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Файл:Английский язык для специалистов по радиоэлектронике. Технологии ночного видения. Вакуумные технологии. English for radioelectronics specialists. Nigh
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widely with researchers in allied fields. Graduates are well placing to work
in management, production or research and development in a variety of industries – such as medical devices, diagnostics, genetics, healthcare industry
support, pharmaceutical manufacture, drug discovery, environmental remediation, or agricultural advancement – as well as in nonprofit and academic
research. Many go on to receive advanced degrees in bioengineering or
a related field, or to medical school. Other students find the rigor of bioengineering a useful launching point for careers in business or law.
Bioengineering may encompass many areas; one of its primary functions is to develop better solutions for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease; patient rehabilitation; and to improve health.
16. Answer the following questions:
1. What do you know about modern bioengineering?
2. What does bioengineering study?
3. What are the new inventions in the sphere of bioengineering?
4. What is tissue bioengineering?
5. What areas does bioengineering cover?
17. Mark each statement as T (True), F (False) or N (Not men-
tioned).
1. Bioengineering only focuses on developing new products from bio-
logical systems.
2. There have been several cases when life is saved by replacing dys-
functional body.
3. Modern technologies have given some superpowers to people.
4. Bioengineering is the oldest science, which is divided into many in-
dustries and sectors.
5. According to broad area of research, bioengineering may include elements of the electrical and mechanical engineering, computer science,
chemistry of materials.
6. Now, genetics and cloning are being developed very fast.
18. Translate into English.
1. Нелегко сразу найти правильный русский эквивалент английского слова “bioengineering”.
2. Биоинженерия является сложным и многогранным понятием
и находится в тесной взаимосвязи с другими науками.
51
3. Это наука появилась достаточно недавно, но прочно укрепила
свои позиции и стала частью нашей жизни.
4. Биоинженерия развивается стремительными темпами, принося
людям значительную пользу.
5. Чтобы тебя допустили к работе с этим оборудованием, нужна
специальная подготовка.
6. За биоинженерией будущее медицины и хирургии. От возможно-
сти программирования генетического кода до практически
полного об-
новления организма.
52
y
t
UNIT 4
SATELLITE ELECTRONICS
BEFORE YOU READ
1. What do you know satellite electronics?
VOCABULARY
word translation
to encompass охватывать
1
sophisticated devices сложные устройства
2
celestial bodies небесные тела
3
to withstand the harsh conditions
4
of space
data processing and storage обработка и хранение данных
5
insulation изоляция
6
inaccessibilit
7
to be exposed to intense radiation быть под воздействием активной
8
to pose significant challenges создать серьезные проблемы
9
autonomous decision-making
10
and da
READING
Read the text and translate it.
a processing
недоступность
выдерживать суровые космические условия
радиации
автономное принятие решений
и обработка данных
53
Satellite Electronics
Satellite electronics constitute a specialized field within electronics engineering, focusing on the design and development of electronic systems
used in satellites. These systems are important for a satellite’s operation,
encompassing communication, power supply, data processing, and control
systems.
Overview of Satellite Electronics
Satellites are sophisticated devices that orbit the Earth or other celestial
bodies. They are equipped with electronic systems that perform a range of
functions, from gathering scientific data to enabling global communication
networks. Satellite electronics are designed to withstand the harsh conditions of space, including extreme temperatures, radiation, and vacuum.
Key Components of Satellite Electronics
• Power Systems: These include solar panels and batteries. Solar panels
collect solar energy and convert it into electrical power, while batteries store
this power for use during periods when the satellite is not in direct sunlight.
• Communication Systems: Essential for data transmission, these sys-
tems comprise transponders, antennas, and receivers. They enable the satellite to send and receive signals to and from Earth.
• Onboard Processors and Memory: These components handle data
processing and storage. They must be robust and capable of operating in the
space environment without failure.
• Attitude and Orbital Control Systems (AOCS): These systems control the orientation and trajectory of the satellite, using sensors and thrusters
to ensure it remains in the correct orbit and orientation.
• Thermal Control Systems: They maintain the temperature of the sat-
ellite’s components within operational limits, using insulation, heat pipes,
and radiators.
Design Principles in Satellite Electronics
The design of satellite electronics is guided by several principles:
• Reliability: Given the inaccessibility of satellites for repairs, reliability
is paramount. Components are rigorously tested and often redundant.
• Miniaturization: To reduce launch costs, components must be as
small and light as possible.
• Radiation Hardening: Electronics in space are exposed to intense radiation, requiring special design techniques to prevent damage.
54
• Thermal Management: Electronics must be designed to operate efficiently across a wide range of temperatures.
Challenges in Satellite Electronics
Several challenges confront designers of satellite electronics:
• Harsh Space Environment: The vacuum, extreme temperatures and
radiation in space pose significant challenges.
• Limited Power Supply: Managing power efficiently is vital, as resources are limited in space.
• Communication Latency and Bandwidth: Ensuring reliable and
high-speed communication over vast distances is complex.
• Size and Weight Constraints: Reducing size and weight while maintaining functionality is a continuous challenge.
Recent Advancements and Future Trends
Technological advancements have significantly impacted satellite elec-
tronics:
• Nanosatellites and CubeSats: These miniaturized satellites have
opened up new possibilities in space exploration and technology.
• Advanced Materials: New materials offer better radiation resistance
and efficiency.
• Improved Power Systems: Developments in battery technology and
more efficient solar cells have enhanced power management.
• AI and Machine Learning: Incorporating AI into satellite systems
enables autonomous decision-making and data processing.
Summary
Satellite electronics are a testament to human ingenuity and technological advancement. As we continue to explore and utilize space, the field of
satellite electronics will undoubtedly evolve, presenting new challenges and
opportunities.
DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL VOCABULARY
WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS
2. The following words in the box are all from the text above. Find them
in the text.
bandwidth resistance latency rigorously utilize
55
2. For each word, read the sentence it occurs in and answer the questions.
12. Is the word positive, negative or neutral?
13. Is it a noun, adjective, adverb, verb, numeral or preposition?
14. Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one
with an opposite meaning (antonym)?
READING COMPREHENSION
3. Answer the following questions:
1. What does satellite electronics focus on?
2. What are satellites?
3. What are satellites equipped with?
4. Can you enumerate the key components of satellite electronics?
5. What do power systems include?
6. What are communication systems essential for?
7. Which components handle data processing and storage?
8. What do attitude and orbital control systems (AOCS) use sensors and
thrusters for?
9. What are the main design principles in satellite electronics?
10. Which technological advancements have significantly impacted sat-
ellite electronics?
ANALYZE
4. Give the Russian equivalents:
1. to constitute a specialized field –
2. to perform a range of functions –
3. gathering scientific data –
4. to withstand the harsh conditions of space, including extreme temper-
atures, radiation, and vacuum –
5. to collect solar energy and convert it into electrical power –
6. to require special design techniques to prevent damage –
7. to ensure reliable and high-speed communication over vast distances –
8. to reduce size and weight while maintaining functionality –
9. to offer better radiation resistance and efficiency –
10. to have enhanced power management –
56
WORD BUILDING
)
g
5. Form nouns adding the suffix - ity to the given verbs and adjec-
tives and translate them.
Example:
stable – устойчивый
stability – устойчивость
1.real –
2.active –
3.able –
4.complex –
5.dense –
6.electric –
7.intense –
8.conductive –
9.capable –
10.special –
11.flexible –
GRAMMAR FOCUS
Non-Finite Forms
The Participles
English verbs have two participles: the present participle
(typing, writing) and the past
participle (typed, written).
Participles have some qualities of verbs and are used in the
formation of the continuous,
perfect and perfect continuous
tenses (he is typing;
he has written a letter
.
Participles have some qualities of adjectives and are used as
attributes in a sentence (a smiling
irl; surprised faces).
Английские глаголы имеют два
причастия: причастие настоящего времени (typing, writing) и причастие
прошедшего времени (typed, written).
Причастия имеют некоторые свойства глаголов и используются
в образовании продолженных, перфектных и перфектных продолженных
времён (он печатает; он написал письмо).
Причастия имеют некоторые свойства прилагательных и употребляются
как определения в предложении (улыбающаяся девочка; удивлённые лица).
57
Participles are also used in
y)
p
p
p
the function of adverbial modifiers (he opened the door, smiling; surprised, he didn't know
what to sa
.
Причастия также употребляются
в функции обстоятельств (он открыл
дверь, улыбаясь; удивлённый, он не
знал, что сказать).
English participles are translated into Russian with the help
of verbs, adjectives, participles,
adverbial participles. Russian
adverbial participle has no corresponding form in English.
Formation of Partici
Present Partici
les Образование причастий
le Причастие настоящего времени
The present participle is
formed by adding "ing" to the
base form of the verb: flying,
playing, running, sleeping,
working.
The present participle expresses active meaning: doing,
flying, playing, reading.
Past Partici
le Причастие прошедшего времени
Regular verbs form the past
participle by adding "ed" to the
base form of the verb: moved,
played, stopped, typed.
Английские причастия переводятся
на русский язык с помощью глаголов,
прилагательных, причастий, деепричастий. Русское деепричастие не имеет
соответствующей ему формы в английском языке.
Причастие настоящего времени
образуется прибавлением "ing" к базовой форме глагола: flying, playing,
running, sleeping, working.
Причастие настоящего времени
выражает активное значение: делающий, летящий, играющий, читающий.
Правильные глаголы образуют
причастие прошедшего времени прибавлением "ed" к базовой форме глагола: moved, played, stopped, typed.
Irregular verbs form the past
participle mostly by changing
the root of the word: broken,
flown, read, sold, taken, written.
Неправильные глаголы образуют
причастие прошедшего времени в основном изменением корня слова:
broken, flown, read, sold, taken, written.
58
The Present Partici
p
p
ф
p
t
p
p
le Причастие настоящего времени
The present participle (of the
main verb) is used in the formation of the continuous and
erfect continuous tenses.
Continuous tenses: He is
working now. She will be writing letters at four o'clock.
Perfect continuous tenses:
He has been working since early
morning. By six o'clock, she will
have been writing letters for
three hours.
Past Partici
The past participle (of
le Причастие прошедшего времени
he
main verb) is used in the formation of the perfect tenses in
the active voice and of all of the
tenses in the passive voice.
Examples:
Perfect tenses: She had
typed two reports by ten o'clock
yesterday. She will have typed
the next report by six o'clock.
Причастие настоящего времени
(основного глагола) используется
в образовании продолженных и пер-
ектных продолженных времён.
Продолженные времена: Он работает сейчас. Она будет писать письма
в четыре часа.
Перфектные продолженные времена: Он уже работает с раннего утра.
К шести часам она будет писать письма уже в течение трёх часов.
Причастие прошедшего времени
(основного глагола) используется
в образовании перфектных времён
в активном залоге и всех времён в пассивном залоге. Примеры:
Перфектные времена: Она напечатала два доклада к десяти часам вчера.
Она уже напечатает следующий доклад к шести часам.
Tenses in the passive: Five
reports were typed last week.
Two reports had been typed by
ten o'clock yesterday. This re-
ort will be typed tomorrow.
Forms of Partici
les Формы причастий
Participles have simple and
compound forms. Simple forms
Времена в пассиве: Пять докладов
были напечатаны на прошлой неделе.
Два доклада были напечатаны к десяти
часам вчера. Этот доклад будет напечатан завтра.
Причастия имеют простые и сложные формы. Простые формы состоят
59
consist of only one word, i.e.,
p
p
фор
b
р
the participle itself: doing, done.
The form "doing" is simple active; the form "done" is simple
assive.
только из одного слова, т.е. самого
причастия: doing, done. Форма "doing"
(делающий) – простая активная; форма
"done" (сделанный) – простая пассив-
ная.
Compound (analytical)
forms are formed with the help
of the auxiliary verbs "be" and
"have": having done; being
done; having been done. The
form "having done" is perfect
active; the form "being done" is
passive; the form "having been
done" is perfect passive.
Examples of simple and
ound forms
com
The student is reading a
Сложные (аналитические) формы
образуются с помощью вспомогательных глаголов "be" и "have": having
done; being done; having been done.
Форма "having done" (сделавший) –
перфектная активная; форма "being
done" (делаемый) – пассивная; форма
"having been done" (уже сделанный) –
перфектная пассивная.
Примеры простых и сложных
м
Студент читает книгу.
ook.
The books read by him last
week included several novels.
Having been translated into
several languages, this story is
well known in many countries.
Книги, прочитанные им на прошлой неделе, включали в себя несколько
оманов.
Будучи переведённой на несколько
языков, эта повесть хорошо известна
во многих странах.
Participle after noun Причастие после существитель-
ного
Participles are often placed
after the nouns that they modify:
the problems remaining; the
people involved; the questions
discussed
The questions discussed
were quite important. –
Причастия часто ставятся после
определяемых существительных:
остающиеся проблемы; люди, причастные к этому; обсуждавшиеся вопросы
Обсуждавшиеся вопросы были
весьма важными. – Вопросы, обсуж-
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