a conclusion to which the reader's attention is
drawn: The a uthor comes to the conclusion that... The author concludes by saying ... The basic approac h of the au thor is t hat …
devoted to petroleum engineering and types of petroleum engineers. Attention is
drawn to the fact that petroleum engineering is a complex and necessary activity
The author concludes by saying that Russia is one of the world leaders in the pe-
для аспирантов и соискателей [Текст]: учебное пособие / Т. В. Минакова)
3. Speaking. At the exam
Is there any unknown information for you? Say what is new for you
(see example in Unit 1).
tive questions. You get «five»
platforms built on piles in the fresh waters of the Grand Lake St.
Marys in Ohio. The wide bu
to 1845 to provide water to the Miami and Erie Canal
1896 the first submerged oil wells in salt water were drilled in the
portion of the
Channel
in California. The wells were drilled from pilers extending
(abridged from Минакова Т. В. Английский язык
Summerland field extending und er the Santa Barbara
drilling activities occurred on the Canadian side of Lake Erie in
the 1900s and Caddo Lake in Louisiana
thereafter, wells were drilled in tidal zones along the Gulf Coast of
Texas and Louisiana. The Goose Creek field near Baytown, Texas
21
Student
Yes, I could comment on the question. The oldest subsea well
recorded in Infield's offshore database is the Bibi Eibat well whi ch
developed the first mobile steel barges for drilling in the
Pure Oil
part of
) used a fixed platform to develop a field
Vermilion Parish, Louisiana.
Professor
You are right. Do you know any interesting facts about petroleum
engineering?
Student
The Petronius Platform is a compliant tower in the Gulf of Mexico,
the world's largest (in terms of weight) offshore platform, located
off the coast of
high caisson. The platform acts as a small concrete island
with serrated outer edges designed to withstand the impact of an
. The GBS contains production storage tanks and the
der of the void space is filled with ballast with the entire
structure w e ighing in at 1.2 million tons.
Professor
And what abo ut the future ? I invite you to be brief.
Student
Royal Dutch Shell is currently developing the first Floating
facility, which will be situated
for completion around 2017. When finished, it will be the largest
be approximately 488m
fully ballasted.
Professor
Is the perso nal the same on all platfor ms?
Student
No, not all of the following personnel are present on every
platform. On smaller platforms, one worker can perform a number
of different jobs.
came on stream in 1923 in
shallow portions of the
Azerbaijan. Landfill was used to raise
Caspian Sea. In the early 1930s the Texas
Company
brackish coastal areas of the gulf. Seven years later
Company and its partner Superior Oil Company (now
ExxonMobil Corporation
in 4,3 m of water, 1.6 km offshore of Calcasieu Parish , Louisiana.
In 1946,
erected a drilling platform in 5.5 m of water, 18 miles
of
St. Mary Parish, Louisiana. In early 1947 Superior Oil erected a
drilling/production platform in 6.1 m of water some 18 miles
Magnolia Petroleum Company (no w part of ExxonMobil)
off the coast
off
which stands 2,000 feet (610 m) above the ocean floor. It is one of
world's tallest structures. The Hibernia platform in Canada is
the
on the Jeanne D'Arc basin, in the Atlantic Ocean
Newfoundland. This gravity base structure (GBS), which sits on
the ocean floor, is 364 feet (111 m) high and has storage capacit y
for 1.3 million barrels (210,000 m
3
) of crude oil in its 278.8-foot
(85.0 m)
iceberg
remain
Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG)
approximately 200km off the coast of Western Australia and is due
floating offshore facility. It is expected to
long and 74m wide with displacement of around 600,000t when
22
Professor
Tell me abou t the drill crew.
Student
I must say that drill crew is an incidental personnel, it’s on board if
the installation is performing drilling operations. A drill crew will
normally comprise: toolpusher, driller, roughnecks, roustabouts,
welder helpers.
Professor
Other types of inci de nta l per so nn el ?
Student
Yes, for example, well services crew. It’s on board for well work.
The crew normally comprises: well services supervisor, wireline or
coiled tubi ng operators, pump operator, pump hanger and ranger.
Professor
That’s true. Could you clarify, what other people work on platforms?
Student
I know a lot, but they are no t those that are obligator y recognized in
who is the ultimate authority during his/her shift and makes the
essential decisions regarding the operation of the platform;
who is the senior technical authority on the platform.
Professor
I entirely agree with you. Well, and what is an automation systems
specialist?
Student
It’s a person that has to configure, maintain and troubleshoot the
systems, process safety systems, emergency
support syste ms and vessel management systems.
Professor
Very good information, your result is excellent.
Submerged oil well
Подводная нефтяная скважина
Pile
Свая
Tidal zone
Приливно-отливная зона
Concrete
Бетон, бетонный
The first subsea well recorded
Первая зарегистрированная подводная скважина
To come on stream
Вступить в эксплуатацию
Steel barges
Стальные баржи
Brackish
Солоноватый
To erect
Возводить, воздвигать
Compliant tower
Гибкая башня
Gravity base structure
Конструкция гравитационного типа
Storage capacity
Вместимость, емкость, объем
Drill crew
Буровая бригада
Toolpusher
Специалист по буровым установкам
Driller
Бурильщик
Roughneck
Рабочий буровой бригады
Roustabout
Разнорабочий
company man, mud engineer, derrickhand, geologist, welders and
the industry. For example, OIM (offshore installation manager)
operations team l eader (OTL); o ffshore ope rations engineer (OOE)
process control
(abridged from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_drilling)
(abridged from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform)
23
Company man
Представитель компании
Mud engineer
Инженер по буровым растворам
Derrickhand
Верховой рабочий
Welder
Сварщик
Service crew
Сервисная бригада
Wire line tubing
Проводной шланг
Coiled tubing
Гибкая насосно-компрессорная труба
Pump operator
Насосный оператор
Pump hanger
Установщик насоса
Pump ranger
Смотритель насоса
Offshore installation manager
Ответственный за установку платформы
в прибрежных водах
Senior technical authority
Старший техник
To configure
Формировать
To troubleshoot
Диагностировать
Process control system
Система управления
Process safety syst em
Система безопасности
Emergency support system
Система аварийного обеспечения
Vessel management system
Система управления платформой
I
Shall (will)
drill a new oil well
You
Will
drill a new oil well
He, she, it
Will
drill a new oil well
We
Shall (will)
drill a new oil well
You
Will
drill a new oil well
They
Will
drill a new oil well
4. Grammar review. Future simple
Formation: the aux i lia ry ve r b will or sh al l + the 1 for m of the ve r b
Using: to denote an action in the future
Exercise. Put the verbs into future simple
1. Russia (take) one of the first places in the world for oil and gas re-
serves. The great advantage of this minerals (be) the ease of transporting them.
2. Group of oil and gas fields, mineral deposits like coal, gas and oil
presence (form) pools.
3. There are a lot of spec ialists on oil platforms, but they are not those
that (be) ob ligatory recognized in the industry.
4. The crew normally (comprise): well services supervisor, wireline or
coiled tubi ng operators, pump operator, pump hanger and ranger.
5. Drill crew is an incidental personnel, it (is) on board if the
installation is performing drilling operations.
6. Royal Dutch Shell is curre ntly developing the first Floating Liquefied
Natural Gas (FLNG) facility, which (be) situated approximately 200km off the
coast of
Western Australia an d is due for completion around 2017.
24
7. The GBS contains production storage tanks and the remainder of the
I
Should (would)
drill a new oil well
You
Would
drill a new oil well
He, she, it
Would
drill a new oil well
We
Should (would)
drill a new oil well
You
Would
drill a new oil well
They
Would
drill a new oil well
void space (is) filled with ballast with the entire structure weighing in at 1.2
million tons
.
8. Extracting crude oil normally (start) with drilling wells into the underground r eservoir.
9. When an oil well has been tapped, a geologist known as the
“mudlogger ” (note) its presence.
10. During the primary recovery stage, reservoir drive (come) from a
number of natural mechanisms.
11. When the underground pressure in th e oil reservoir (is) sufficient to
force the oil to the surface, all that (is) necessary is to place a complex arrangement of valves (Christmas tree) on the well head to connect the well to a
pipeline netw or k for st ora ge a nd pr oce ss i n g.
12. Tertiary, or enhanced oil recovery methods (increase) the mobility of
the oil in order to incre ase e xtr ac ti o n.
13. Steam (is) injected into many oil fields where the oil is thicker and
heavier than normal crude oil.
14. The amount of oil that is recoverable (is) determined by a number of
factors including the permeability of the rocks, the strength of natural drives (the
gas present, pressure from adjac ent water or gravity ), and the visc osity of the oil.
15. Petroleum engineering (require) a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology,
formation evaluation (well logging), drilling, economics, reservoir simulation, reservoir engineering, well engineering, artificial lift systems, completions and oil and gas
facilities engineering.
Grammar review. Future in the past
Formation: the auxiliary verb would or should + the 1 form of the verb
Using: future in the past is used in the subordinate when the predicate in
the principle is in th e past tense. Future in the past shows that the action in the
subordinate takes place after the action in the principle. Future in the past denotes a futur e action compared to an action in the past.
Exercise. Transform the sentences according to the model, use future
in the past.
25
Example: He said: “The gas price will not go up”. – He said that the oil price wouldn’t go up.
1. He said: “The crew will comprise well services supervisor, wireline
or coiled tubing op er a tor s, pump operator, pump hanger and ranger”.
2. He said: “Petroleum engineering will require a good knowledge of
many other related disciplines”.
3. He said: “Tertiary, or enhanced oil recovery methods will increase
the mobility of the oil in order to incre a se extraction”.
4. He said: “Ve sse l management system will not function well”.
5. He said: “Proc e ss control system will be repaired in a week”.
6. He said: ”Well drillers will not use seismic surveys to search for geo-
logical structures that may form oil reservoirs.”
7. He said: ”Many wells, called multilateral ones, drilled into the same
reservoir, w ill ensure that the extraction rate will be economically viable.”
8. He said: “Tertiary, or enhanced oil recovery methods increase the
mobility of the oil in order to increas e extraction”.
9. He said: “During the secondary recovery stage, reservoir drive will
not come f rom a number of natural m echanisms”.
10. He said: “The underground pressure in the oil reservoir will be suffi-
cient to force the oil to t he surface”.
11. He said: “During the primary recovery stage, reservoir drive will
come from a number of nat ural mechani sms”.
12. He said: “A geologist known as the “mudlogger” will note the pres-
ence of an underground re servoir”.
13. He said: “Secondary wells will pump water, steam, acids or various
gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure, and
so to maintain an economic extraction rate”.
14. He said: “They will create a well by drilling a hole into the earth with
an oil rig.”.
15. He said: “The innovative method will not include making an underground explosion nearby and observing the seismic response that will provide
informatio n about the geological structures under the ground”.
5. Reading without vocabulary. Supplementary te xts.
Text 1.
Read the text about petroleum extraction, don’t consult a dictionary.
Is there any unknown information for you? Say what is new for you (see example in Unit 1).
Read again and form ulate the general idea of the text (see example in
Unit 1)
26
Read once again. Then classify the statements based on the text into
true or false . Correct the false statements consulting the text if necessary.
1. The extraction of petroleum is the process by which usable petroleum
is extracted and removed from the ear th crust.
2. “Passive” methods that extract information from naturally-occurring
seismic wa ves haven’t still been elaborated.
3. Secondary wells may not be used to pump water, steam, acids or various gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure,
and so to maintain an eco nomic extrac tion rate.
4. During the primary recovery stage, reservoir drive comes from a
number of natural mechanisms that include natural water displacing oil downward into the well, expansion of the natural gas at the top of the reservoir, expansion of gas initially dissolved in the crude oil, and gravity drainage resulting
from the movement of oil within the reservoir from the upper to the lower parts
where the wells are loca ted.
5. After natural reservoir drive diminishes, secondary recovery methods
are applied.
6. Tertiary recovery allows another 5 to 25% of the reservoir’s oil to be
recovered.
7. Tertiary recovery begins when secondary oil recovery isn’t enough to
continue adequate extraction, but only when the oil can still be extracted profitably.
8. Sometimes special blends of the microbes are used to treat and break
down the hydrocarbon chain in oil thus making the oil easy to recover as well
as being mor e economic versus other conventional methods
9. The amount of oil that is recoverable is determined by a number of
factors including the permeability of the rocks, the strength of natural drives
(the gas present, pressure from adjacent water or gravity), and the viscosity of
the oil
10. A Christmas tree is an arrangement of valves on the well head to
connect the well t o a pipeli ne ne tw or k for st ora ge a nd pr oce ss i n g.
Extraction of petroleum
The extraction of petroleum is the process by which usable petroleum is
extracted and removed from the eart h.
Geologists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that
may form oil reservoirs. The “classic” method includes making an underground
explosion nearby and observing the seismic response that provides information
about the geological structures under the ground. However, “passive” methods
27
that extract information from naturally-occurring seismic waves are also
known.
Other instruments such as gravimeters and m agnetometers are also sometimes used in the search for petroleum. Extracting crud e oil normally starts with
drilling we lls into the underground r eservoir. When an oil well has been tapped,
a geologist (known as the “mudlogger”) will note its presence. Such a
“mudlogger” is known to be sitting in the rig. Historically, in the USA, some
oil fields existed where the oil rose naturally from the surface, but most of these
fields have long since been used up, except in certain places in Alaska. Often
many wells (called multilateral wells) are drilled into the same reservoir, to ensure that the extraction rate will be economically viable. Also, some wells (secondary wells) may be used to pump water, steam, acids or various gas mixtures
into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure, and so to maintain
an econom ic extraction r ate.
The oil well is created by drilling a hole into the earth with an oil rig. A
steel pipe (casing) is placed in the hole, to provide structural integrity to the
newly drilled wellbore. Holes are then made in the base of the well to enable oil
to pass into the bore. Finally a collection of valves called a “Christmas tree” is
fitted to the top, the valves regulatin g pressures and controlli ng flows.
During the primary recovery stage, reservoir drive comes from a number
of natural mechanisms. These include: natural water displacing oil downward
into the well, expansion of the natural gas at the top of the reservoir, expansion
of gas initially dissolved in the crude oil, and gravity drainage resulting from
the movement of oil within the reservoir from the upper to the lower parts
where the wells are located. Recovery factor during the primary recovery stage
is typically 5–15 %.
While the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient to force
the oil to the surface, all that is necessary is to place a complex arrangement of
valves (Christmas tree) on the well head to connect the well to a pipeline network for stor age and proce ssing.
Over the lifetime of the well the pressure will fall, and at some point
there will be insufficient underground pressure to force the oil to the surface.
After natural reservoir drive diminishes, secondary recovery methods are applied. They rely on the supply of external energy into the reservoir in the form
of injecting fluids to increase reservoir pressure, hence replacing or increasing
the natural reservoir drive with an artificial drive. Sometimes pumps, such as
beam pumps and electrical submersible pumps (ESPs), are used to bring the oil
to the surface. Other secondary recovery techniques increase the reservoir’s
pressure by water injection, natural gas reinjection and gas lift, which injects
air, carbon dioxide or some other gas into the bottom of an active well, reducing the overall density of fluid in the wellbore. Typical recovery factor from
28
water-flood operations is abou t 30 %, d ependin g on the prope rties of oil and th e
characteristics of the reservoir rock. On average, the recovery factor after primary and secondary oil recovery operations is between 35 and 45%.
Tertiary, or enhanced oil recovery methods increase the mobility of the
oil in order to increase extraction.
Steam is injected into many oil fields where the oil is thicker and heavier
than normal crude oi l.
Thermally enhanced oil recovery methods (TEOR) are tertiary recovery
techniques that heat the oil, thus reducing its viscosity and making it easier to
extract. Steam injection is the most common form of TEOR, and is often done
with a cogeneration plant. In this type of cogeneration plant, a gas turbine is
used to generate electricity and the waste heat is used to produce steam, which
is then injected into the reservoir. This form of recovery is used extensively to
increase oil extraction in San Joaquin Valley, which has very heavy oil, yet accounts for 10 % of the USA oil extraction. In-situ burning is another form
of TEOR, but instead of steam, some of the oil is burned to heat the surrounding oil.
Occasionally, surfactants (detergents) are injected to alter the surface
tension between the water and oil in the reservoir, mobilizing oil which would
otherwise r emain in the reservoir as residual oil.
Another method to reduce viscosity is carbon dioxide flooding.
Tertiary recovery allows another 5 to 15% of the reservoir’s oil to be recovered.
Tertiary recovery begins when secondary oil recovery isn’t enough to
continue adequate extraction, but only when the oil can still be extracted profitably. This depends on the cost of the extraction method and the current price of
crude oil. When prices are high, previously unprofitable wells are brought back
into use and w hen they ar e low, extraction is curtailed.
Microbial treatment is another tertiary recovery method. Special blends
of the microbes are used to treat and break down the hydrocarbon chain in oil
thus making the oil easy to recover as well as being more economic versus other conventional methods. In some states, such as Texas, there are tax incentives
for using these microbes in what is called a secondary tertiary recovery. Very
few companies supply these, however companies like Bio Tech have proven
very successful in waterfloods acro ss Texas.
The amount of oil that is recoverable is determined by a number of factors including the permeability of the rocks, the strength of natural drives (the
gas present, pressure from adjacent water or gravity), and the viscosity of the
oil. When the reservoir rocks are “tight” such as shale, oil flows freely. The
flow of oil is often helped by natural pressures surrounding the reservoir rocks
including natural gas that may be dissolved in the oil, natural gas present above
29
the oil, water below the oil and the strength of gravity. Oils tend to span a large
range of vi scosity from liquids as light as gasoline to heavy as tar. The lightest
forms tend t o result in higher extraction rates.
Petroleum engineering is the discipline responsible for evaluating which
well locations and recovery mechanisms are appropriate for a reservoir and for
estimating r ecovery ra tes and oil res erves prior to actual extraction.
(abridged from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum)
You can also make a su mmary of any text using the following:
The introduction (general idea)
• The object/purpose of this text is to present/to discuss/to describe/to
show/to deve lop /t o gi ve…
• The paper/text/article puts forwa rd the idea/attempts to determine…
• The paper/text/article discusses some problems relating to/deals with
some aspects of/considers the problem of/presents the basic theory/provides information on /re views the basic princ i ple s of …
• The paper/text/article is concerned with /is devoted to …
The beginning of th e tex t
• The paper/text/article begins with a short discussion on/deals firstly
with the pro blem of …
• The first paragraph deals with …
• First/at first/at the beginning the author points out that/notes
that/describes…
• The main content of t he text
• Then follows a discus sion on …
• Then the author goes on to the problem of …
• The next (following) part deals with/presents/discusses/describ es…
• After discussing … the author turns to …
• Next/further/then t he author tries to/indica tes that/explains that…
• It must be emphasized that/should be noted that/is evident that/is clear
that/is intere st in g to n ote t hat …
The end of the text
• The text/article/paper states/describes/ends with…
• The conclusion is tha t the problem is …
• The author conclude s that/summarizes the …
• To sum up/to summarize/to conclude the author emphasizes/points
out/admits th at …
• Finally the author ad mits that…
• In the end the author emphasizes that …
(abridged from Минакова Т. В. Английский язык для аспирантов и соискателей [Текст]:
учебное пособие / Т. В. Минакова).
30