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Файл:Методология расчётов гидродинамических параметров шахтных автоматизированных стационарных установок с центробежными нагнетателями. Монография
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ɗ. Ʉ. ɇɢɤɭɥɢɧ , ɂ. ȼ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɺɜɚ, Ʉ. ɇ. Ɇɚɪɟɧɢɱ
ɆȿɌɈȾɈɅɈȽɂə ɊȺɋɑȬɌɈȼ
ȽɂȾɊɈȾɂɇȺɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɉȺɊȺɆȿɌɊɈȼ
ɒȺɏɌɇɕɏ ȺȼɌɈɆȺɌɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɏ
ɋɌȺɐɂɈɇȺɊɇɕɏ ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɈɄ
ɋ ɐȿɇɌɊɈȻȿɀɇɕɆɂ ɇȺȽɇȿɌȺɌȿɅəɆɂ
Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
ɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
Ɇɨ
«ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ»
202
ɍȾɄ 622.53
ȻȻɄ 33+34.7
ɇ65
ȽɈɍ ȼɉɈ «Ⱦɨɧɟɰɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɤ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɭɱɺɧɵɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ» (ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ʋ 1 ɨɬ 01.04.2022 ɝ.)
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ:
ɞ. ɬ. ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ., ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ Ƚɍ «Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɝɨɪɦɚɲ
ɢɦ. ȼ. Ⱥ. Ⱥɧɬɢɩɨɜɚ» ɋɢɥɚɟɜ ȼ. ɂ.;
ɞ. ɬ. ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ., ɡɚɜ. ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ «ɗɧɟɪɝɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ»
ȽɈɍ ȼɉɈ «Ⱦɨɧɟɰɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ»
Ʉɨɧɨɧɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ. ɉ.
ɇɢɤɭɥɢɧ, ɗ. Ʉ.
ɇ65 Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɨɜ
ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ : ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ / ɗ. Ʉ. ɇɢɤɭɥɢɧ , ɂ. ȼ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɺɜɚ, Ʉ. ɇ. Ɇɚɪɟɧɢɱ. –
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ; ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ : ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ, 2024. – 124 ɫ. : ɢɥ., ɬɚɛɥ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-1697-9
Ⱦɚɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɧɚɫɨɫɵ, ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɵ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ, ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.). Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɭɡɨɜ.
ɍȾɄ 622.53
ȻȻɄ 33+34.7
ISBN 978-5-9729-1697-9 ɇɢɤɭɥɢɧ ɗ. Ʉ. , Ʉɨɜɚɥɺɜɚ ɂ. ȼ., Ɇɚɪɟɧɢɱ Ʉ. ɇ., 2024
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2024
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2024
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ........................................................................................................ 5
1. ɒȺɏɌɇɕȿ ɋɌȺɐɂɈɇȺɊɇɕȿ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɆȿɏȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ
ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɄɂ ɋ ɐȿɇɌɊɈȻȿɀɇɕɆɂ ɇȺȽɇȿɌȺɌȿɅəɆɂ ..................... 6
1.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ .............................................................................................................. 6
1.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ............................................................... 11
1.3. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ......................................................... 14
1.4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ................................................................ 15
1.5. ɐɟɥɶ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ...................................................................................... 15
2. ɋɍɓȿɋɌȼɍɘɓɂȿ ɋɏȿɆɕ ɂ ɋɊȿȾɋɌȼȺ ȺȼɌɈɆȺɌɂɁȺɐɂɂ
ɒȺɏɌɇɕɏ ɋɌȺɐɂɈɇȺɊɇɕɏ ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɈɄ ......................................... 17
2.1. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ......... 17
2.2. Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ .......................................................................................... 25
2.2.1. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ............................................ 25
2.2.2. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ...................................................... 55
2.3. Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ......................................................................................... 60
3. ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂə
ɉȺɊȺɆȿɌɊɈȼ
ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɆȿɏȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɋɂɋɌȿɆ ɋ ɅɈɉȺɋɌɇɕɆɂ
ɌɍɊȻɈɆȺɒɂɇȺɆɂ ɊȺȾɂȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɌɂɉȺ .......................................... 63
3.1. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ................................................................................................. 63
3.2. ɉɨɞɛɨɪ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ............................................. 64
3.2.1. ɉɨɞɛɨɪ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɯ
ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ...................................................................... 64
3.2.2. ɉɨɞɛɨɪ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ................................................... 65
3.3. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ................................................... 67
3
3.4. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɧɚ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɭɫɤɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɣ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ......................................................................................................... 70
3.5. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɨɣ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ....................................................................... 74
3.5.1. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ .......................... 74
3.5.2. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ........................................ 75
3.6. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ..
3.6.1. ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ........................................................... 80
3.6.2. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ........................................ 81
3.7. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɜ
ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ................................................ 90
3.8. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ
ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɲɚɯɬɵ ................. 92
3.9. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɳɢɬ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ........................................................................................................ 96
3.10. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ .................................................................................................. 98
3.10.1. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɟɱɤɢ .......................................................... 98
3.10.2. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɭɬɟɱɤɢ ............................................................................................................ 100
3.11. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ .................................................................... 104
3.11.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ
ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ .................................................................... 104
3.11.2. Ƚɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ........... 106
3.11.3. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ................. 111
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ ............................................................................. 121
4
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɟ, ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɵɟ, ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɬɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɜ, ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɤ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧɚɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ
ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɹɯ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ
ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ Ʌɚɜɲɨɧɨɤ ȿ.ɘ. ɢ ɒɚɥɺɧɨɣ ɋ.ȼ. – ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚɦ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «Ƚɨɪɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɤɚ
ɢɦ. Ɋ.Ɇ. Ʌɟɣɛɨɜɚ» Ⱦɨɧɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɢ.
5
1. ɒȺɏɌɇɕȿ ɋɌȺɐɂɈɇȺɊɇɕȿ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɆȿɏȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ
ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɄɂ ɋ ɐȿɇɌɊɈȻȿɀɇɕɆɂ ɇȺȽɇȿɌȺɌȿɅəɆɂ
1.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
Ʌɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ – ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ, ɧɚɫɨɫɵ,
ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɵ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ – ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ [1–4]. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 1.1) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ: ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ 1, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ 2 ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ 3.
ɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɜ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ. Ƚɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ (ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɯ, ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɚɯ) ɢɥɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ (ɜ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚɯ ɢ
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚɯ), ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ (ɝɚɡ) – ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚ-
1
2
3
7
3
4
6
5
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1.1. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɨɜ – ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɺ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ 4 ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɧɨɣ 5 ɞɢɫɤɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ 6, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
(ɝɚɡɚ), ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ. ɉɨɞɜɨɞ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɧɮɭɡɨɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ
6
1
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɣ. Ɉɬɜɨɞ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɠɭɯɚ 3 ɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɚ 7,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ,
ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɝɚɡɚ) ɩɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ
ɫɟɬɢ.
1
2
8
9
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1.2. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ
6
7
5
34
ɒɚɯɬɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ
ɫɯɟɦɵ: I – ɫ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɢ
II – ɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜɵɦɢ
ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ I ɢɦɟɸɬ: ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ (ȼɐ-11Ɇ, ȼɒɍ-16, ȼɐɉ-16, ȼɐ-25) ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɵ (ɍ900-90, ɍ900-180, 10ɍ-4, 12ɍ-6, ɍ450-120). Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ
II ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ
ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ (ȼɐȾ-16, ȼɐȾ-31,5.
ȼɐȾ-40. ȼɐȾ-47, ȼɐɉȾ-8ɍɆ) ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ (ȼɐ-31,5 ɢ ȼɐ3-32), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɵ
(14ɍȼ-6, HSP-430), ɜɫɟ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɐɇɋ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɚ, ɬɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ (Ʉ500-61-1, Ʉ 250-61-2, ɐɄ-135/8
ɢ ɐɄ-115/9). ȼ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ, ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ (ɪɢɫ. 1.1), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɪɹɞ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ ȼɐȾ-47), ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.2, ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɵ ɨɫɟɜɵɦɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɈɇȺ 2, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ 1 ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɤɨɥɟɫɨɦ 4. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.2 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ: 3 – ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɨɤ; 5 – ɫɬɭɩɢɰɚ
7
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ; 6 – ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ; 7 – ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɚɥ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ;
1 2 3 4
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n
8 – ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ ɈɇȺ; 9 – ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɤ; ĬɇȺ – ɭɝɨɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɤ ɈɇȺ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ.
ȼɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦɭ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ. Ʌɨɩɚɬɤɢ ɈɇȺ
ɩɥɨɫɤɢɟ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɝɨɥ ĬɇȺ ɨɬ
0° ɞɨ 110°. ɉɪɢ ɭɝɥɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ 90° ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɤɨ ɜɫɚɫɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ. ȼɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ ȼɐȾ-47 ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɈɇȺ, ɚ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ. ɐɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɚ,
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɫɤɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.3),
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1.3. ɍɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ
ɞɜɭɯɤɨɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɐɇɋ:
1 – ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɨɤ; 2, 4 – ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ; 3, 5 – ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ;
6 – ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɨɤ; 7 – ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ;
8 – ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɜɚɥ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ; 9, 10 – ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɩɨɪɵ; 11 – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɭɮɬɚ;
12 – ɞɪɟɧɚɠɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɤɚ
ɐɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɢ – ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɵ (ɪɢɫ. 1.4),
ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɢ ɡɟɦɥɟɫɨɫɵ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɲɚɯɬɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ,
8
ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɚɯɬ, ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɚ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ 1 ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɤɭɫɤɨɜ ɭɝɥɹ (ɩɨɪɨɞɵ) ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 100 ɦɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɨɜ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɪɨɧɟɞɢɫɤ
5, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɤɪɵɲɤɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ 4
ɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɟɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɭɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤ ɢ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɟ 6, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɟ
10ɍ-4, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɦ ɞɢɫɤɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɯ
ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɤɨɥɟɫɨɦ ɫɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨɣ
ɬɪɭɛɤɢ 7. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.4 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ: 2 – ɥɨɩɚɬɤɢ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ; 3 – ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɚɥ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɚ; 8 – ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɨɤ; 9 –
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪ; 10 – ɮɥɚɧɟɰ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ.
7
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1.4. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ
1
4
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3
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9
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ Ʉ-500-61-1 (ɪɢɫ. 1.5), Ʉ-250-61-2 ɢ Ʉ-250-61-1 ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ
ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜɭɸ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɭɸ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɪɨɬɨɪɚ, ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ, ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɏ, ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ Ɋ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-
9
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ȾɄ. ȼɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ 1
ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɚ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɦɭ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭ Ɏ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ. Ʉɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɲɟɫɬɶ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ; ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ
ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ, ɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɤ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ – ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɢ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ I ɞɨ III. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ
ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɵ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ.
Ɋɨɬɨɪ
ɫɧɚɛɠɺɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɫɤɚɦɢ (ɞɭɦɦɢɫɚɦɢ) [4], ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɨɬɨɪ ɨɬ ɨɫɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɭɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ, ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 1.5 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ: 2 – ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɢ; 3 – ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ; 4 – ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɛɪɨɫɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ 5 ɢ ɧɚ
ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ 6, ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦ
ɫɠɚɬɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ;
Ⱥɉɍ – ɚɧɬɢɩɨɦɩɚɠɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ.
Ɍɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɐɄ-115/9 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɬɜɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ – ɞɜɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ – ɱɟɬɵɪɟ.
Ʉɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɦɭɮɬɨɣ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɦɢ
ɦɭɮɬɚɦɢ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɨɦ
ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɨɬɨɪɨɜ – ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɨɫɟɜɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ, ɜ ɪɨɬɨɪɚɯ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ. Ʉɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɐɄ-135/8 ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɭ ɐɄ-115/9 ɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɢ ɞɪ.).
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