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Файл:Нефтегазовое дело. Бурение скважин (на английском языке) = Oil and gas drilling engineering through English. Учебное пособие.pdf
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Сибирский федеральный университет
Н. В. Бизюков
НЕФТЕГАЗОВОЕ ДЕЛО: БУРЕНИЕ СКВАЖИН
(НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ)
OIL AND GAS DRILLING ENGINEERING
THROUGH ENGLISH
Учебное пособие
Электронное издание
Красноярск
СФУ
2017
1
УДК 811.111(07)+622.32(07)
ББК 81.432.1я73+33.36я73
Б598
Рецензенты:
М. П. Баранова, доктор технических наук, профессор;
М. В. Савельева, кандидат филологических наук, доцент
Бизюков, Н. В.
Б598 Нефтегазовое дело: бурение скважин (на английском языке) = Oil and
gas drilling engineering through English: учеб. пособие. – Электрон. дан.
(3,8 Мб). – Красноярск : Сиб. федер. ун-т, 2017. – 1 электрон. опт. диск
(CD-Rom). – Систем. требования : PC не ниже класса Pentium I ; 128 Mb RAM ;
Windows 98/XP/7 ; Adobe Reader V 8.0 и выше. – Загл. с экрана.
ISBN 978-5-7638-3675-2
Состоит из шести модулей, каждый из которых посвящен определенной области
нефтегазового дела, связанной в той или иной степени с нефтегазовым бурением.
Предназначено для студентов, проходящих подготовку по специальности
21.03.01 «Нефтегазовое дело» (профиль 21.03.01.00.01 «Бурение нефтяных и газовых
скважин», программа 210.00.00 «Прикладная геология, горное дело, нефтегазовое дело
и геодезия»), а также изучающих дисциплину «Профессиональный иностранный язык».
Электронный вариант издания см.: УДК 811.111(07)+622.32(07)
http://catalog.sfu-kras.ru ББК 81.432.1я73+33.36я73
ISBN 978-5-7638-3675-2 © Сибирский федеральный университет, 2017
Электронное учебное издание
Редактор А. В. Прохоренко
Компьютерная верстка Д. Р. Мазай
Подписано в свет 11.01.2017. Заказ № 1413
Тиражируется на машиночитаемых носителях
Библиотечно-издательский комплекс
Сибирского федерального университета
660041, г. Красноярск, пр. Свободный, 82а
Тел/факс (391) 206-26-67
http//: bik.sfu-kras.ru; e-mail: publishing_house@sfu-kras.ru
2
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 4
Module 1
PROFESSION OF AN ENGINEER ........................................................................................ 6
Module 2
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING ............................................................................................ 17
Module 3
HISTORY OF PETROLEUM DRILLING ............................................................................ 37
Module 4
PETROLEUM DRILLING .................................................................................................... 52
Module 5
ECOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL PROBLEMS AND DАNGERS
OF OIL AND GAS DRILLING ............................................................................................. 84
Module 6
PETROLEUM COMPANIES .............................................................................................. 105
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 125
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 127
APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................... 129
3
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Предлагаемое учебное пособие предназначено для студентов стар-
ших курсов Института нефти и газа.
Основная цель пособия – совершенствование умений профессио-
нально ориентированного чтения и перевода современной научной лите-
ратуры, а также развитие навыков устной и письменной речи на основе
изученных текстов.
Пособие состоит из шести модулей, каждый из которых посвящен
определенной области нефтегазового дела, связанной в той или иной сте-
пени с нефтегазовым бурением. Тематика текстов включает сведения
из истории нефтегазового бурения, описание ее основных проблем, современную оценку развития данной области науки. При отборе текстов
учитывалась как их познавательная ценность, так и их насыщенность лек-
сико-грамматическими структурами. Включение в учебный материал
анекдотов нефтегазовой тематики способствует, по мнению автора, ожив-
лению учебного процесса.
Каждый модуль предусматривает работу над закреплением грамма-
тического материала, расширением потенциального словаря, развитием
навыков чтения, говорения и письма.
В каждом модуле учебного пособия представлены упражнения,
различные по своему содержанию, целевой направленности и форме
выполнения.
Равномерное чередование различных видов упражнений способст-
вует повышению эффективности работы студентов.
INTRODUCTION
This book is intended for intermediate and upper-intermediate students
of English.
It is designed to improve your professional Engli sh.
You will be given a chance to:
• master communicative competence;
• develop thoughts and ideas;
• activate personal opinion;
• enrich your vocabulary ;
• develop your skills: speaking, reading and writing;
• master translating competence.
4
To get the most out of this book, you have to think. Don’t be a passive
learner. W ith your group mates work out the solutions to different activitie s.
The material is taken from the authentic Internet sources – thus they are
related to your own experience and from didactic books on scientific language.
This book is designed so that it can be used sequentially from module 1
to 6.
Each module stands on its own, therefore you can use it selective ly.
Every module starts with a list of objective s so you always know ex actly
what you are going to do.
Good luck and enjoy us i ng th is book!
5
Module 1
PROFESSION OF AN ENGINEER
Learning objectives
In this module you will:
• understand basic engineering concepts and acquire vocabulary connected
with it;
• develop i deas on the topic;
• express agreement and di sagreement with statements on the topic;
• formulat e t he general idea of text s on t he t opic;
• review grammar on present sim pl e and present conti nuous;
• write t heses on the topic;
• impro ve t ra nsl ating skills and ma chi ne translation cor rect i ng skills
1. Before you read
How far do you agree tha t engineering is:
1) creativity using technologies, academic science and practical l ife;
2) technical knowledge of the civilization;
3) multidisciplinary skills;
4) a way of thinking;
5) a means of problem solving.
Use the following struct ur e:
• repeat the statement;
• show you are interest e d in the problem;
• agree or disagree;
• give a comment, try to sound convincing.
If you agree – use th e following expressions of agreement:
You are right; You are quite (absolutely) right; It is quite true that …;
What you say is correct…; I agree entirely with you…; One is definitely right
when saying that … ; I hold (am of) the same opinion; I can’t but agree with it;
That’s right; Exactly ; Quite so; Quite right; I think so, too.
If you disagree – use the following expressions of disagreement, remember that you sh ou ld be po li te:
As a general rule you it is quite right, but in this case I think…; What is
said seems to be general opinion, but…; I agree with it to a certain extent,
but…; A large part of this is true, but…; I disagree with this assessment…;
I don’t think so; I don’t agree; I disagree. I can’t (very well) agree with it… I’m
afraid, this is wrong. I doubt that… It’s unlikely that…
6
To show your interest in the problem use the following:
Example:
What are advantages and disadvantages of a profession of an engineer? Let’s
ful. But on the other hand there are so much technical institutes in our country and
so many engineers as a result that your activity will not be probably unique.
Let’s discuss the idea; How very interesting; Let us see what we can do
about it; probably there are gaps in my knowledge; if necessary I'll fill up my
gap of knowledge; I want to know everything possible in the field; it is necessary to consider the facts.
discuss the idea. On the one hand the profession is very promising and there are
a lot of fields of activity, so you have a good choice and your work is always use-
(abridged from Минакова Т. В. Английский язык
для аспирантов и соискателей [Текст]: учеб. пособие / Т. В. Минакова)
Discuss these questions with your partner
1. Do you know where does the word «engineering» come from?
2. How m any branches of engineerin g do there exis t nowadays?
3. Is oil and gas engineering the most interesting engineeri ng?
4. What are advantages and disadvantages of a professio n of an engineer?
5. Are engineers in demand nowadays? If yes, what can prove it?
6. What profession would you choose if not that of an engineer?
2. Reading
Is there any unknown information for you? Say what is new for you.
Example: It is new for me that the word “engineer” comes from Latin.
Read the encyclopedia article about engineers. Answer the questions
on the text using the key words. Don’t c onsult the vocabulary afte r the te xt.
1. Who is a n engineer and what does he do in his work?
2. Do engineers obligatory specialize in two or more types of industries
or technologies?
3. How can engineer co ntrol the efficiency of processes?
4. What subdivisions do exist in materials e ngineering?
5. What is the function of analytical engineers?
6. Do supervisory engineers estimate the time required to complete
projects?
7. What does engineering analysi s involves?
8. In what way do engineers create link between science, technology,
and society?
9. What the crucial and unique task of engineers i s?
10. Are engi nee r i ng spe c ial t ies n umerous nowaday s ?
7
Read the text once again, consult the vocabulary and/or a dictionary.
Retell the text in Rus si an in 5–6 sentence s .
An engineer
An engineer (from Latin ingeniare «to contrive, devise» and ingenium
«cleverness») is a technical professional, a practitioner of engineering, concerned
with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics, and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical problems. Engineers design materials, structures, and systems
while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost.
Engineers are grounded in applied sciences, and their work in research
and development is distinct from the basic research focus of scientists. The
work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human needs and quality of life. In short, engineers are
versatile minds who create link between science, technology, and society.
Engineers develop new technological solutions and weigh different
design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to prod uce a successful result.
Engineers apply techniques of engineering analysis in testing, production, or
maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure, and test output to maintain quality.
They also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects. Supervisory en-
gineers are responsible for major components or entire projects. Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal
the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study. Engineering analysis proceeds by separating the engineering design into the mechanisms of
operation or failure, analyzing or estimating each component of the operation or
failure mechanism in isolation, and re-combining the components.
Many engineers use computers to produce and analyze designs, to simulate and test how a machine, structure, or system operates, to generate specifications for parts, to monitor the quality of products, and to control the efficiency of processes.
Most engineers specialize in one or more engineering disciplines.
Numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the
major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering,
for example, includes structural and transportation engineering, and materials
engineering includes ceramic, metallurgical, and polymer engineering. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as motor vehicles, or in one type
of technology, such as turbines or semiconductor materials.
Engineering is quickly developing in modern society and the profession
of an engine er is very promising.
(abridged from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer)
8
Practitioner
Практик
To apply
Применять, прикладывать
To impose
Навязывать, требовать
Research focus
Объект исследования
Subsequent application
Последующее применение
Versatile mind
Гибкий ум
To match the requirements
Соответствовать требованиям
Constraints
Ограничения
Testing, production, maintenance
Испытание, производство, эксплуатация
Analytical engineer
Инженеры-аналитики
Supervisory engineer
Главный инженер
Mechanism of operation (failure)
Действующий (неисправный) механизм
To simulate
Mоделировать
Subdivisions
Подразделения, ответвления
Civil engineering
Гражданское строительство
Promising
Перспективный
To start
To go on or fi nish
The text (article) deals with…
… is (are) gi ven
… are enumerated
A. You can formulate the general idea of any text (article) using the
following:
The text (article) is about…
This text (ar ticle) focuses on…
This text (ar ticle) is focused on…
… is (are) described
… is (are) mentioned
… is (are) analyzed
B. Is the general idea of the article correct? Corre ct mista kes if necessary.
The article deals with the profession of an engineer. Types of engineers,
their functions and chara cteristics a re given. Engineering pr ospect s are me ntioned.
Decide if the following statements are true or false, or there is no information in the text.
a) true b) false c) no information
1. Engineering is quickly developing nowadays.
2. All engineers specialize in several technical disc i pli ne s.
3. Engineers never use e lectronic devices for their work.
4. Engineering is estimation of cost of new promising projects.
5. The main task of enginee r is new projects’ time limiting.
6. Engineers deal with ap plied technologies.
7. Engineers are technical theoret ic ian s.
8. Engineering is not really promising field of human activity.
9
3. Speaking. Oil and g as engineering
Student
Let me introduce myself. I’m a 2 year full-time student of Siberian
neering.
Professor
Why did you make up your mind to e nter the Institute of oil and g as?
Student
I took into account many factors. First and foremost – my abilities,
personal taste, turn of mind and family traditions. I have technical
turn of mind a nd I chose the professio n of an engineer .
Professor
So, have always been inclined to study Mathematics, Physics, and
Chemistry and so on?
Student
Certainly. And I study a lot of subjects to become competitive spe-
terials, foreign language, etc. Moreover, I want to carry on research
work. All this is necessary for a future oil and gas engineer.
Professor
At the present moment oil and gas engineering is one of the most
developing branches of industry in Russia. Does this field
of activity suit your inte rests and pref erences?
Student
Yes, and my hopes are connected with graduating from the institute,
finding interesting, prestige , high-paid work and making a career.
Professor
What is your major? Is it petrochemical engineeri ng?
Student
No, it is drilling, not petrochemical engineering. I know a lot about
this field of oil and gas engineering, but there is a big difference.
Drillers and petrochemical engineeres are involved in many aspects
of the oil and gas industry. Petrochemical engineering deals with
rochemical engineers are responsible for transforming crude oil and
s such as gasoline and plastics.
This process usually includes a chemical reaction in which two or
chemical engineer must also understand other processes such as
uid flow. In the oil and gas industry,
petrochemical engineers are employed to study the flow of fluids in
oil and gas reservoirs, design and operate natural gas processing
plants, construct and manage oil and gas pipelines, and to build and
ries. Petrochemical engineers work in developing and
running the plants that manufacture chemicals such as polyethylene
rochemical engineers may work in research where they team with
economical industrial production. Petrochemical engineers may de-
Federal University, Institute of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engi-
cialist. For instance, higher mathematics, drawing, strength of ma-
actively
processes that combine chemicals to produce desired products. Pet-
natural gas into finished product
more chemicals are combined to form a new chemical. The petro-
separation, heat transfer, and fl
operate refine
and polyvinyl chloride from natural gas liquids and crude oil. Pet-
chemists to translate reactions from the laboratory to large-scale
10