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Файл:Английский язык для специалистов по радиоэлектронике. Технологии ночного видения. Вакуумные технологии. English for radioelectronics specialists. Nigh
.pdf
Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации
НОВОСИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
С. В. НИКРОШКИНА
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ
ПО РАДИОЭЛЕКТРОНИКЕ
ТЕХНОЛОГИИ НОЧНОГО ВИДЕНИЯ
ВАКУУМНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
ENGLISH
FOR RADIOELECTRONICS SPECIALISTS
NIGHT VISION AND VACUUM
TECHNOLOGIES
Утверждено
Редакционно-издательским советом университета
в качестве учебного пособия
НОВОСИБИРСК
2024
ББК 81.432.1-923
Н 647
Рецензенты:
канд. филол. наук, доцент, доцент кафедры языковой подготовки
и межкультурных коммуникаций СГУГиТ О. И. Недоступ
д-р филол. наук, доцент,
профессор кафедры ИЯ ТФ НГТУ С. С. Жданов
Никрошкина С. В.
Н 647 Английский язык для специалистов по радиоэлектронике. Тех-
нологии ночного видения. Вакуумные технологии. English for ra-
dioelectronics specialists. Night vision and vacuum technologies:
учебное пособие / С. В.
Никрошкина. – Новосибирск: Изд-во
НГТУ, 2024. – 92 с.
ISBN 978-5-7782-5263-9
Целью данного пособия является учебно-методическое обеспечение системы образования Новосибирского государственного технического университета. Пособие предназначено для бакалавров, обучающихся по специальности 11.03.03 «Конструирование и технология
электронных средств». Учебное пособие содержит англоязычные тексты по специальным тематикам, затрагивающим различные аспекты
радиоэлектроники, такие как приборы ночного видения, вакуумные
технологии, а также
ориентированных на взаимосвязанное формирование умений иноязычного чтения, письма и говорения в контексте английского для профессиональных целей. Пособие также включает дополнительные задания
по развитию навыков перевода и говорения.
ISBN 978-5-7782-5263-9 © Никрошкина С. В., 2024
© Новосибирский государственный
технический университет, 2024
разработанный на их основе комплекс заданий,
ББК 81.432.1-923
2
CONTENTS
UNIT 1. NIGHT VISION TECHNOLOGY .................................................. 4
UNIT 2. VACUUM TECHNOLOGIES ...................................................... 22
UNIT 3. EMBEDDED IoT MEDICAL DEVICES ..................................... 35
UNIT 4. SATELLITE ELECTRONICS ...................................................... 53
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UNIT 1
NIGHT VISION TECHNOLOGY
BEFORE YOU READ
1. What do you know about night vision technology?
2. Where can this technology be applied in?
VOCABULARY
word translation
visibility видимость
1
to encom
2
distinc
3
to contribute to вносить вклад
4
an image converte
5
infrared ин
6
wavelength длина волны
7
to emit heat изл
8
ambient ligh
9
to enhance vision
10
magnification увеличение
11
to maintain user stealth сохранять скрытый режим пользователя
12
distorted ima
13
to amplify усиливать
14
READING
Read the text and translate it.
ass охватывать, включать
отчетливый
преобразователь изображений
асный
чать тепло
подсветка
чшить видимость
es искаженные изображения
4
A Brief Introduction to Night Vision Technology
Night vision technology is an innovative solution enabling visibility
in darkness and low-light conditions. This technology encompasses three
primary methods: Generation Zero, Thermal Imaging, and Image Intensification. Each method has distinct advantages and limitations, contributing
to their varied applications in different fields.
Generation Zero
Generation Zero technology uses image converter technology to transform infrared light into visible light. Developed during the Korean War,
these systems operate actively, requiring an infrared light source like lasers
or filtered torches to illuminate targets. However, the resolution limitations
of the time restricted practical engagement distances to several hundred meters, and these active systems could be easily detected by other night vision
devices, posing a significant disadvantage.
Thermal Imaging
Thermal imaging systems marked a significant advancement in night
vision technology. Unlike Generation Zero, thermal imaging is passive and
responds to infrared wavelengths of 8–12 microns emitted by warm objects
such as animals, soil, and plants. This technology functions effectively both
day and night, capturing heat emitted by objects rather than relying on ambient light. Thermal imaging systems excel in extreme lighting conditions,
providing clear images regardless of the time of day.
Image Intensification
The most widely used night vision technology today is image intensification. These passive devices amplify natural light, including the lower part
of the infrared spectrum, to create a visible image. Image intensification
involves converting incoming light into electrons, which are then amplified
and transformed back into visible light. This technology enhances vision by
collecting minimal light, making it highly effective in low-light conditions.
History of Night Vision Technology
The development of night vision technology has a rich history, starting
with early optical devices and evolving through various technological advancements.
5
One of the first night vision devices (NVDs) was the night glass, a simple optical device similar to binoculars or a telescope. Night glasses had
large diameter objective lenses (55 mm or larger) and at least 7x magnification. Despite their utility, they were heavy and potentially dangerous due to
the slow pupil reflex of the eye, which could not prevent damage from sudden exposure to bright light.
During World War II, the cascade image tube and infrared illuminator
were developed, marking the early stages of image intensification (I2) technology. These active devices required infrared illumination, which could
reveal the user’s position to adversaries equipped with infrared detection
capabilities. Known as Generation Zero (Gen 0), these devices were used by
the U.S. military during the Korean War.
The first passive military I2 NVDs, known as Generation 1 (Gen 1),
were introduced during the Vietnam War. These starlight scopes used ambient light from the moon and stars to enhance visibility, eliminating the need
for additional illumination and thus maintaining user stealth. Although
bulky and cumbersome, Gen 1 devices represented a significant advancement in night vision technology.
Produced in the 1980s, Generation 2 (Gen 2) I2 NVDs provided substantial improvements in performance and packaging. The addition of a microchannel plate (MCP) to the image-intensifier tube resulted in brighter
and less distorted images. These devices were also lighter and smaller, making them suitable for helmet or headgear attachment. Gen 2 devices are still
widely used due to their performance and cost-effectiveness.
Developed in the late 1980s and used extensively during the Gulf War,
Generation 3 (Gen 3) I2 NVDs offered greater light amplification and
longer service life. Gen 3 devices amplify low ambient light by 30,000
to 50,000 times, making them increasingly common in non-military applications as well.
Development of Thermal Imaging Cameras
Thermal imaging cameras, also known as thermal imagers, detect thermal infrared radiation emitted by objects. The radiated infrared energy, dependent on the objects’ temperatures, appears as different colors or shades
of gray, allowing visibility even in total darkness.
Thermal imaging technology began in the late 1960s as an aid to air navigation, with military applications following in the 1970s. The first commercial thermal imagers became available in the 1980s, and by the 1990s,
6
enhancements in sensor technology increased sensitivity and resolution.
Today, thermal imaging cameras are widely used in law enforcement, fire
and rescue, engineering, medical services, and security industries.
Night Vision Equipment
Night vision devices (NVDs) are categorized into three main types:
scopes, goggles, and cameras, each serving specific purposes:
• Scopes: Handheld or weapon-mounted, scopes are ideal for detailed
observation and target acquisition. They allow users to switch between night
vision and normal view effortlessly.
• Goggles: Worn on the head, goggles provide continuous, hands-free
viewing. Typically, binocular with one or two lenses, they are suitable for
navigation and movement in dark environments.
• Cameras: Night vision cameras transmit images to display monitors or
recording devices. These are often installed in fixed locations, such as buildings or helicopters, for surveillance and monitoring.
Applications of Night Vision Technology
Originally developed for military use, night vision technology now
serves various civilian applications. Key uses include:
• Military: Navigation, surveillance, and targeting during night operations.
• Law Enforcement: Surveillance and monitoring, aiding in suspect detection and apprehension.
• Security: Enhancing systems for property monitoring and protection.
• Wildlife Observation: Studying nocturnal animals without disturbing
them.
• Hunting: Assisting hunters in tracking game in low-light conditions.
• Navigation: Helping individuals and vehicles navigate in darkness
or poor visibility.
• Hidden-Object Detection: Locating objects or individuals in low-light
environments.
Future of Night Vision Technology
The future of night vision technology is promising, with ongoing research
and development focusing on enhancing image clarity, increasing light amplification, and improving device durability and portability. As technology advances, night vision is expected to become even more integral to military,
law enforcement, and civilian applications, providing enhanced capabilities
in low-light and no-light conditions.
7
In conclusion, night vision technology, through its various generations
and types, continues to play a crucial role in numerous fields. Its ongoing
evolution promises to deliver even more sophisticated and effective solutions for seeing in the dark.
DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY
WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS
2. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them
in the text.
durability enforcement civilian effortlessly solution
2. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.
a) Is the word positive, negative or neutral?
b) Is it a noun, adjective, adverb, verb, numeral or preposition?
c) Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one
with an opposite meaning (antonym)?
READING COMPREHENSION
3. Answer the following questions:
1. What does night vision technology enable?
2. What primary methods does this technology encompass?
3. Can you characterize Generation Zero technology?
4. What are the main features of Thermal imaging systems? How can
they provide clear images regardless of the time of day?
5. What is the most widely used night vision technology today?
How does it cope with the task of enhancing vision?
6. What can you say about the development of night vision technology
back then?
7. What type of technology detects thermal infrared radiation emitted
by objects?
8. How many categories of Night vision devices (NVDs) do you know?
Can you enumerate them?
9. What are the main applications of night vision technology?
10. Night vision is expected to become even more integral to military,
law enforcement, and civilian applications, isn't it?
8
ANALYZE
4. Match the words with their definitions:
intensification
1
the art and science of determining the position
a
of a ship, plane or other vehicle, and guiding
it to a specific destination
observation
2
the act of ensuring compliance with a particu-
b
lar regulation or law
navigation
3
The action that makes something stronger
c
or more extreme
enforcement
4
protection from, or resilience against, potential
d
harm (or other unwanted coercion) caused
by others, by restraining the freedom of others
to act
security
5
an act or instance of noticing or perceiving
e
in the natural sciences and the acquisition
of information from a primary source
5. Give the Russian equivalents:
1. an innovative solution enabling visibility in darkness and low-light
conditions –
2. to require an infrared light source like lasers or filtered torches to il-
luminate targets –
3. to provide clear images regardless of the time of day –
4. to prevent damage from sudden exposure to bright light –
5. to reveal the user’s position to adversaries equipped with infrared de-
tection capabilities –
6. to be ideal for detailed observation and target acquisition –
7. to provide continuous, hands-free viewing –
8. to transmit images to display monitors or recording devices –
9. navigation, surveillance, and targeting during night operations –
10. surveillance and monitoring, aiding in suspect detection and appre-
hension –
11. to enhance systems for property monitoring and protection –
12. to study nocturnal animals without disturbing them –
9
13. to assist hunters in tracking game in low-light conditions –
14. to help individuals and vehicles navigate in darkness or poor visi-
bility –
15. to locate objects or individuals in low-light environments –
WORD BUILDING
6. Form nouns adding the suffixes a)-age, b)-ment to the given verbs
and adjectives and translate them.
Example:
a) to leak – течь
leakage – утечка
b) to equip – оборудовать
equipment – оборудование
1. to use, to cover, to store, to break, to pass, to carry, to link, to stop,
to assemble, to short(en);
2. to develop, to arrange, to achieve, to move, to measure, to improve,
to manage, to establish, to excite, to require.
WRITING
HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY
A summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a piece
of writing.
A summary is not a rewrite of the original text and does not have to be
long.
Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of the
original reading.
What was it about and what did the author want to communicate?
1. Identify the type of work (text, article), title, author, and main
point.
In the text (article) “ … ” the author presents (shows, describes ...)
his opinion on the hot topic of living in a technological society.
The text “ … ” deals with the problem of ... (discusses some problems
relating to ..., provides information on ...).
10
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