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Файл:Методология расчётов гидродинамических параметров шахтных автоматизированных стационарных установок с центробежными нагнетателями. Монография
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ȼɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. ɉɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɲɚɯɬ ɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ – ɷɬɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɡɚɛɨɟɜ, ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚ-
ɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ: ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ (ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ), ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɨɬɪɚ-
ɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢɡ ɲɚɯɬɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɜɨɥɭ ɢ
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ ɤ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚɦ; ɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ (ɪɟɜɟɪɫɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ), ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɜɟɠɢɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɜɨɥɭ ɜ ɲɚɯɬɭ.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɧɨɦ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɚɯ ɜ ɧɚɞɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ, ɫɬɜɨɥɚɯ,
ɨɤɨɥɨɫɬɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɯ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫɜɟɠɢɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɲɚɯɬɵ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɷɜɚɤɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɜɟɠɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɟ ɢɡ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ
ɡɨɧɵ. Ɋɟɜɟɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɹɞ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɤ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ ȼɐ-25 ɢɥɢ
ȼɐ-32, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.3. ɇɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: 1 – ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɦɢ ɲɚɯɬɵ; 2 – ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ; 3 – ɬɪɨɣɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ; 4 – ɨɛɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ;
5 – ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ; 6 – ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ; 7, 8 – ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɧɵɟ ɥɹɞɵ; 9, 10 – ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɥɹɞɵ; 11 – ɪɟɜɟɪɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɥɹɞɵ;
12 – ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɥɹɞɚ; 13 – ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɛɭɞɤɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ; 14 – ɠɚɥɸɡɢɣɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɡ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ 1 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ 2 ɢ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɤ 3 ɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɭ 5
ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ (ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ 6 ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ). Ʌɹɞɵ
7, 8, 10 ɢ 12 ɨɩɭɳɟɧɵ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɹɞɵ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɥɹɞɚ 11
ɨɬɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ 5 ɨɬ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ 4,
ɚ ɥɹɞɚ
9 ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɟɫɭ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ 5,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ.
Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ
ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.3) ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ.
21
13
14
7
8
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.3. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
5
6
ɫ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ ȼɐ-25 (ȼɐ-32)
9
3
3
10
12
11
4
14
2
1
ɢɡ ɲɚɯɬɵ
ɜ ɲɚɯɬɭ
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɧɵɟ ɥɹɞɵ 7 ɢ 8,
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɭɸ ɥɹɞɭ 12 (ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɭɸɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɛɭɞɤɟ 13) ɢ
ɪɟɜɟɪɫɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɥɹɞɭ 11 ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ 4 ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ 2, ɚ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɵ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ 5 ɢ 6 ɨɬɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ. ɋɜɟɠɢɣ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢɡ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɛɭɞɤɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɥɹɞɭ 12 ɢ ɥɹɞɭ 9 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ
ɤ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɭ 5 ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɧɭɸ ɥɹɞɭ 7 – ɜ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɨɣ
ɤɚɧɚɥ 4, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ 2, ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ 1 – ɜ ɲɚɯɬɭ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ
ɪɟɜɟɪɫɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.3)
ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪ 6, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɟɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɹɞɭ 9 ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ
ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɥɹɞɭ 10 – ɜ
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɭɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɤɨ
ɜɫɚɫɭ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ 6.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɥɹɞ, ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɤ
ɪɚɦɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɮɭɡɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ
ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɞɨ 25 ɦ/ɫ ɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɞ
ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɜɟɫɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ.
Ɍɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. Ʉɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ
22
ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɚ ɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɚɯɬɚɯ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ ɤɪɭɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɨ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɝɚɡɭ, ɩɵɥɢ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɲɚɯɬɚɯ ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɤɟ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ; ɧɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɯ ɩɨ ɞɨɛɵɱɟ ɪɭɞ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ ɤɪɟɩɤɢɯ
ɜɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨ-
ɞɚɯ ɢ ɜɵɟɦɤɟ ɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ [5].
ɉɧɟɜɦɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɲɚɯɬɵ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨ
ɩɧɟɜɦɨɫɟɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɲɚɯɬɟ ɹɜɥɹ-
ɸɬɫɹ: ɛɭɪɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɛɨɣɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɨɬɤɢ; ɩɪɨɯɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɞɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ; ɥɟɛɟɞɤɢ, ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɵ,
ɬɨɥɤɚɬɟɥɢ, ɫɬɨɩɨɪɵ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ. ɋɠɚɬɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɟ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɟ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ.
ȼ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ ɏɚɛɚɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ «ɗɧɟɪɝɨɦɚɲ»: Ʉ-500-61-1, Ʉ-250-61-2 ɢ Ʉɚɡɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ: ɐɄ-135/8 ɢ ɐɄ-115/9. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɩɚɪɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.4.
1
Ʉ I Ʉ II Ʉ III
ȾȾɁ
3
Ɏ
1
1
ȾɁɇ
Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɋɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ
1
ɆȻ
4
ȼ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɫɟɬɶ
1
Ɋ
1
5
Ɇɇ
Ⱥ
ȼ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɫ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɬɢɩɚ Ʉ-500-61-1
23
2 2
1
ȾɄ
67
9
ȾɁȼ1
ȾɁȼ2
1
8
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɟ ɬɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ Ʉ- ɢ ɐɄɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ
ɫɟɤɰɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚɯ ɬɢɩɚ Ʉ- ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ – ɬɪɢ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɨɬ
ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɤ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ. ȼ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɐɄ- ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ
ɞɜɟ
ɫɟɤɰɢɢ – ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɟɤɰɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɞɜɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ ɬɢɩɚ ɐɄ- ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɨɣ, ɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ ɬɢɩɚ Ʉ-, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɜɚ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɜ ɫɜɨɺɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ
ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ – ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ.
ɇɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɢɫ. 2.4 ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: 1 – ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ; 2 – ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɦɨɬɨɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ; 3 – ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ; 4 – ɞɚɬɱɢɤ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ; 5 – ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɨɛɚɤɟ; 8, 9 – ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɸ ɢ
ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɝɨ; Ɏ – ɮɢɥɶɬɪ; ɏ – ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɢ; ɄI, ɄII, ɄIII –
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ I, II ɢ III ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɬɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ; Ɇɇ – ɦɚɫɥɨɧɚɫɨɫ;
ɆȻ – ɦɚɫɥɨɛɚɤ; ȼɉ1, ȼɉ2 ɢ ȼɉ3 – ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ; ȾɁɇ,
ȾȾɁ ɢ ȾɉɄ –
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ, ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɦɩɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ; ȾɄ, ȾɁȼ1 ɢ
ȾɁȼ2 – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ ɫɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ; –
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ;
– ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ; – ɦɚɫɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɪɺɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ; ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ɋ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɟ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɪɚɫɯɨɞ) Q, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɚɹ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ; ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ t° ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɷɬɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ,
ɨɛɦɨɬɨɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ; ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ; ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɩɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɞɨ 0,35 ā 10
5
ɉɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɨ 4,2 ā 10
ɉɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡ-
5
24
ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɦɚɫɥɨɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ) ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɟɜɨɦ ɫɞɜɢɝɟ ɧɚ 0,15–0,2 ɦɦ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɩɪɢ:
– ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨ 0,25 ā 10
5
ɉɚ ɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɦɩɚɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɞɨ
4 ā 105 ɉɚ;
– ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɨ + 72 °ɋ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ;
– ɨɫɟɜɨɦ ɫɞɜɢɝɟ ɧɚ 0,25–0,3 ɦɦ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ;
– ɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɞɨ
5
1 ā 10
ɉɚ;
– ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ɋɬɚɧɰɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ,
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɟ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɦɩɚɠɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɢ ɪɭɱɧɨɦ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
2.2. Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
2.2.1. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ – ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɫɟɬɢ.
Ɇɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ Q–H (P) ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ: ɩɭɬɺɦ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɟɬɢ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
ȼɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. ȼɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɬɶ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ (ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ). ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
25
– ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ;
– ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɚɫɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɈɇȺ;
– ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɦ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ
ɨɫɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɈɇȺ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ, ɩɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ
ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɢ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ 36,5 % ɞɨ 54,4 % ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 0,189 ɞɨ 0,221 ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɬɢɩɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɲɚɯɬ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɫɚɫɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɨɫɟɜɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ, ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ 6,7 % ɞɨ 12,4 % ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ
ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ
0,78÷0,813 ɨɬ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɨɬ 21,5 % ɞɨ 36 % ɟɺ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɢ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɤɧɚ, ɠɚɥɸɡɢɣɧɵɟ
ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɟɬɢ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ. ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɨɞɤɢ ɫ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɤ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɭɝɥɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɨɫɢ, ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ.
ɍɝɨɥ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɤ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 0° ɞɨ 90°, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ – ɨɬ 0° ɞɨ 110°. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɭɝɨɥ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ. ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
26
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ – ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɭ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. ɇɚɫɨɫɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ
ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ ɫ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ
ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ,
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɫ
ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɲɚɯɬɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ
ɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɲɚɯɬɵ ɜ ɱɚɫɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ: ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. ɂɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɪɛɨɦɚɲɢɧ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [2] ɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
– ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ;
– ɫɛɪɨɫ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ;
– ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɤɨ ɜɫɚɫɭ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ;
– ɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.
1. Ⱦɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɦɚɥɨɣ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɦɭ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
– ɦɚɥɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
– ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɛɪɚɡɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɹ;
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– ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɡɚɬɜɨɪɨɦ;
– ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ.
ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɤɢ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɢ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬ
ɟɝɨ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɜ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɵ (ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɢ) ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
«ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ – ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨ», ɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɞɨ ɫɢɯ
ɩɨɪ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɨ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɭ, ɦɚɥɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɫɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɮɚɤɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ
ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ, ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ
ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɯ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ [1]. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɟ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ
ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɢɩɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ (ɜɫɟɝɨ 7 ɬɢɩɨɜ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ
ɐɇɋ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɄɉȾ
28
ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ. Ƚɪɚ-
J
K
K
K
K
\
K
ɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 2.5.
ɇ
c
QH
E
ɋ
ɇ
ɇ
ɇ
ɇ
2
1
T
3
2'
2
½
°
¾
°
¿
1
ɇ'
ɋ
Q'
ɋ
QH
ɋ
1'
3
QfHɇ
N1'
N
1
N
N
2
0
N'
g
'
N
0
Q
2
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.5. Ʉ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Q
1
3
Q
Q1'
c
g
Q
QNM
Q
1
3
2
0
ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: H
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ; H
C
= Ȗ(Q), H’C = ȕ(Q) – ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ
= f(Q) – ɝɪɚɮɢɤ
H
ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɟɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; N = ij(Q) – ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ; Ș = ȥ(Q) – ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ;
– ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ; ɇɈ – ɧɚɩɨɪ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ
ɇ
Ƚ
ɩɨɞɚɱɟ; 1 – ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ; 2 ɢ 3 – ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ; (H1; Q1; Ș1), (H2; Q2; Ș2), (H3; Q3;
Ș
) – ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɧɵ-
3
ɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ.
ɇɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ
ɜ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɭɸ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ
ɡɚɩɚɫɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
29
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɨɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.5. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɨ ɬɪɺɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ: ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɭɪɨɜɧɸ
ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ; ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
Ⱦɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɺ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɹ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɺɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɠɢɦɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɨɣ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ qi ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
QQ
q
1
i
Q
H
Q
iH
i
, (2.1)
Q
H
ɝɞɟ QH, Qi – ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.
ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ
(Qi = Q
), ɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ
min
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɝɨ ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɢ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:
QQ
q
H
. (2.2)
max
Q
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ QH ɢ Q
Q
minmin
1
Q
HH
min
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɬɨɱɟɤ 1 ɢ 2, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.5, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɺɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ:
ɉɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ q
QQ
q
max
ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɬɢɩ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɬ-
max
Q
1
Q
21
2
1
. (2.3)
Q
1
ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɢ, ɚ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ q
q
i
ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ q
. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ
max
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 0,238 ɞɨ
max
30
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