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Файл:Методология расчётов гидродинамических параметров шахтных автоматизированных стационарных установок с центробежными нагнетателями. Монография
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ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟ-
N
K
K
K
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɟɺ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
NN
N
'
P
P
ɢɥɢ
HQ
N
'
1
P
12
, (2.23)
c
HQ
K
211
ɝɞɟ Q, Q1 – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ
ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɩɪɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ;
, ɇ1 – ɧɚɩɨɪ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɢ
ɇ
2
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɭ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ;
Ș'2, Ș1 – ɄɉȾ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢ
ɩɨɞɚɱɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɭ, ɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɩɭɫɤɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɄɉȾ ɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ:
c
1
q
, (2.24)
iii
ɝɞɟ Și – ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ i ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ;
qi – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.21).
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɺɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɬɢɩɚ ɐɇɋ
180. Ɋɚɫɱɺɬɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɟɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ:
– ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ Q
– ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ Q
ɩɪ.ɫɪ.
– ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ Q
= 120 ɦ3/ɱ;
ɩɪ.min
= 130 ɦ3/ɱ;
= 150 ɦ3/ɱ.
ɩɪ.max
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
– ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ Q1 = 180 ɦ3/ɱ;
– ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɇ
– ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɄɉȾ Ș
– ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤ Q
Ș
= 0,685;
min
– ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤ Q
= 41,8 ɦ;
1
= 0,713;
1
= Q
ɩɪ.min
= QȺ = 130 ɦ3/ɱ, ɇ'Ⱥ = 37 ɦ, ȘȺ = 0,692;
ɩɪ.ɫɪ.
= 120 ɦ3/ɱ, ɇ'
min
= 36,5 ɦ,
min
41
– ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤ Q
= 0,715;
Ș
2
= Q2 = 150 ɦ3/ɱ, ɇ'2 = 38,5 ɦ,
ɩɪ.max
– ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɚɦ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ 5, 4, 3 ɧɚ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
(ɪɢɫ. 2.8): Q
– Q
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.1):
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.21):
qqq
= 150 ɦ3/ɱ; Q4 = 157,5 ɦ3/ɱ;
5
= 170 ɦ3/ɱ.
3
180
180
120180
150180
|
;333,0
Ⱥ
;167,0
|
Ⱥ
180
180
130180
5,157180
|
HHH
;278,0
2max
;125,0
2max
150180
|
180
170180
|
|
180
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.23):
120 36,5 0,713
1 0,273 27,3 % ;
N
' | |
max
N
' | |
Ⱥ
N
' | |
2
180 41,8 0,685 1 0,167
1 0,247 24,7 % ;
180 41,8 0,692 1 0,125
1 0,189 18,9 % .
180 41,8 0,715 1 0,0556
130 37 0,713
15038,50,713
Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ,
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ (2.22), ɪɚɜɟɧ:
Q
Q
Q
0,167 120 20 ɦ /ɱ ;
ɜ
max
0,125 130 16, 25 ɦ /ɱ ;
ɜȺ
0,0556 150 8,34 ɦ /ɱ .
ɜ
2
3
3
3
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɚ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ.
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ [1, 2, 4],
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ
42
.167,0
.0556,0
ɜɨɞɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɄɉȾ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ (ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ) ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ
ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (2.24) ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɄɉȾ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (2.24),
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɲɚɯɬɵ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ.
Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [2], ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
– ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ;
– ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 50 %);
– ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɛɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ;
– ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢ-
ɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ (ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɠɟ
ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɠɭɪɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɫɚɪɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɌȻ).
Ʉ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ:
– ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ;
– ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 20 %, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɛંɥɶɲɢɯ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
4. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɨ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ: ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ (ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞ) ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɭɮɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ (ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞ). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ
ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ,
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 800 ɤȼɬ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɩɪɢ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ 6 ɤȼ.
ɋ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɭɮɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ [5]. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɭɮɬɨɣ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɨɬ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 3 % (ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɄɉȾ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ 0,97).
ɉɨ
ɦɟɪɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ
43
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɭɮɬɭ, ɄɉȾ ɟɺ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ-
K
KKK
K
K
ɫɹ ɢ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ [5]:
n
ȽɆ
1
, (2.25)
97,0
n
2
ɝɞɟ n2 – ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ (ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ);
– ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ (ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ).
n
1
ȿɫɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɭɮɬɭ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɚɫɨɫɭ, ɬɨ
ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɟɧ:
, (2.26)
ȽɆɇɈɇ
ɝɞɟ ȘɈɇ – ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ;
– ɨɛɳɢɣ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ (ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ-ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ
Ș
ɇ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɨ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ [2]),
ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ Ș = f(Q) ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.9;
Ș
– ɄɉȾ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɭɮɬɵ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.25).
ȽɆ
,%
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.9. Ʉ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ
44
ɇɢɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɺɬɚ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɨɫɭ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɨɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.9. ɇɚɩɨɪɧɚɹ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɇ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ H
(ɬɨɱɤɚ 1). ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ
Q
H
ɩɪɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ n ɢ
ɇ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ
C
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛંɥɶɲɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɭ
Q
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ Q3 (ɬɨɱɤɚ 3), ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ – Q2
ɩɪ. min
(ɬɨɱɤɚ 2), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ Q
. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɡɚ
H
ɫɱɺɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɞɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Q3 ɢ Q2.
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɭ Q3, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɇɚɯɨɞɹɬ
ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ (ɬɨɱɤɚ 3) ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤɭ Q
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɱɤɭ 3.ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
ɝɞɟ ɇ
ɇ
– ɬɟɤɭɳɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ Q;
ɩɪ.3
– ɧɚɩɨɪ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 3 ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦ Q
ɱ.3
= Q3, ɢ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɇ
ɩɪ. min
ɇ
3.
ɩɪ
ɇ
Q
ɱ.
2
ɱ
3.
Q
, (2.27)
2
3
.
ɱ.3
ɩɪ.3
Ɍɨɱɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɟɬɢ (ɬɨɱɤɚ 3ƍ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ Q3ƍ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ,
ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ 3.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ
Q
3
2
ɱ.
. (2.28)
nn
Q
c
3
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ n2 ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɚ
ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ Q
. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ n2 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ
3
ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ
ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ Q
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɨɬ n
ɩɪɢɬɨɤɨɜ ɨɬ Q
ɞɨ Q2. Ɍɨɱɤɢ 1, 2ƍ, 3ƍ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ
3
= Q2 (ɬɨɱɤɚ 2ƍ). ɇɚɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɩɪ.max
ɞɨ n2 ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
1
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ n > n1 > n2.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ:
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ – ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ,
,
45
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛંɥɶɲɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ; ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɄɉȾ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ [2].
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚ; ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ,
ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɯ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɝɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɪ.
Ɉɰɟɧɤɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɮɨɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ
Q
= 180 ɦ3/ɱ, ɧɚɩɨɪ ɇ1 = 41,8 ɦ ɢ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ Ș = 0,713, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
1
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ Q
3
= 120 ɦ
/ɱ ɢ Q
ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ (ɬɨɱɤɢ 3ƍ ɢ 2ƍ): Q
= 105,2 ɦ3/ɱ, ɇ3' = 36,5 ɦ, Ș3' = 0,625; Q2' = 140 ɦ3/ɱ, ɇ2' = 38,5 ɦ, Ș2' =
Q
3'
= 150 ɦ3/ɱ (ɬɨɱɤɢ 3 ɢ 2) ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɜ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪ.max
= 120 ɦ3/ɱ, ɇ3 = 47,5 ɦ; Q2 = 150 ɦ3/ɱ, ɇ2 = 45,35 ɦ;
3
ɩɪ.min
=
= 0,7.
Ɋɚɫɱɺɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ – ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ Q
3
= 150 ɦ
/ɱ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɢ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɄɉȾ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
= 120 ɦ3/ɱ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ Q
ɩɪ.min
ɩɪ.max
=
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ ȱ. Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɇ
ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ: Q
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ n
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ İ
, ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɇɋ (ɬɨɱɤɚ 3ƍ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɩɪ.2
, ɇ3', Ș3', ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
3'
/n ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ
2
ɩɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ:
max
– ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
180
105,2
c
120
0,416 41, 6 % ;
0,8767;
nQ
23
n
min
– ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ:
H
Q
nQ
180 105,2
max
– ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ
ɭɱɺɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ:
1020 9,81 41,8 180 1020 9,81 36,5 105,2
N
' |
Ɋ
3600 1000 0, 713 3600 1000 0,625
46
12,26 ɤȼɬ;
– ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1:
K
K
K
K
Ɋ
1
ɇ
2
ɇ
§
1
¨
KK
11
ɇɇ
¨
n
©
, (2.29)
17,0
·
n
¸
¸
¹
2
ɝɞɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ (1) ɢ (2) ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦ, ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ Ș
– ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɇ(1)
ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ;
Ș
– ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ n
ɇ(2)
ɞɨ n
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.3):
2
ɇ
2
713,0
|
17,0
14,1713,01713,0
;708,0
– ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 3ƍ:
2
ɇ
625,0
17,0
14,1625,01625,0
;62,0
|
– ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫ 180 ɦ3/ɱ
3
ɞɨ 105,2 ɦ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ n
/ɱ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɫ
/n = 0,8767 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ:
2
1020 9,81 41,8 180 1020 9,81 36,5 105,2
c
' |
N
Ɋ
3600 1000 0, 708 3600 1000 0,62
12,32 ɤȼɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ ȱȱ. Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɇ
ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ: Q
= 0,7, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ n1/n ɢ
Ș
2'
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ İ
ɫ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɇɋ (ɬɨɱɤɚ 2ƍ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɩɪ.1
= 140 ɦ3/ɱ, ɇ2ƍ = 38,5 ɦ;
2ƍ
= İ2':
(Q)
– ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
– ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ:
H
2
n :
Q
n
2
n
Ɋ
n
1
c
140180
180
Q
140
c
2
2
|
|
150
;933,0
;%2,22222,0
– ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ:
47
U
1020 9,81 41,8 180 1020 9,81 38,5 140
N
|
Ɋ
– ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1:
3600 1000 0, 713 3600 1000 0,7
K
|
1
ɇ
0,713 1 0,713
0,713
0,17
1
§·
¨¸
0,933
©¹
7,93ɤȼɬ;
0,71;
– ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2ƍ:
K
|
c
2
ɇ
0,7 1 0, 7
0,7
1
§·
¨¸
0,933
©¹
0,17
0,685;
– ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫ
3
/ɱ ɞɨ 140 ɦ3/ɱ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ
180 ɦ
ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ n
/n = 0,933 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ:
1
1020 9,81 41,8 180 1020 9,81 38,5 140
c
N
' |
Ɋ
3600 1000 0, 71 3600 1000 0, 685
7,58 ɤȼɬ.
Ɉɰɟɧɢɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɄɉȾ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸ (ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ) ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɨɬɧɟɫɺɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
QHg
N
ɜ
1
10003600
11
,
K
1
ɝɞɟ N1 – ɢɫɤɨɦɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1, ɤȼɬ;
ȡɜ – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɝ/ɦ3 (ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 1020 ɤɝ/ɦ3);
H
– ɧɚɩɨɪ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1, ɦ;
1
– ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1, ɦ3/ɱ;
Q
1
Ș
– ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1;
1
3600 ɢ 1000 – ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɦ
3
/ɫ ɢ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ – ɜ ɤȼɬ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ:
N
|
1
3600 1000 0, 713
Ɍɨɝɞɚ, ɩɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɭ ȱ ɞɥɹ Q
= 120 ɦ3/ɱ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɄɉȾ
ɩɪ
29,33 ɤȼɬ.
1020 9,81 41,8 180
ɢɦɟɟɦ 12.26/29,33 § (41,8 %), ɚ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɄɉȾ – 12,32/29,33 §
48
§ (42 %). ɉɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɭ ɞɥɹ Q
= 150 ɦ3/ɱ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɺɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɄɉȾ
ɩɪ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ 7,93/29,33 § (27 %), ɚ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɄɉȾ – 7,58/29,33 §
§ (25,8 %). Ɋɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɭ I ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
= 42 – 41,8 = 0,2 %, ɩɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɭ II – ǻII = 27 – 25,8 = 1,2 %.
ǻ
I
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 10 % ɨɬ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɄɉȾ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 1,1 [2]. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ
ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ
ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɣ ɛંɥɶɲɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚɯ
(ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟ 1,5 %, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ), ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ
ɜ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
Ƚɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ (ɫɦ. ɩɨɞɪɚɡ-
ɞɟɥ 2.1), ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ
ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɞɴɺɦɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ (ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ) ɢ ɛɟɡ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ). ɉɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɯ
ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɞɴɺɦɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ), ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɭɥɶɩɨɜɨɞɨɜ) ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
(ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ
ɩɭɥɶɩɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɤɨɥɨɫɬɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɪɚ). ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɚɱɭ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɦɟɫɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɩɭɥɶɩɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɲɚɯɬɵ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɦɟɫɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ. Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ
ɝɢɞɪɨɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɞɨ ɩɭɥɶɩɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɥɢɛɨ
ɞɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɦɟɪɵ.
ɉɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɵ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ
ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ
ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɧɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ
49
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
– ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ;
– ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ.
Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɥɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ; ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɜɩɭɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɨɤ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɚ; ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
ɢɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ; ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɫɟɬɢ (ɬɚɤɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɦɟɫɢ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ –
ɞɨ 1–2 ɦɦ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ȼɇɂɂȽɢɞɪɨɭɝɥɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɡɚɛɨɟɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ
(«ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪ»).
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɜ
ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨ 25 % ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɚ), ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ) ɡɚɩɚɫɚ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ («ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪ»)
ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɡɚɛɨɟɜ ɲɚɯɬɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ,
ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɧɢɦ.
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ
ɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ
ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɨɣ
[6]. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢ, ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɺɦɵ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɭɫɤɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɫ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɛɨɟɜ ɲɚɯɬɵ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ [6] ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 28–30 % ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɨɣ ɩɭɥɶɩɨɜɨ-
50
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