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0,19.
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
NNN 'r' ' , (2.4)
gCP
ɝɞɟ ǻNP – ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ;
ǻN
– ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ǻHC ɧɚ
C
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.5);
ǻN
– ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɟ
g
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ.
ȼ ɲɚɯɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɯ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ (ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ)
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ (2.4) ɩɪɢ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
NNN '' ' . (2.5)
gCP
ɂɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (2.5) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ǻN
ǻN
.
g
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ǻNC ɢ
P
Ɍɚɤ:
– ɩɪɢ ǻNC = ǻNg – ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ;
– ɩɪɢ ǻN
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ǻN
– ɩɪɢ ǻN
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ǻN
> ǻNg, ǻNP > 0 – ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
C
ɢ ǻNg;
C
< ǻNg, ǻNP < 0 – ɢɦɟɟɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ
C
ɢ ǻNg.
C
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.5) ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ qi ɢ ɭɜɟ-
ǻN
g
ɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ q
, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ qi = q
i
max
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɟ, ɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ ɇ
, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
Ƚ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɨɪɭ ɩɪɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ
ɇ0, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ǻNg ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ǻN
ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ. ɂɡ (2.4) ɩɪɢ ǻN
ȼɵɪɚɡɢɜ ǻN
ɢ ǻNg ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ:
C
2
= 0 ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɬɨɬ
P
= 0, ǻNC = ǻNg.
P
QHgQHgQHg
22
K
2
. (2.5')
31
11
1
'
C
2
.
Ɋɟɲɚɹ ɷɬɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ǻɇɋ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
K
Q
2
ɂɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.5) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ:
C
1
HN
1
Q
2
H
'
. (2.6)
2
K
1
2
HQɚɇH '
,
CȽ
212
ɨɬɫɸɞɚ
2
HQɚɇH '
212
, (2.7)
CȽ
ɝɞɟ ɚ1 – ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɣɞɺɦ
ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɺ ɫ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɩɢɲɟɦ:
Ƚɇɋ
2
QɚɇɇH
.
11
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1 ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɇɇ = ɇ1, ɬɨ ɢɡ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ:
ɇɇ
ɇ
ɚ
1
1
. (2.8)
2
Q
1
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɚ1 ɢɡ (2.8) ɢ ǻɇC ɢɡ (2.6), ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ
ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɇ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ:
2
ɇ
Ƚ
ɇɇ
12
1
2
ª
§
·
Q
¨
«
¨
Q
©
«
¬
§
Q
¨
¨
Q
©
Q
2
¸
¸
Q
¹
1
2
·
2
¸
¸
¹
1
º
K
2
1
»
K
1
2
»
¼
. (2.9)
Ƚ
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɇȽ = nPÂɇ0, ɬɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (2.9) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɡɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:
2
n
Ɋ
ɇɇ
12
ª
ɇ
«
0
«
¬
ª
«
«
¬
1
§
¨
¨
©
32
2
·
Q
Q
§
¨
¨
©
Q
2
¸
¸
Q
¹
1
2
º
·
Q
2
¸
»
¸
Q
¹
1
»
¼
º
K
2
1
»
K
1
2
»
¼
. (2.10)
,
Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ
K
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ (2.3), ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ: Q
= Q1Â(1 – q
2
max
).
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɯ (2.6), (2.9) ɢ (2.10),
ɡɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ:
ɇ
ɇ
Ƚ
n
Ɋ
ɇ
'
ɋ
1
1
q
ª
12
«
¬
ª
12
«
¬
>@
2
, (2.11)
H
K
max
qɇɇ
max12
11
q
max
2
qɇɇ
max12
qɇ
11
2
1
K
1
2
1
2
1
2
max0
K
q
max
K
1
q
K
max
º
2
»
¼
1
, (2.12)
º
2
»
¼
1
. (2.13)
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ (2.6), (2.9), (2.10) ɢɥɢ (2.11), (2.12) ɢ
(2.13) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ
, ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɟ ǻɇɋ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɇ
Ƚ
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ n
, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
P
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɇ
n
, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɫɥɢ:
Ɋ
> ɇ
ɇ
Ƚ(Ɏ)
ɇ
= ɇ
Ƚ(Ɏ)
< ɇ
ɇ
Ƚ(Ɏ)
– ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ;
Ƚ(Ɋ)
– ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɧɭɥɸ;
Ƚ(Ɋ)
– ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ƚ(Ɋ)
, nɎ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɇ
Ƚ(Ɏ)
Ƚ(Ɋ)
,
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɨɣ:
n
= nɊ, ǻNɊ = 0 – ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ;
Ɏ
< nɊ, ǻNɊ > 0 – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚ-
n
Ɏ
ɧɢɟ;
0,95 > nɎ > nɊ, ǻNɊ < 0 – ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɨɫɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ (ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɨɪ, ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɢ
ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.
33
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ (ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ), ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬ-
Ƚ(Ɏ)
, ɷɤɨɧɨ-
ɇ
Ƚ(Ɋ)
.
ɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ: ɇ
ɉɨɤɚɠɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɬɢɩɚ ɐɇɋ-180. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɟɠɢɦ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɤɚɱɤɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ (ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ 16-ɬɢ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɱɺɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ
ɤɨɥɟɫɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
– ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤ Q
– ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤ Q
– ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.5) Q
– ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1 ɇ
– ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɩɪɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɇ
– ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1 Ș
= 0,713;
1
ɩɪ. ɧɨɪɦ
ɩɪ. max
= 120 ɦ3/ɱ;
= 150 ɦ3/ɱ;
= 41,8 ɦ;
1
= 180 ɦ3/ɱ;
1
= 48,5 ɦ;
0
– ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɥɟɜɨɣ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ (ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ) Q
– ɧɚɩɨɪ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2 ɇ
– ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2 Ș
= 130 ɦ3/ɱ;
2
= 47,17 ɦ;
2
= 0,692.
2
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (2.9) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ:
2 47,17 41,8
|
ɇ
()
ȽɊ
1
2
ªº
130 180 0,692
§·
«»
¨¸
180 130 0,713
©¹
«»
¬¼
2
130
§·
¨¸
180
©¹
34,2 ɦ
.
Ɋɚɫɱɺɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ:
ɇ
ɇ
ɊȽ
0
n
Ɋ
2,34
)(
.
705,0
5,48
34
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ [2], ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ:
Ɋ
n .
95,0d
ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɟ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.6)
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ:
180 0,692
41,8 47,19 9 ɦ
ɇ' |
ɋ
130 0,713
.
Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
(2.5') ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ:
130981,91020
'ɋN .
692,010003600
ɤȼɬ7,4
|
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ 1 ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 2), ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ (2.5') ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ:
1808,4181,91020
'gN .
713,010003600
13017,4781,91020
692,010003600
ɤȼɬ7,4
|
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɛɳɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɬɚɤ
0 '' '
ɤɚɤ
NNN .
gCɊ
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ:
QQ
12
H
||
Q
0,278 27,8 %
1
.
2. ȼɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ.
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɨ Q
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.5) ɩɭɬɟɦ
2
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɨɥɨɞɟɰ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ 4, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟɬɜɶ 5 ɤ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ 2 (ɪɢɫ. 2.6). ɋɥɨɠɢɜ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɬɜɟɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ (ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɚɹ
ɥɢɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɱɤɭ 2'), ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɇɇ = ȥ(Q) ɞɚɟɬ ɪɟɠɢɦ 1', ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɠɢɦɚ 1 (ɪɢɫ. 2.5). ɉɨɞ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɦ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ 1ƍ, ɜɨ
ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɫɟɬɶ 10 (ɪɢɫ. 2.6) ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ Q2, ɚ ɩɨ ɫɛɪɨɫɧɨɦɭ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ 5 ɜ ɤɨɥɨɞɟɰ 8 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ Q
= Q1' – Q2. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ,
ǻQ
C
' ɢ Q2:
1
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɨɣ 4. ɉɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ:
35
U
N
'
P
TC
c
K
2
2
QaHQg
'
2
c
N
, (2.14)
'
g
ɝɞɟ ǻQɋ – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɤɨɥɨɞɟɰ;
' – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ 1ƍ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ
Q
1
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɛɪɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ:
2
ɇ
Ɍ
Q
§
¨
¨
C
©
, (2.15)
2
·
11
¸
¸
aa
¹
ɝɞɟ ɚɋ – ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɛɪɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ;
ɚ – ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ;
ǻNg – ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ 1 ɧɚ
ɪɟɠɢɦ 1ƍ. ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ Q
ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ H
ɫ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ aQ2.
T
, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ 2ƍ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
2
Ɉɰɟɧɤɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɺɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɜɫɟ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɜɨɞɨɨɬɥɢɜɧɨɣ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɮɨɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɺɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ǻQC = 47,5 ɦ3/ɱ, ɇ =
= 39,5 ɦ – ɫɭɦɦɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ,
ɪɚɜɧɨɦ Q2' = 150 ɦ3/ɱ; ɄɉȾ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ
ɪɟɠɢɦɟ 2ƍ Ș
= 0,715; ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ
2'
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ (ɬɨɱɤɢ 1 ɢ 1ƍ) ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ǻN'g = 2 ɤȼɬ. ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (2.14),
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ:
1020 9,81 47, 5 39,5
3600 1000 0,715
9,3
N
'
N
P
|
P
29,5
N
1
29,3ɤȼɬ;
0,315.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.6. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
N
' |
P
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ
ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Q
' = 150 ɦ3/ɱ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 9,3 ɤȼɬ (~32 %) ɩɪɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
2
36
150180
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
QQ
Q
21
1
H
|
ɢɥɢ 16,7 % ɨɬ
167,0
180
ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ 1.
Ʉɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [2], ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨ
ɫɛɪɨɫɨɦ: ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɛɪɨɫɧɨɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɱɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɟɟ; ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ – ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ,
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɌȻ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ 20 ɱ/ɫɭɬ.
3. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯɯɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ.
Ʉ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫ.
ɉɨɞɜɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɨɥɨɞɰɟ, ɧɨ
ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢɺɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ (ɬɨɱɤɚ Ɇ, ɪɢɫ. 2.7). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ Ɇ
ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɺɦɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ,
ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ l
. ɉɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɉ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ Ɇ ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ 1 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ.
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ:
ɊɊ
Q
b
U
ɦɚ
, (2.16)
ɚg
bb
ɝɞɟ Qb – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ;
Ɋ
, Ɋɦ – ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ ɢ ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɦ
a
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɱɤɭ Ɇ;
ȡb – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ
3
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ 1,2 ɤɝ/ɦ
g – ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ (g = 9,81 ɦ/ɫ
– ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ
ɚ
b
ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ:
;
2
);
2
QahgɊɊ
U
nyɚɦ
, (2.17)
ɝɞɟ hy – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɞ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ;
– ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ;
a
n
37
Q – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ;
3
ȡ – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɲɚɯɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 1020 ɤɝ/ɦ
.
ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɱɤɭ Ɇ,
ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
U
Q
b
2
hQa
yn
ɚ
U
, (2.18)
bb
ɂɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɬɨɱɤɭ Ɇ (ɪɢɫ. 2.7), ɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ
ɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ɋ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɨɦ, ɛંɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɺɬ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨɞɚɱɚ
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɭ. ɉɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ
[2]. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,
3
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ 1 ɦ
ɜɨɞɵ,
QQqb . ȼ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢ-
ɦɚɯ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ-
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.7. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ
ɝɞɟ Q1 – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ 1;
q – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ;
Q2 – ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɫɟɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ q
(ɪɢɫ. 2.8).
2
ɦɨɫɬɢ:
qQQ 1
12
, (2.19)
38
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟ-
K
ɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫɟɤɭɳɟɣ I, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ
ɡɨɧɵ Ⱥ ɢ ȼ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. Ɍɨɱɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ
ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɫ ɨɫɶɸ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ C (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.8) ɞɚɺɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ.
,%
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.8. Ʉ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ɂɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɭɱɨɤ
ɥɢɧɟɚɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-
ɫɬɢɤ, ɧɚɤɥɨɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ. ɇɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɨɦ; ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ 2ƍ ɢ ɋ ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ II – ɥɢɧɟɚɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ
39
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦ 3, ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ 1, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɱɤɚ
ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɇ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
c
§
Q
2
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ:
ɩɪ
ɂ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ – ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
¨
ɇɇ
1
¨
Q
1
©
QQq
Q
31
1
c
QqQ
22
2
b
2
ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ II. Ʉɪɢɜɚɹ
ɩɪ
2
·
¸
. (2.20)
¸
¹
. (2.21)
. (2.22)
Ɂɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Qɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ: ɩɨɞɚɱɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɭ; ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɞ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɱɤɭ Ɇ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.8), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (2.18).
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [2], ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ 1 (ɪɢɫ. 2.7)
3
ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɞɨ 150 ɦ
3
150 ɦ
/ɱ – 0,03…0,05 ɦ. Ƚɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
/ɱ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ 0,025 ɦ, ɫɜɵɲɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɞɟɦɩɮɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ 3. Ɉɛɴɺɦ
3
ɟɺ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɞɨ 150 ɦ
3
0,01 ɦ
.
/ɱ – 0,06 ɦ3, ɩɪɢ ɛંɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɱɚɯ –
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ. ɇɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɨɦ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɨɞɰɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ. ɉɪɢ
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɫɚɦɨɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 50 %. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 20 %, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɛંɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ [2]. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɸɬɫɹ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢ-
40
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