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Файл:Английский язык для специалистов по радиоэлектронике. Технологии ночного видения. Вакуумные технологии. English for radioelectronics specialists. Nigh
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10. Translate the following word groups. State the tense and the
forms of the predicates.
1. the lecture started
2. the scientists are obtaining
3. the colleagues realized
4. the satellite was on its orbit
5. the properties depended
6. the stream is being broadcast
7. the chemist was searching
8. a new technology was demonstrated
9. the elements constituted
10. the student was being examined
11. new results were being obtained
12. the discovery established
21
r
r
r
я
UNIT 2
VACUUM TECHNOLOGIES
BEFORE YOU READ
1. What do you know about vacuum technology?
2. Where can this technology be applied in?
VOCABULARY
word translation
semiconducto
1
vapour deposition осаждение пара
2
manufacturing производство
3
laye
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
слой
silicon wafe
anisotropic анизотропный
etching травление
contamination загрязнение, заражение
low-pressure environments услови
cleanroom environment чистая среда, чистое помещение
to ensure the utmost cleanliness обеспечить абсолютную чистоту
precise thermal treatments точная термообработка
READING
Read the text and translate it.
полупроводник
кремниевая пластина
низкого давления
22
Vacuum Technology, the Essential Process
for the Semiconductor Industry
The semiconductor industry relies heavily on vacuum technology for
various processes and applications. Vacuum, in this context, refers to an
environment with very low pressure and a near absence of gas molecules.
Here are some key ways in which vacuum technology is used in the semiconductor industry:
Deposition Processes
Vacuum is essential for various deposition processes used in semiconductor manufacturing, such as chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and physical vapour deposition (PVD). These processes involve depositing thin layers of materials onto silicon wafers to create integrated circuits and other
semiconductor components. A vacuum environment ensures precise control
over the material deposition and reduces contamination from air molecules.
Etching
Vacuum is also employed in the etching processes used to remove specific areas of materials from semiconductor wafers. Dry etching methods,
such as plasma etching, often use low-pressure environments to create highly anisotropic etching profiles, enabling the creation of intricate patterns and
features.
Ion Implantation
Ion implantation is a critical step in semiconductor manufacturing,
where ions of specific elements are embedded into the silicon wafer to modify its electrical properties. This process is carried out in a vacuum to ensure
precise control over ion trajectories and implantation depths.
Wafer Handling and Transfer
Vacuum technology is used for handling and transferring silicon wafers
within the cleanroom environment to prevent contamination. Vacuum robotic arms and wafer handling tools are designed to transport wafers without
contact, ensuring the utmost cleanliness.
Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP)
In RTP, semiconductor wafers are subjected to high temperatures in
a controlled environment. Vacuum or low-pressure conditions can be used
to prevent oxidation of the wafers at elevated temperatures, allowing
for precise thermal treatments without introducing impurities.
23
Leak Testing
Vacuum technology is used to check the hermetic sealing of semiconductor packages and other components. Ensuring that no leaks are present is crucial for maintaining the integrity and reliability of semiconductor devices.
Vacuum Pumps
High-quality vacuum pumps are essential for maintaining the desired
vacuum levels in various semiconductor manufacturing tools and chambers.
These pumps can be categorized into different types, such as rotary vane
pumps, dry pumps, and cryogenic pumps, depending on the specific requirements of the process.
Cleanroom Environments
Cleanrooms in the semiconductor industry are maintained under controlled atmospheric conditions, including low levels of airborne particles
and contaminants. Maintaining a vacuum or controlled pressure within these
cleanrooms helps to minimize impurities and maintain the cleanliness required for semiconductor fabrication.
In summary, vacuum technology plays a crucial role in the semiconductor industry, enabling precise and contamination-free processes for the production of microelectronic components. Vacuum-based processes are essential for achieving the high levels of precision and quality required in
semiconductor manufacturing.
DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY
WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS
2. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them
in the text.
wafer elevated oxidation impurity intricate
2. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.
a) Is the word positive, negative or neutral?
b) Is it a noun, adjective, adverb, verb, numeral or preposition?
c) Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one
with an opposite meaning (antonym)?
24
READING COMPREHENSION
r
t
t
3. Answer the following questions:
1. What industry relies heavily on vacuum technology?
2. What does vacuum refer to?
3. What is vacuum essential for?
4. What do such deposition processes as chemical vapour deposition
(CVD) and physical vapour deposition (PVD) involve?
5. What does a vacuum environment ensure?
6. What can we do with the help of the etching processes?
7. Why is ion implantation a critical step in semiconductor manufactur-
ing?
8. What are vacuum robotic arms and wafer handling tools designed
for?
9. What happens during rapid thermal processing (RTP)?
10. What is leak testing?
11. What are high-quality vacuum pumps essential for?
12. How are cleanrooms in the semiconductor industry maintained?
ANALYZE
4. Match the words with their definitions:
1
vapou
undesirable substance commonly or naturally
a
contained in something that lowers the quality or value of a commodity mixture
impurity
2
an unintended escape of a substance or mate-
b
rial from its container or intended location
oxidation
3
the gaseous form of substances that are typi-
c
cally in solid or liquid form at room temperature and atmospheric pressure
4
leak
he process of using strong acid or mordant
d
to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal
surface to create a design in intaglio
(incised) in the metal
e
5
ching
a chemical reaction that involves the shift,
e
or movement, of electrons from one substance into another
25
5. Give the Russian equivalents:
1. to rely heavily on vacuum technology –
2. handling and transferring silicon wafers within the cleanroom envi-
ronment –
3. to transport wafers without contact, ensuring the utmost cleanliness –
4. to be subjected to high temperatures in a controlled environment –
5. precise thermal treatments –
6. to check the hermetic sealing of semiconductor packages –
7. to be crucial for maintaining the integrity and reliability of semicon-
ductor devices –
WORD BUILDING
6. Form nouns adding the suffixes -er, -or to the given verbs. Trans-
late the nouns and verbs into Russian
Example:
to design – a designer (конструировать – конструктор)
to detect – a detector (определять – детектор)
1. to conduct –
2. to operate –
3. to contain –
4. to receive –
5. to read –
6. to produce –
7. to transmit –
8. to invent –
9. to discover –
SPEAKING
7. Find the information dealing with vacuum pumps. Retell this in-
formation to your partner.
8. Which paragraph contains the information directly connected
with the cleanroom environments? Render this information.
9. Speak about vacuum technology and its role in semiconductor in-
dustry.
WRITING
10. Write the outline of the text "Vacuum Technology, the Essential
Process for the Semiconductor Industry". Retell it to your groupmates.
26
GRAMMAR FOCUS
THE PERFECT PASSIVE
Страдательный залог. Cовершенные времена.
Обозначает уже завершенное действие, которое испытывало на себе подлежащее. Т. е. предмет (подлежащее) не сам выполнял действие,
а испытывал на себе действие другого предмета.
Образуется при помощи глагола to have в соответствующей форме
+ been + третья форма глагола.
• The message has been written by my boss.Сообщение уже написа-
но моим
начальником.
На русский язык The Passive Voice может переводиться следующими способами:
1. глаголом совершенного вида с окончанием -ся, -сь (строится,
строилось)
2. глаголом быть + причастие пассивного залога (было построено)
3. глаголом совершенного вида 3-го лица множественного числа
(построили)
Например:
• My house had been built by last year.Мой дом уже построили
к прошлому году.
11. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention
to the predicates in the Perfect Passive.
1. This theory has been used for analyzing the experimental data.
2. In my opinion this result has not been proved by anybody.
3. The apparatus used in our research has been described recently.
4. We must compare our data with those that have been obtained by oth-
er investigators.
5. Many difficulties had been overcome before the researcher succeeded
in his work.
6. After the new device had been tested it was installed in our laboratory.
7. The construction of this television center will have been completed by
the end of the next year.
8. In our country great progress has been achieved in developing all
branches of science and engineering.
9. Many different devices have been created in order to improve the per-
formance of communications.
27
10. The information has been based on the data received from a com-
puter.
11. Much research has been carried out in order to establish the causes
of this phenomenon.
12. This question has already been discussed at the conference.
13. By the end of the year a large variety of semiconductor devices will
have been produced.
14. This equipment had been repaired before you came.
15. This text has just been translated.
SINCE
We use since as a preposition, a conjunction and an adverb to refer to
a time, and as a conjunction to introduce a reason.
Since: time
We use since to refer back to a previous point in time. We use since as
a preposition with a date, a time or a noun phrase:
It was the band’s first live performance since May 1990. (since + date)
I have been happily married for 26 years, since the age of 21. (since +
noun phrase)
We also use since as a conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause:
It’s so long since I saw them. (since + clause)
Lenny had slept most of the way since leaving Texas. (since + clause)
He’s been back to the office a few times since he retired. (since + clause)
Since and tenses
When since introduces an action or event at a point of time in the past,
we can use the past simple or present perfect after since and the present perfect in the main clause:
They haven’t received any junk mail since they moved house.
They haven’t received any junk mail since they’ve moved house.
We can use the past simple, present perfect or past perfect after since
with the expression it + be + time + since:
It’s been years since I rode a bike. (it’s = it has)
It’s been years since I’ve ridden a bike. (it’s = it has)
It’s years since I rode a bike. (it’s = it is)
It’s years since I’ve ridden a bike. (it’s = it is)
It’d been years since I’d ridden a bike. (it’d = it had)
28
It’s been years since … is more common in American English than
It’s years since ….
When since introduces a state in the past that is still continuing in the
present, we use a present perfect form of the verb after since and a present
perfect form of the verb in the main clause:
Since I’ve been back at work, I’ve been feeling great.
Since + -ing
We can use since + -ing form to refer to time when the subject of the
verb is the same in the main clause and the subordinate clause:
Since leaving school, he has had three or four temporary jobs. (Since he
left school, he has …)
Since moving from a Chicago suburb to southern California a few
months ago, I’ve learned how to play a new game called Lanesmanship.
(Since I moved …, I’ve learned …)
Since, since then
We can use since or since then as an adverb of time when the time reference is understood from the context:
His father doesn’t talk to him. They had an argument a couple of years
ago and they haven’t spoken since. (since they had the argument)
They bought the house in 2006 and they’ve done a lot of work on it since
then. (since 2006)
We use ever since as a stronger form of since or since then:
When I was young, I had a little collie dog, but one day he bit me really
badly. I’ve hated dogs ever since.
Since: reason
We use since as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a subordinate
clause. We use it to give a reason for something:
Sean had no reason to take a taxi since his flat was near enough to
walk to.
Since her husband hated holidays so much, she decided to go on her own.
They couldn’t deliver the parcel since no one was there to answer
the door.
Since: typical errors
• We don’t use since with extended periods of time. We use for:
She was waiting for four hours.
Not: She was waiting since four hours.
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• We use since, not from, with a clause referring back to a point in time:
I’ve been swimming since I was three years old.
I’ve been swimming from the age of three.
Not: I’ve been swimming from I was three years old.
• We use since, not once, to introduce a reason:
I think I should have my money back since I didn’t have what was promised in the brochure.
Not: I think I should have my money back once I didn’t have …
• We use since, not ago, after ‘it’s a long time’ when we refer back to
a point in time:
It’s a long time since your last letter.
Not: It’s a long time ago your last letter.
12. Define the functions of the word since in the following sentences.
Translate them into Russian.
1. Color television has been functioning in our country since 1967.
2. Many expeditions have been here since.
3. I've known her since we were children.
4. Since you are here, I may go home.
5. There is no flow of electrons since the electric current is broken.
6. We've lived in three different towns since last year.
7. Since you weren't at the meeting, we took the decision without you.
8. How long is it since you left school?
9. London has been a capital since 1066.
10. Telescopes have been used since their invention.
11. People wished to handle atom since ancient times.
12. It's ages since I saw you last.
13. He left for London and has been living there since.
14. Since your first letter, we haven't heard from you.
15. Since you have not got anything to read, let's talk.
TRANSLATE
13. Translate the passages from Russian into English. Make the
glossary to the passages.
1. Полупроводниковая промышленность – все о технологии
и оборудовании
В течение последних нескольких десятилетий полупроводниковая
промышленность формировала наш мир, способствуя росту почти
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