Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для судоводителей. Практикум
.pdf
31
By volume displacement, we mean the volume of the water the vessel displaces to
stay afloat at a given draft.
There are the actual weights of the ship and her cargo.
Displacement light — is the weight of the ship excluding cargo, fuel, ballast, stores,
crew, but with water in boilers to steaming level
Displacement loaded — is the weight of the ship including cargo, fuel, water, stores,
dunnage and such other items necessary for use on a voyage, which brings the ship
down to her load draft.
2. TONNAGES
Tonnage is basically the carrying capacity of the vessel. For cargo ships, it is
measured as the weight or quantity of cargo to be carried.
These two measurements, Gross Tonnage and Net Tonnage are called tonnages,
however Gross Tonnage and Net Tonnage are cubic measurements based on
International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships. Tonnage depends not
on weight, but on the volume available for carrying cargo.
Gross tonnage is volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship. Gross Registered tonnage
(GRT) is the entire volume or internal cubic capacity of the ship including machinery
space and crew living quarters, except certain spaces, such as:
- peak and other tanks for water ballast;
- spaces above the upper deck, such as: open forecastle, bridge and poop, anchor
gear, steering gear compartment, wheel house, galley.
Net tonnage is volume of all cargo carrying spaces of ship. It is obtained by
deducting from the gross tonnage, crew and navigating spaces and the space occupied
by the propelling machinery.
Deadweight tonnage is the weight of all the contents a vessel is capable to carry when
she is loaded to summer mark. The contents of a ship are cargo, stores, equipment,
fresh water, potable water, lubricating oil and fuel.
All kinds of tonnage are measured in registered tons except deadweight tonnage
(DT).
Register Ton — а measurement of cargo carrying capacity in cubic feet. One register
ton is equivalent to 100 cubic feet of cargo space (roughly 2.83 cubic meters)
3. DEADWEIGHT
Deadweight (dwt) — is the total lifting capacity of a ship expressed in tons. It is the
difference between the displacement light and the displacement loaded.
Cargo deadweight — is a capacity determined by deducting from total deadweight
the weight of fuel, water, stores, dunnage, crew, and other items necessary for use on
a voyage
32
3. Answer the questions for self-assessment:
1. What is tonnage?
2. What is GRT?
3. What NRT?
4. What is registered ton equal to?
5. What is DT?
6. What is displacement?
7. In what ways can displacement be expressed?
8. What is ship’s deadweight?
9. What is cargo-carrying capacity?
10. What are ship’s dimensions? Give a definition of each of them
11. Why do Port Authorities require LOA?
12. When is it necessary to state your freeboard?
13. What are ship’s particulars?
14. What parameters does the geometric definition of the vessel include?
15. Give an opposite to “athwartships”
16. What measurements does a draft have?
17. What is a major parameter for every vessel?
18. What are generic particulars of the ship?
19. What is loaded/light draft?
20. What does phrase “I am on even keel” mean?
4. Terms and definitions to be learned by heart:
Ship’s particulars/Terms
Definition
Length overall/LOA
maximum length of the hull from one extremity to
another
Length between perpendiculars/LBP
length between the forward and aft perpendiculars
Draft
vertical measurement of the submerged portion of
the hull, usually taken at midships or vertical
distance from the bottom of the keel to the waterline
Depth
maximum vertical measure of the hull taken at
midships
Air Draft
distance from the waterline to the highest point on a
ship including antennas while she is loaded
Freeboard
distance between deck line and waterline
Beam
extreme breadth of the vessel including thickness of
plating
Under keel clearance/ UKC
difference between the draft of the vessel and the
available depth of water
33
Moulded breadth
inside width of the vessel excluding thickness of
Moulded depth
inside height of the vessel
Ship’s tonnages/Terms
Definition
Deadweight/DWT
total lifting capacity of a ship expressed in tons. It is
the difference between the displacement light and
the displacement loaded
Deadweight tonnage/DT
weight of cargo, stores, equipment, fresh water,
potable water, lubricating oil and fuel a vessel is
capable of carrying when she is loaded to summer
mark
Cargo deadweight
cargo lifting capacity determined by deducting from
total deadweight the weight of fuel, water, stores,
dunnage, crew and other items necessary for use on
a voyage
Displacement, loaded
weight of the ship including cargo, fuel, water,
stores, dunnage and other items necessary for use on
a voyage
Light displacement (LDT)
weight of the ship measured in metric tons excluding
cargo, fuel, water, ballast, stores, passengers, crew,
but with water in boilers to steaming level
Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT)
volume of all spaces within the hull and enclosed
spaces above the deck of a ship which are available
for cargo, stores, crew and passengers/volume or
internal cubic capacity of the ship including
machinery space and crew living quarters but
excluding tanks for water ballast
Net tonnage — чистый тоннаж
volume of all cargo carrying spaces of ship
It is obtained by deducting from the gross tonnage
spaces for crew, navigating bridge and Engine
Room
Register Ton
measurement of cargo carrying capacity in cubic
feet. One register ton is equivalent to 100 cubic feet
of cargo space (roughly 2.83 cubic meters)
Cargo carrying capacity
amount of cargo that a vessel is capable of carrying
Displacement TON
amount of water that is displaced by the body of the
vessel as she is floating in the water
34
5. Boost your reading for comprehension. Read the text then choose the correct
words and phrases
TOO NICE TO BE A PIRATE
A man accused of piracy by US prosecutors was not involved in the
(bribery/hijacking/hostage/kidnapping) of a ship, but he had been asked by pirates to
help negotiate a $1.7 million ransom because he spoke English. Now he is facing a
life sentence after (be charged/been charged/being charged/to be charged) with
piracy. The accused US-educated man (has persuaded/is been
persuaded/persuaded/was persuaded) by the authorities to return to the States through
a (fabricate/fake/falsify/forge) invitation to an education conference. He was then
(arrested/infested/protested/detested) on arrival and held for thirty months.
At a pre-trial hearing, the prosecutor told the court that although no one believed the
accused man was (a/an/any/some) actual pirate, the case demonstrated their resolve to
prosecute those who profit from crimes at sea.
35
UNIT 7. TYPES OF SHIPS
1. Study vocabulary:
carrier — судно, перевозчик
carry cargo — перевозить груз
general cargo — генеральный груз
dry cargo ship/dry bulk carrier — сухогрузное судно
bulk carrier — навалочное судно
container ship — контейнеровоз
tanker — танкер
speciality ship — судно специального назначения
multi-purpose ship — многоцелевое судно
offshore vessel — судно оффшорного флота
tender vessel — плавучая база
crude oil carrier — судно для перевозки сырой нефти
finished petroleum products — готовые нефтепродукты
OBO (oil-bulk-ore) ship — нефтерудовоз
“loose” cargo — навалочный, сыпучий груз
break bulk cargo — генеральный груз
gasoline — бензин, не содержащий активной серы
2. Familiarize with the text below and prepare your own presentation on types
of ships:
CARGO SHIPS
Cargo ships can be divided into 4 groups according to the type of cargo to be carried:
- general cargo ships
- tankers
- dry bulk carriers
- multi-purpose ships
General cargo ships are intended to carry break bulk cargo packaged in crates,
barrels, bales, boxes, bags or cargo coming in pieces (unpacked cargo items). General
cargo ships are multi-purpose vessels because they are designed for flexibility and
carry a huge variety of cargo including containers, windmills, helicopters. Mostly,
these vessels carry so called project cargo, that is, large, heavy, high value or critical
(to the project they are intended for) pieces of equipment.
36
Dry cargo ship or dry bulk carrier is a term generally used for bulk
carriers and container ships. While bulk carriers are used in transportation of bulk
cargo or “loose cargo” such as grains, coal, iron ore, fertilizers and cement, container
ships are normally used for carrying miscellaneous goods in containers.
Bulk carriers transport “liquid bulk” including petroleum products.
Liquid cargoes such as oil, petroleum, edible oils are carried in tankers, for example
in Very Large Crude Oil Carriers (VLCC’s), chemical tankers, such as Liquefied
Petroleum Gas tankers (LPG carriers) or Liquefied Natural Gas tankers (LNG
carriers). Tankers are used for transporting crude oil, finished petroleum products,
chemicals, petrol, gasoline, aviation fuel, kerosene and other liquids in bulk.
Cargo that has been containerized is carried by container ships. Containers are most
often measured in Twenty Feet Equivalent Units (TEU’s) or Forty Feet Equivalent
Units (FEU’s). Container is not a form of package. It is a transport unit. One
container is one transport unit. Container ships are sometimes equipped with their
own gantry cranes that load and discharge the containers. Cargo-carrying capacity of
container ships is measured in quantity of TEU’s or FEU’s to be carried not in tons.
OBO CARRIERS
A combination carrier or OBO is another special type of merchant vessel that carries
Ore, Bulk, and Oil.
By the name itself, it can carry oil and ore in bulk. They are a hybrid between dry and
liquid cargo carriers.
This dual-purpose operation provides them with tanker equipment and ore-carrying
capabilities
RO-RO SHIPS
Roll-on/Roll-off ships or Ro-Ro got their name from the method they use to load or
unload their cargo
These vessels are not fitted with lifting equipment. Instead, they use wide ramps in
their stern to “roll on and off” their cargoes
Their cargoes are mostly cars or rolled vehicles that are driven inside the ship or to
the terminal during unloading
Ro-Ro ships also carry products without wheels. They place these “non-wheeled”
cargoes on trailers or wheeled equipment to secure them inside
37
SPECIALITY SHIPS
Speciality vessels are constructed and used for specific purposes:
Tug (tugboat) is a boat or ship that manoeuvres vessels by pushing or towing them.
Pilot crafts are used for the transportation of harbour pilots.
Boat or a larger ship used to service or support other boats or ships, generally to
transport people and/or supplies, is called a tender vessel.
Research vessels are special types of vessels used to carry out a variety of research at
sea. Some of the most common types of research vessels are – seismic vessels,
hydrographic vessels, oceanographic vessels, polar vessels etc.
Salvage vessels are vessels engaged in salvage operation; recovery of lost property at
sea.
Light vessel, or lightship, is a ship that acts as a lighthouse. They are used in waters
that are too deep or otherwise unsuitable for lighthouse construction.
Barge is a flat-bottomed boat built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy
goods.
Timber Carriers are vessels that carry timber
Ice breaker ships are used for cutting ice deposits in extremely cold climate
conditions to make waters navigational.
Dredgers are vessels with excavation tools used for removing sand and other types of
deposits from the seabed. Dredgers are used for several purposes, such as making
shallow coastal areas navigational, deep-sea mining etc.
3. Answer the questions. Then pose these questions to your study partners:
1. What are the main categories of cargo ships?
2. What are bulk carriers?
3. What types of bulkers are there according to their size and dwt?
4. What are containers ships?
5. What is container?
6. What are the advantages of container carriage system?
7. What is containerized goods/cargo?
8. What can you say about tankers?
9. Do tankers carry dangerous cargoes? What cargoes do they carry?
10. What types of tankers are there according to their size and dwt?
11. What ships are engaged in special operations?
12. What is RO-RO?
38
13. What types of ships are there according to methods of their loading and
discharge?
14. What is liner?
15. What is tramp?
4. Agree or disagree. Use these phrases: I completely / absolutely agree with you.
I totally agree with you. I am of the same opinion. I am of a different opinion
because ... I cannot agree with this idea. I cannot share this.
1. Ultra large crude carriers are the main tool of ocean transportation.
2. Offshore vessels transport the goods along the coast of one country.
3. Tankers play an important role in international trade with a share of over 33 % of
the world tonnage.
4. Bulk carriers are primarily used in carrying packaged cargo items.
5. Container ships are normally used for carrying miscellaneous goods
5. Translate the following sentences:
1. Торговые суда бывают различных размеров и грузоподъемности
2. Танкеры перевозят сырую нефть по всему миру
3. Какие категории торговых судов вы знаете?
4. Для чего предназначены оффшорные суда?
5. Навалочные суда перевозят зерно, уголь, цемент, руду
6. Возможно ли размещение груза на палубе?
7. Какая энергетическая установка на ледоколах?
8. В чем измеряется мощность главной силовой установки?
9. Что такое подруливающее устройство?
10. Каким образом судно приводят в движение?
6. Match ship’s type with explanation:
Ship’s type
Explanation
1. Seagoing tugs
a) acts as a lighthouse
2. Crude oil tanker
b) used to service ships in order to transport people
and supplies
3. Bulk carrier
c) makes shallow coastal areas navigational
4. OBO carrier
d) used for salvage, towing, anchor handling in the
offshore industry
5. Light vessel
e) bulk carrier designed to function also as tanker
6. Dredger
f) single-deck vessel generally with five to nine
holds, her hatches are equipped with sliding hatch
covers
7. Tender vessel
g) is leaking a vast amount of oil into the sea in
case of collision or grounding
39
UNIT 8. TYPES OF CARGOES
1. Read about types of cargo. Mark unknown words with bright color while
reading. Try to guess the meaning of these words
Cargo was originally a shipload. But now cargo (or freight) is goods transported,
generally for commercial gain, by any means of transport.
From clothes to computers, from crude oil to wine and from flowers to livestock,
ships carry a diverse range of cargoes.
Seaport terminals handle a wide range of maritime cargo.
Gas is one of the more unusual cargoes to move across the oceans. In its raw state, it
has none of the free-flowing, easy-to-load properties of liquid cargoes, such as crude
oil and grain. So, to make it easier to transport it is converted into that same liquid
state by extreme cooling or pressurisation.
Liquid Bulk Cargo
These free-flowing liquid cargoes, which also include crude oil, liquefied natural gas
and chemicals, are not boxed, bagged or hand stowed. Instead, they are poured into
large tank spaces, known as the holds, of a tanker.
Dry Bulk Cargo
From grains to coal and from sugar to cocoa, dry bulk cargoes cover a range of
produce and raw materials that have two features in common: they are unpacked and
are homogeneous. These two properties make it easier for dry bulk cargoes to be
dropped or poured into the hold of a bulk carrier.
Food grains ships are used to transport large amounts of food grain from one place to
another and these include grains such as rice, wheat, seeds, barley, buckwheat and
others.
Fragile items — this type of cargo could include items which are easily breakable
such as glassware, earthenware, sanitary ware and so on. Such items should be stored
on the topmost level with the appropriate packaging to prevent any possible damage
to the goods.
Combustible materials — there are several types of cargo which could ignite
spontaneously and lead to a fire on board the ship. This includes a wide variety of
stuff ranging from cotton, jute, straw, oilseeds. Each of these cargoes should be
handled in a way so as to minimise the risk of spontaneous combustion.
Dangerous cargoes include cargoes that may present a safety hazard to people or the
marine environment. They are all the dangerous goods, hazardous and harmful
substances, wastes, pollutants, etc. covered by the International Maritime Dangerous
Goods Codes (IMDG Code) as well as noxious liquid substances or chemicals.
40
Heavy equipment is machines and equipment are normally shipped packed in
wooden crates depending on their shape. The heavy machines should be stowed at the
bottom while the lighter components stay above.
2. Check your contextual guess:
- коммерческая прибыль_______________________________________________
- сырая нефть_________________________________________________________
- судовой груз________________________________________________________
- вид транспорта______________________________________________________
- обрабатывать груз___________________________________________________
- подача под давлением________________________________________________
- сжиженный природный газ____________________________________________
- заливать в танки_____________________________________________________
- наливной груз_______________________________________________________
- насыпной груз_______________________________________________________
- хрупкий груз________________________________________________________
- тяжелое оборудование________________________________________________
- воспламеняющиеся материалы_________________________________________
- зерно______________________________________________________________
- уголь______________________________________________________________
- внезапно воспламениться_____________________________________________
- опасный груз________________________________________________________
- источник повышенной опасности______________________________________
3. Agree or disagree. Use these phrases: I completely / absolutely agree with you.
I totally agree with you. I am of the same opinion. I am of a different opinion
because ... I cannot agree with this idea. I cannot share this.
1. Cargo is called freight transported for commercial gain
2. Seaport terminals handle just particular maritime cargo
3. Gas has the free-flowing, easy-to-load properties of liquid cargoes
4. Crude oil, liquefied natural gas and chemicals are free-flowing liquid cargoes
5. Dry bulk cargoes are unpacked and are homogeneous
6. Food grains include coal, ore, cement.
7. Combustible materials can’t ignite spontaneously
8. IMDG is the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]