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Файл:Английский язык для специалистов по радиоэлектронике. Технологии ночного видения. Вакуумные технологии. English for radioelectronics specialists. Nigh
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time and also take preventive actions. However, it is important to know that
a continuous network connectivity is required to integrate the medical device with the cloud.
DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY
WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS
2. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them
in the text.
medication disorder preventive muscular embedded
2. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the ques-
tions.
1. Is the word positive, negative or neutral?
2. Is it a noun, adjective, adverb, verb, numeral or preposition?
3. Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one
with an opposite meaning (antonym)?
READING COMPREHENSION
3. Answer the following questions:
1. What can you say about the role of IoT-enabled medical devices in
contemporary healthcare?
2. Where is all information related to the patient and disease stored?
3. What does the system do once the disease is found?
4. What is a glucometer and how does it function?
5. How do we call a device used to monitor the airflow rate of a patient
who is in a need of respiratory help?
6. What does an Electromyography (EMG) sensor measure?
7. What type of device helps in the diagnosis of cardiac pathologies,
ranging from myocardial ischemia and infarction to syncope and palpitations?
8. What is required to integrate the medical device with the cloud?
5. Find the corresponding prepositions for the following verbs in the
text and write Russian equivalents:
1. to go ___
2. to touch ___
3. to work ___ ___
4. in terms ___
41
5. to run ___
t
b
b
b
6. be certified ___
7. to be related ____
6. Find matching phrases
remo
1
e
the exact disease
a
to facilitate
2
to identify
3
the pre-loaded
4
to determine
5
a diagnostic
6
to cure
7
8. Match the collocations
prosthetic
1
analysis
2
ody
3
lood
4
low-
5
6
7
ack
diastolic
muscular
tool
b
the diseases on time
c
medical care
d
symptoms
e
the approximate concentration of glucose
f
the care delivery
g
pressure
a
temperature
b
functions
c
pathologies
d
reports
e
pressure
f
pain
g
8
cardiac
h
devices
9. Translate from Russian into English, use he collocations above.
1. Датчик артериального давления регистрирует артериальное дав-
ление пациентов в двух цифрах: систолическое давление (когда сердце
42
бьется) и диастолическое давление (когда сердце расслабляется между
ударами).
2. Электрокардиограмма (ЭКГ или ЭКГ) – это диагностический
инструмент, который регулярно используется для оценки электрических и мышечных функций сердца.
3. ЭКГ помогает в диагностике множества сердечных патологий,
начиная от ишемии миокарда и инфаркта до обмороков и сердцебиений.
4. Встроенное медицинское устройство получает входные
данные
от пользователя для сопоставления симптомов с предварительно загруженным файлом симптомов и пытается найти для них соответствующее заболевание.
5. Он выполняет тесты, предложенные на основе предварительно загруженного файла симптомов, чтобы получить точное соответствие заболеванию, если заболевание не обнаружено при изучении симптомов.
6. Сигналы ЭМГ также используются в качестве сигнала управления протезными устройствами, такими как протезы рук и нижних конечностей.
WORD BUILDING
10. Form nouns adding the suffix -ity to the given verbs and adjectives and translate them.
Example:
stable – устойчивый
stability – устойчивость
1. real
2. active
3. able
4. complex
5. dense
6. electric
7. intense
8. conductive
9. capable
10. special
11. flexible
43
WRITING
11. Write the essay "The advantages and disadvantages of disposable medical devices". Study the rules of essay writing given below.
THE RULES OF ESSAY WRITING
In advantages and disadvantages essays, you will be asked to write the
benefits and drawbacks of the topic given. You have to be careful that you
write the advantages and disadvantages of the topic given and not your
opinion about the topic. While explaining these kinds of essays, you can
divide the content into 2 paragraphs. Paragraph 1 for Positive points and
Paragraph 2 for negative points.
Tips for Advantages and Disadvantages Essay
Given below are some points which you can refer to:
• When the topic statement is given, you need to spend at least
5–10 minutes in understanding the benefits and the drawbacks related to the
topic.
• Make sure that you have relevant points, supporting the topic. Do not
get deviated from the topic.
• Make sure whatever you write is structured. Put the advantages of the
topic in one paragraph and the disadvantages in a separate paragraph.
Structure of Advantage Disadvantage Essay
This task requires writing an essay encompassing various topics from all
walks of life, right from social issues to workplace issues. These essays are
of various types, including opinion essays, discussion essays, advantagedisadvantage essays, etc.
Now, we will see the structure of advantage-disadvantage essays and
what should be the approach of writing one.
First of all, as soon as you get to know the topic, look for the pros and
cons of the issue, consider the advantages and disadvantages of it and in
your mind, contemplate the whip hand and downsides of it. Once you have
a clear idea of what outweighs between the two of them, pick your side
(in case you are asked to) and set out to write your essay.
Introduction
Now, the first thing that you have to do is to write an introduction. Your
introduction should paraphrase the topic of the essay and try to use different
vocabulary/synonyms for the words in the topic, wherever possible.
44
Then, give a brief idea about what could be expected in the essay, i.e.
the advantages and the disadvantages of the concerned topic and state which
side you think weighs the most (when asked for an opinion.)
Body paragraphs
Body paragraph 1 should state the advantages of the topic. This should
be backed by practical points, and the examples would be even better. Dayto-day incidents and instances can be brought to notice.
Body paragraph 2 should state the disadvantages of the topic. This as
well, should be supported by valid points, and the daily incidents and examples can be highlighted to back your points.
Conclusion: Conclude the topic by providing a summary of the points
put forth in the entire essay and how advantages or disadvantages of the topic outweighs the other (if applicable).
OUTLINE
Sample Question
What are the advantages and disadvantages of globalization? Do the
benefits outweigh the drawbacks?
Outline
Given below is a brief outline of what to write in the essay after identifying the essay type.
Essay Type
Advantages and Disadvantages Essay
Introduction
• Paraphrase the essay topic using synonyms for the words used in the
question.
• Mention the contents of the following paragraphs.
Body Paragraph 1
• Globalisation has led to a lot of positive changes, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries. There has been an increase in employment opportunities, products and services are easily available to people
around the world.
Body Paragraph 2
• Globalisation also has various disadvantages like the exploitation of
cheap labour from developing countries and also the decline in quality of
products and services.
45
Conclusion
• Summarize the topic and state the final view.
Sample Answer
Globalisation has been one of the most significant phenomena in the last
few decades, and it has changed several aspects of human society both economically and socially. There has been remarkable progress in terms of economic and financial development for developing countries due to the expansion of global organizations. However, there are several drawbacks to this
rapid progress that need to be addressed. Evidently, globalization has more
advantages than disadvantages and the following paragraphs will elaborate
on the topic and justify these views.
First of all, the most advantageous aspect of globalization is the advent
of numerous international companies and franchises in developing countries. Ever since global brands and corporations have expanded their operations in countries such as India, China, Sri Lanka and many more, there has
been a notable increase in employment in these countries. Additionally, due
to the remarkable rise in the number of imports and exports, people from
third world countries now have access to a vast catalogue of products and
services that were previously unattainable.
That being said, there are drawbacks to globalization that create concerning issues for a sizeable portion of the global population. One of the
most disturbing consequences faced is the exploitation of labour. Many corporations are known to outsource their operations to developing countries
due to cheap labour costs. This enables them to accomplish their manufacturing operations without having to provide proper remuneration. Also, due
to the use of inexpensive labour, the quality of products is diminished, and
customers receive inferior products.
In conclusion, there is no doubt that the effects of globalization are not
entirely positive or negative. Nonetheless, the benefits brought by this occupation outweigh the drawbacks.
SPEAKING
12. Get prepared with the presentation on Embedded IoT Medical
Devices.
46
GRAMMAR FOCUS
(
MODAL VERBS
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
К модальным глаголам относятся глаголы can, may, must, ought to,
should .Модальные глаголы не имеют формы инфинитива, т.е. перед
ними не употребляется частица to. Смысловые глаголы употребляются
после модальных глаголов без частицы to (Исключение ought to)
I can speak English. (Я могу говорить по-английски.)
1. Вопросительная форма образуется передвижением модального
глагола на первое место в предложении: Must you go to the University
tomorrow? (You must go to the University tomorrow.)
В отрицательном предложении после модального глагола упо-
требляется частица not (cannot, must not, should not): She cannot give
you her text-book.
Глаголы can, may имеют формы настоящего и прошедшего времени: can (could), may (might).
Глагол must имеет только одну форму. Чтобы отнести его к прошедшему или будущему времени нужно использовать его эквиваленты:
to be to, to have to
Значения модальных глаголов
Present Past Эквиваленты
can
(мочь, уметь)
may
(мочь, можно)
must
должен)
should, ought to
could to be able to
(смочь)
might to be allowed to
(разрешать; давать)
– to be to (должен, нужно)
to have to (вынужден, придется)
(нужно, следует)
Изучите употребление модальных глаголов в сочетании с Perfect In-
finitive.
47
f
f
f
м
Значение Перевод
may + Perfect
initive
In
must+ Perfect
initive
In
could + Perfect
Infinitive
предположение
большая степень вероятности
действие, которое могло
бы произойти, но не со-
возможно, может быть
должно быть, вероятно
возможно, мог, мог бы
стоялось
might + Perfect
In
initive
should + Perfect
Infinitive
малая вероятность совершения действия
сожаление о том, что
действие не соверши-
ог бы
следовало бы, должен был
бы, надо бы
лось, упрек или порицание
ought + Perfect
Infinitive
сожаление о том, что
действие не соверши-
следовало бы, должен был
бы, надо бы
лось. Упрек или порицание.
cаn not и could
not + Perfect
Infinitive
сомнение в возможности
совершения действия
в прошлом
не может быть, чтобы +
глагол в прошедшем времени, не мог + неопределенная форма глагола
13. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.
1. Heavy graders are used when large volumes of soil have to be handled.
2. The device can provide great opportunities.
3. Scrapers should be used on moderate wet sandy soils.
4. It must be understood that engine requirements differ considerably.
5. Such substances may cause cancer.
6. Hazardous consequences should be vastly lowered.
7. Global warming may result in profound shifts of climate.
8. The material may be discharged with the help of various devices.
9. The results of the experiment can be easily calculated.
48
10. Consumers should ask about the contents of dangerous substances.
11. The cost of the production could be cut more than 50 %.
12. The share arm can be raised with a disk knife.
13. Depending on the style, the resistor may be encapsulated in lacquer,
high temperature cement or by molding.
14. Infectious diseases can spread very fast.
15. Ethanol can be fatal if ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin.
14. Study the table showing the use of modals with Perfect Infini-
tive. Translate the sentences.
1. We do not believe scientists could have achieved such progress.
2. The researchers may not have known about those data.
3. The explosion must have occurred long ago.
4. The assistant might have made a mistake.
5. We figured that they must have obtained new results of the experiment.
6. Safety engineering should have done it previously.
7. Some problems of science could not have been solved without isotopes.
8. The goods are reported to have been delivered.
9. The research must have been performed according to the safety in-
structions.
10. He must have found out about the conference beforehand.
11. The influence of temperatures on these substances should have been
studied long ago.
12. No living beings could have survived in such climate.
13. Carbon steels must have been used in the construction of this building.
14. Life may have been existed on that planet.
15. A lot of practical difficulties must have been encountered in the im-
plementation of this idea.
16. The research on nickel alloys may have been done last term.
17. The explanation cannot have been adequate under the circumstances.
18. The experiment should have been performed beforehand.
19. They must have arrived at these principles through observation and
experiment.
20. I could have gone to the conference but I lost my invitation.
21. The delegation must have missed their flight.
49
TRANSLATE
15. Read the text and make the glossary to it. Translate the text.
Modern bioengineering
Modern biotechnology, or bioengineering, is a complex, multi-faceted
field. On the one hand, bioengineering focuses on the development of new
products from biological systems, for example detergents, cosmetics and
active pharmaceutical ingredients. On the other hand, its scope extends beyond that, to developing and realize solutions to the challenges of the future:
finding a cure for cancer, reversing the effects of climate change, finding
alternative resources and energy sources, and addressing the health-related
issues of an aging human population.
Bioengineering is believed to be merely cloning, but bioengineering is
specifically the application of sciences and engineering techniques that
solve problems such as replacement of body parts, detection of diseases, and
cloning. In recent years, there have been several cases where lives were saving due to the replacement of a dysfunctional body part. Early detection of
diseases has also increased dramatically with the help of modern technology. Malfunctioning body parts and tissues can now be replacing with an
equivalent lab generated one through tissue engineering. Tissue engineering
is a branch of scientific study that requires the use of stem cells or source
cells from patients and biodegradable scaffolding. The cells are organized
and cultured to form a functioning tissue, which is then implanting into the
patient. For example, someone who injured his or her neck in a car accident
can benefit from tissue engineering through neck reconstruction surgery.
Tissue engineering is expanding so rapidly, it has taken a role in bone and
cartilage regeneration, skin and much more.
Bioengineering is the “biological or medical application of engineering
principles or engineering equipment – also called biomedical engineering.”
(Merriam-Webster) We like to think of it as the application of engineering
principles to biological systems. Bioengineering as a defined field is relatively new, although attempts to solve biological problems have persisted
throughout history. Recently, the practice of bioengineering has expanded
beyond large-scale efforts like prosthetics and hospital equipment to include
engineering at the molecular and cellular level – with applications in energy
and the environment as well as health care. A very broad area of study, bioengineering can include elements of electrical and mechanical engineering,
computer science, materials, chemistry and biology. This breadth allows
students and faculty to specialize in their areas of interest and collaborate
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