Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Материальные расчеты технологических процессов переработки природных энергоносителей. Химические процессы. Учебное пособие
.pdf
Ʌ. ɂ. ȺȻɊȺɆɈȼȺ, Ɋ. Ⱥ. ɇȺȼɈɅɈɄɂɇȺ
ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɊȺɋɑȿɌɕ
ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋɈȼ
ɉȿɊȿɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɕɏ
ɗɇȿɊȽɈɇɈɋɂɌȿɅȿɃ
ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋɕ
Ⱦɨɩɭɳɟɧɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ,
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ «ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ»
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
«ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ»
2023
1
ɍȾɄ 66.012.2:665.6/.7
ȻȻɄ 35.11
Ⱥ16
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬ:
ɡɚɜ. ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɏɌɍɆ ɊɏɌɍ ɢɦ. Ⱦ. ɂ. Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ
ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
Ɍ. ȼ. Ȼɭɯɚɪɤɢɧɚ
Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜɚ, Ʌ. ɂ.
Ⱥ16 Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ /
Ʌ. ɂ. Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜɚ, Ɋ. Ⱥ. ɇɚɜɨɥɨɤɢɧɚ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ; ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ : ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ,
2023. – 172 ɫ. : ɢɥ., ɬɚɛɥ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-1191-2
ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ
ɨɛɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɭɡɨɜ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚɦ.
ɍȾɄ 66.012.2:665.6/.7
ȻȻɄ 35.11
ISBN 978-5-9729-1191-2
© ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2023
© Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2023
© Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜɚ Ʌ. ɂ., ɇɚɜɨɥɨɤɢɧɚ Ɋ. Ⱥ., 2023
2
ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ .......................................................................................................... 6
1.1. ɐɟɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ........................................................ 8
1.2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ................................................. 10
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ .. 13
2.1. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ................................. 13
2.2. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ......................................................................................... 16
2.3. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ......................................................... 19
2.4. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ ......................................................... 23
2.5. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɢ .......................................... 25
2.6. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɢ ....................................... 29
2.7. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɬɚ ............................................................................................................. 30
2.8. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɬɚ ......................... 32
2.9. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɨɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ .............................................................................................................. 35
2.10. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɞɟɝɚɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ............................... 38
2.11. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ................................................................................................... 39
2.12. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɲɥɟɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ............................. 41
2.13. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ
ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɝɚɡɚ .............................................................................................................................. 44
2.14. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ
ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ................................................................................................ 45
2.15. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɷɬɚɧɨɥɚɦɢɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ......................................................................................... 46
2.16. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɷɬɚɧɨɥɚɦɢɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ .............................................................................................................. 49
2.17. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɷɬɚɧɨɥɚɦɢɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ
ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɬɚ ............................................................................................................. 51
2.18. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ
ɚɛɫɨɪɛɚɬɨɜ .................................................................................................................. 53
2.19. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɚɬɚ
ɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ .............................................................................. 54
2.20. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɚ ............................... 56
2.21. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
N-ɦɟɬɢɥɞɢɷɬɚɧɨɥɚɦɢɧɚ ............................................................................................. 58
2.22. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ...... 59
2.23. ɋɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ....................................................................................................................... 61
2.24. ɉɟɪɟɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɜ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɱɚɫ ................................................................................................... 63
3
2.25. ɉɟɪɟɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɜ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ............................................................................ 63
2.26. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɵɪɶɸ ..................................... 64
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɡɨɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜɨɣ
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ ........................................................................................................... 65
3.1. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ................................. 65
3.2. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɵɪɶɹ .............................................. 69
3.3. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɫ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ...................................................... 73
3.4. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɡɨɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ .................................................. 75
3.5. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɦɟɪɢɡɚɬɚ ........ 80
3.6. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ........... 84
3.7. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ
ɫɜɟɠɢɦ ........................................................................................................................ 87
3.8. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɢɡɨɦɟɪɢɡɚɬɚ ................................................................................................................ 90
3.9. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɨɦɟɪɢɡɚɬɚ............................. 92
3.10. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ
ɨɬ ɪɟɮɥɸɤɫɚ................................................................................................................ 95
3.11. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɞɟɢɡɨɝɟɤɫɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
........................................ 97
3.12. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ
ɢɡɨɦɟɪɢɡɚɬɨɜ .............................................................................................................. 99
3.13. ɋɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢɡɨɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ
ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ............................................................................................... 101
3.14. ɉɟɪɟɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɜ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɱɚɫ ................................................................................................. 103
3.15. ɉɟɪɟɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɜ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ .......................................................................... 104
3.16. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɵɪɶɸ ................................... 104
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɮɬɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɤɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɡɨ-ɛɭɬɚɧɚ ɛɭɬɚɧ-ɛɭɬɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɟɣ ................................................................. 105
4.1. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ............................... 105
4.2. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɫɵɪɶɹ .................................................................... 111
4.3. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɵɪɶɹ ............................................ 115
4.4. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɫɭɲɤɢ ɫɵɪɶɹ ................................................ 117
4.5. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ
ɫ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɬɨɦ ........................................................................................................ 119
4.6. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɥɤɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ .............................................. 121
4.7. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
.................... 126
4.8. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢɡɨɫɬɪɢɩɩɢɧɝɚ ............................................... 129
4.9. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɚɥɤɚɧɨɜ ɢɡ
ɧ-ɛɭɬɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɨɫɬɪɢɩɩɟɪɚ ...................................................................... 135
4.10. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧ-ɛɭɬɚɧɨɜɨɣ
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ .................................................................................................................... 137
4
4.11. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɧ-ɛɭɬɚɧɨɜɨɣ
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ .................................................................................................................... 139
4.12. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢɡɨɫɬɪɢɩɩɢɧɝɚ,
ɫɬɪɢɩɩɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ HF ............................................................................... 141
4.13. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ .............. 144
4.14. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɬɪɢɩɩɢɧɝɚ HF ............................................ 148
4.15. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɋ
4.16. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɋ
3–4
..... 151
3–4
............... 153
4.17. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ
ɢɡ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ......................................................................................................... 155
4.18. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɧɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ ........................................................................................................ 157
4.19. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ
ɫɦɟɫɢ ......................................................................................................................... 159
4.20. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ........... 161
4.21. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɚɥɤɢɥɚɬɚ ...................... 162
4.22. ɋɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɥɤɢɥɚɬɚ .............. 165
4.23. ɉɟɪɟɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ ɧɚ
ɬɨɧɧɭ ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɜ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɱɚɫ ................................................................................................. 166
4.24. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɵɪɶɸ ................................... 167
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ...................................................................... 169
5
ȽɅȺȼȺ 1
ɈɋɈȻȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɂ
ɉȿɊȿɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɕɏ ɗɇȿɊȽɈɇɈɋɂɌȿɅȿɃ
ɏɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɵɪɶɟɦ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɤ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɧɚ
ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɩɪɨɫɨɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɤ ɨɛɥɚɝɨ
ɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨ-
ɝɨɫɬɚɞɢɣɧɵɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ (ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ). ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ.
ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ: ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ, ɨɫɭɲɤɚ, ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ,
ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ, ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ, ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ, ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɝɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ (ɨɞɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɹɞ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ).
ɇɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɨɞ-
ɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ: ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ, ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɹ, ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ, ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
6
-
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ
ɫ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ.
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɪɟɰɢɤɥɚ ɢ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɨɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɪɟɰɢɤɥɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɜ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ
ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɛɥɨɤɟ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɟɰɢɤɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ,
ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ (ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ) ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɫɵɪɶɟ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ (ɞɥɹ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ).
ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɞɭɜɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɧɚ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ, ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
ɥɢɛɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ
ɛɥɨɤ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɵɪɶɸ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɭɠɞ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
7
1.1. ɐɟɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɚɞɢɣɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪ.), ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɢ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɵ (ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ) ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɫɢɧɬɟɡɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɦɟɫɹɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɧɟɮɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɚɥɤɚɧɵ, ɚɥɤɟɧɵ, ɚɥɤɢɧɵ, ɚɪɟɧɵ, ɫɟɪɨ-, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ- ɢ ɚɡɨɬɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ (ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɨ-ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ), ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɠɟ ɢ
ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɜ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ) ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɧɝɪɟɞɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɫɢɢ
ɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɛɥɨɤɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɧɟɮɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɧɢ
ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɚɬɶɫɹ.
ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ȽɈɋɌɨɜ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɣ, ɜ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
8
ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ȽɈɋɌɚɦ ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɋɌɈ) ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɋɌɉ), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɧɟɮɬɹɧɨɣ ɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɲɟɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɟɯ
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ, ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
ȼɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡ-
ɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
Ȼɚɡɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ:
– ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ (ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ) ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ;
– ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɚɤ-
ɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ;
– ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ;
– ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ;
– ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (ɩɚɪɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɜɨɞɵ, ɪɚɫɫɨɥɚ, ɯɨɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.);
– ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɥɶɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ;
– ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ;
– ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.),
ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
(ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ);
– ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɭɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ)
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ
ɯɨɞɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
9
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɸ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɮɚɡɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚɦ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ
ɮɚɡ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɢ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
1.2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ
ɉɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ), ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɭɡɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ» ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ, ɠɢɞɤɢɯ, ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ), ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ), ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ, ɫ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.) ɢɥɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ (ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ).
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ:
– ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ;
– ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ (ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ-
ɧɵɯ) ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ;
– ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ;
– ɪɟɰɟɩɬɭɪɭ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ;
-
10
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]