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71
drummed in used sawdust (50 % of the mass of skins), shaken, stretched, and
dried in a chamber for 8 hours. Finally, the skins are cleaned.
Dry cleaning starts with skin washing in perchlorethylene (or trichlor-
ethylene) – 1.0–1.5 dm3 of solvent per 1 skin. Duration of washing is 1.5–
3.0 minutes. Then the skins are sammed and dried at 35 ºС for 1.0–1.5 hours
and aired. Then, the skins are drummed for 1 hour in sawdust (100 % of
the mass of skins), water (10 % of the mass of skins), and Wetter HAC (100–
200 cm3/dm3). After drumming, the skins are shaken, straightened to
the width. Then, heating is carried out for 1 hour in combination with starching (20 % of the mass of the skins).
Then, the skins are straightened to the width, slicked, straightened to
the width, stretched to the length, turned, and drummed.
Drumming is carried out for 8 hours in a drum with dry clean sawdust
(100 %) in the presence of Drumming Solvent 14 (1.0–1.5 dm3 per 30 kg of
sawdust). After 4–6 hours, the temperature in the drum should be 35–40 ºС.
Then an emulsion is added to drum, the composition of which is 1 dm3 of
water and 0.25 cm3 of Glo-Mor per 30 kg of sawdust. After a two-hour rotation, the operation of skin shaking is carried out for 30 minutes. Then. They
are turned out, straightened to the width, bluffed, stretched to the length,
turned out, and hot-pressed.
If a semi-finished product is produced in its natural form, it is sorted,
labeled and delivered to the warehouse. For dyed mink skins, the semi-finished product is first treated with tanning agents to increase its shrinkage.
Oxidation dyeing of mink skins (black color). The float rate of the solutions is 12.
First, the skins are retanned at 35 ºС for 16–18 hours. Bath composition
is: sodium chloride (40.0 g/dm3); Wetter HAC (0.5 g/dm3). The skins are
loaded into the bath. Then, Tan EZN is added to the bath in the amount of
5.0 g/dm3. The skins turn the fur outward.
Then, the process of neutralization is carried out at 32 ºС for 2 hours.
Reagents of the process are: sodium chloride (30.0 g/dm3); Wetter HAC
(1.0 g/dm3); sodium carbonate (2.0 g/dm3); 25 % ammonia (2.0 g/dm3).
Next, the skins are washed and sammed in a centrifuge.
The etching process takes 16–18 hours at 32 ºС. The composition of
the bath is: sodium chloride (20.0 g/dm3); PM-10 (2.0 g/dm3); chrompeak
(3.0 g/dm3). After 2 hours, the pH is controlled. It should be 5. If necessary,
the pH is adjusted with formic acid to the required value. Further, the skins
are sammed in a centrifuge and sent to the stage of dyeing.
72
Dyeing is carried out at 34 ºС for 6 hours. The composition of the bath,
is: sodium chloride (20.0 g/dm
JB (4.0 g/dm
3
); Rodol Black LB (4.0 g/dm3). The skins are loaded into
the bath. Then, Bleach Assist MB is dosed in the amount of 1.0 g/dm
15 minutes, 35 % hydrogen peroxide (3.0 g/dm
the second portion of hydrogen peroxide (3.0 g/dm
3
); 25 % ammonia (0.5 g/dm3); Rodol Black
3
3
) is added. After 1 hour,
3
) is added to the bath.
. After
At the end of dyeing, the semi-finished product is thoroughly washed twice,
turned inside and washed again. Then, the process of greasing is carried out
at 32 ºС for 3 hours. The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride
(30.0 g/dm
3
); Tanning Oil G (3.0. g/dm3).
Then, the skins are sammed in a centrifuge, dried, drummed, sorted, la-
beled and delivered to the warehouse.
Pulkra (Boehme) has developed the technology for processing mink
skins (male). The float rate of all solutions is 15.
First, the skins are soaked at 25 ºС for 16–18 hours.Solution reagents
are: sodium chloride (10.0 g/dm
(1.0 g/dm
3
).
3
); Atezan LPV (1.5 g/dm3); Foryl PC / EDS
After soaking, the skins are sammed, turned inside, and cut. Greasy
skins should be scrubbed with special scissors. Then, the process of drumming is carried out in 100 kg of wet sawdust, 3.0 dm
3
of Foryla PC for
600 male skins.
After drumming, the operations of shaking, washing and degreasing are
carried out. Degreasing lasts 1–3 hours at 30 ºС in Foryla PK (2.0 g/dm
sodium carbonate (0.5 g/dm
3
).
3
) and
Next, the skins are sammed in a centrifuge. Then, they are sent to
the stage of pickling. Pickling is carried out at 30 ºС for 16–18 hours.
The first reagent in the pickling solution is sodium chloride (40.0 g/dm
After 10 minutes, 85 % formic acid (5.0 g/dm
glycolic acid (5.0 g/dm
3
) is added . After 30 minutes, Pellan GLS (3.0 g/dm3)
is adde. After 1 hour, Tannit AGS (2.0 g/dm
3
) is dosed. After 30 minutes,
3
, pH 2.8) is dosed.
3
).
After pickling. The skins are ageing for 12 hours. The skins are tanned
at 35 ºС for 16–18 hours. The composition of the bath is sodium chloride
(40.0 g/dm
added to the bath. After 30 minutes, Tannit AGS is added (4.0 g/dm
1 hour, the second portion of Tannit AGS (4.0 g/dm
sodium bicarbonate (0.5 g/dm
added (3.0 g/dm
3
). After 10 minutes, 85 % formic acid (0.5 g/dm3, pH 3.2–3.3) is
3
3
3
). The pH at the end of tanning is 3.6–3.8.
) is dosed. After 30 minutes, Pellan GLS is
) is added. After 2 hours,
3
). After
Next, the skins are sammed in a centrifuge, drummed in used dry sawdust, shaken, pulled in length and width and sent to the stage of greasing in
73
a drum. The skins are greased using fat (Valkatan P2 or Valkatan FVF –
about 60 g per skin). It is preheated to 35–42 ºС and slowly added to a rotating drum with skins. The process is carried out for 30 minutes.
After greasing in a drum, the skins are sent to the stage of greasing in
a cam crush. Then, the skins are drummed in old dry sawdust, shaken,
stretched and greased again in a drum using the same fats (the concentration
is 4 times less). The process takes 20 minutes.
Then, the process of greasing is repeated in a cam crusher. After that,
the skins are drummed in used sawdust, shaken, stretched in length and degreased again. Degreasing is carried out for 2–4 minutes in the presence of
3
2 dm
of perchlorethylene or methylene chloride per 1 kg of semi-finished
product weight.
Next, the skins are dried for 1 hour and stretched in length and width.
Then, the process of wet drumming is carried out (100 kg of used sawdust,
3
12 dm
of water). After that, the skins are milled in corn flour and stretched in
width. Then, the front legs are cut and the skins are sent to the stages of stretching and drumming. Drumming is carried out for 2 hours (3 dm
3
of Kutafix LGF
per 100 kg of dry sawdust). After that, the skinsa are shaken, stretched in
length, and degreased. The process of degreasing is carried out in the presence
of perchlorethylene or methylene chloride with the addition of 4–7 cm
Macrol SEC and 0.5 cm
After drying, the first dry drumming of the fur is carried out for 4 hours.
The skins are dried in sawdust (1.5–2.5 dm
3
of Additive PFL per 1 dm3 of a solvent.
3
of Kutafix LGF per 100 kg of
3
of
sawdust). Duration of processing is 4 hours.
Then, the skins are shaken and sent to the stage of the second dry drum-
ming. It is conducted for drying leather. The reagents are: Kutafix LGF (1.0–
3
1.5 dm
) and Softymol CPH (1 dm3) per 100 kg of dry sawdust. Duration of
processing is 4–6 hours.
After shaking and stretching, damaged skins are sewn and sent for
cleaning, dust removal and hot-pressing. Hot-pressing is carried out in
the presence of 860 cm
L6, 25 cm
3
of Glanzlyuster S, and 45 cm3 of alcohol. Hot-pressing is carried
3
of water, 50 cm3 of Kutafix RL, 30 cm3 of Softymol
out once at 100–120 ºС.
Then, the skins are sorted, delivered to the warehouse. If mink skins are
dyed, after aluminum tanning, cutting and degreasing in dry cleaning, they
are sent for retanning.
Oxidation dyeing of mink skins. Retanning is carried out at 32 ºС for
16–18 hours in the presence of sodium chloride – 40.0 g/dm
conc. – 0.5 g/dm
3
); 85 % formic acid (0.5 g/dm3); a chrome tanning agent
3
), Foryla PK
(2.0 g/dm3); formalin (6.0 g/dm3). 1.5 hours after loading the skins, sodium
carbonate is added to the solution (1.0 g/dm
3
, pH 3.7–3.8).
Then, the skins are sammed in a centrifuge and sent to the stage of killing at 30 ºС for 2 hours. The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride
(20.0 g/dm
Softymol A (2.0 g/dm
tralized at 25 ºС for 1 hour in the solution of 85 % formic acid (0.3 g/dm
3
); sodium carbonate (2.0 g/dm3); 25 % ammonia (4.0 g/dm3);
3
). After samming in a centrifuge, the skins are neu-
3
).
Next, the skins are sammed again.
Etching is carried out at 35 ºС for 16–18 hours. The composition of
the bath is: sodium chloride (20.0 g/dm
Softymol A (3.0 g/dm
chromopik (2.0 g/dm
3
). The skins are loaded into the bath. After 1 hour,
3
) is added to the solution. Further, the skins are
3
); 65 % acetic acid (0.5 g/dm3);
sammed in a centrifuge and dyed for 6 hours.
A dissolved colorant of the Dorapel Fast series of the required concentration is dosed into water at 32 ºС. Next, 25 % ammonia is added into
the bath (1.0 g/dm
drogen peroxide (3.0 g/dm
ter 1 hour, hydrogen peroxide is dosed again in the amount of 3.0 g/dm
3
), then Kutafix A (3.0 g/dm3) is added. Then, 35 % hy-
3
) is added. The skins are loaded into the bath. Af-
3
.
At the end of dyeing, the skins are washed, sammed in a centrifuge and
sent to the stage of greasing. To grease the skins, salt and fats are used: sodium chloride (20.0 g/dm
3
); Pellan GLS (2.0 g/dm3); Pellan FSN (4.0 g/dm3).
The process of greasing is carried out at 35 ºС for 2 hours.
Next, the skins are sammed out in a centrifuge and dried. After that,
the process of wet drumming is carried out for 2 hours (2.0 dm
3
of Kutafix
A is used for 100 kg of wet sawdust). Then, the skins are shaken, turned out,
stacked, and sent to the stage of first dry drumming. Drumming is carried out
using 2.0 dm
After shaking, the second dry drumming is carried out for 3–6 hours
with the addition of Kutafix LGF (1.5 dm
1.5 dm
are repaired and hot-pressed. Hot-pressing is carried out in the presence of
860 cm
Glanzlyuster S, and 50 cm
3
of Kutafix LGF per 100 kg of sawdust. It takes 2–3 hours.
3
3
). After shaking, the skins are stretched dedusted. The damaged skins
3
of water, 40 cm3 of Kutafix RL, 30 cm3 of Softymol L6, 20 cm3 of
3
of alcohol. Hot-pressing is onducted twice at
) and Softymol TsVH (1.0–
100–120 ºС.
After that, the skins are sent to the final stages of processing and deliv-
ered to the warehouse.
74
75
1.4.4. Marten skins
The common marten is found in the forests and forest-steppe zones of
the European part of Russia, the Trans-Urals and the Caucasus. The highland
marten is found in Ukraine, the Caucasus, the mountains of Central Asia, and
Altai.
Martens differ from sables by a longer tail and clear outlines of
the throat spot.
Preliminary processing. The skins of the marten should be removed in
the form of tube cutting along the rump and saving the fur of the head (with
a nose and ears), paws (with claws), and a tail. The skins are straightened in
length with the hair outward. They are preserved by the fresh-dry method.
According to GOST 11231-77 marten skins are divided into strains,
grades (I–III) and groups of defects.
Batching. Marten skins are batched according to types, strains, softness
groups, colors, grades and groups of defects.
Application. The marten skins are used to manufacture various women's fur products: stoles, gorgets, collars, capes, hats. Skins are also used to
decorate outer clothing.
The marten skins are not cut, plucked or dyed. Only light skins may be
darkening. The weight of the skin as raw materials is 100 g.
Sorting. The skins of martens are sorted according to GOST 11616-79.
They are divided according to softness groups, fur color, grades and groups
of defects. Depending on the fur quality, the skins are subdivided into three
grades.
The skins of martens may have such defects as holes, tears, fuse, thinning of the fur, etc. Depending on the defects, the skins are divided into four
groups.
Marking. A four-digit number is applied on a skin: first number – grades;
second number – group of defects; third number – group of softness; fourth
number – fur color. To indicate the fur color, 1 is used for dark blue, 2 – for
blue, 3 – for dark and sand, and 4 – for sand.
The processing technology for marten skins is similar to the processing
technology for mink skins.
76
1.4.5. Arctic fox skins
Arctic fox is a polar animal. It is found in the tundra of Eurasia and
North America, as well as on the islands of the Arctic and northern Pacific
oceans. Depending on the gender, the body length of arctic foxes ranges from
60 to 70 cm or more. Females are smaller than males. In nature, the most
common color of the fur is white. In winter, it has white pubescence, in summer, it is dark. The blue arctic fox is sometimes found. It does not change
the color according to the season. Although in winter it has lighter colors
than in summer. In summer, the white arctic fox has a brownish-gray, bluishgray, brownish or coffee color on the ridge, yellowish on the womb. It is
snow-white in winter. The length of the skin is from 60 to 90 cm, the tail is
from 25 to 30 cm. The fur of the blue fox in winter and summer is coffeecolored, and the down is blue. Three subspecies of Arctic fox are found in
our country: common, Svalbard, and Commander.
The arctic fox skins differ from the fox skins in the fur color (the fox fur
is white, gray or brown). Their fur is thicker, softer and silkier. However, it
has shorter tail.
Preliminary processing. The skins of the Arctic fox are removed in
the form of tube saving the fur of the head (with a nose and ears), paws (with
claws) and a tail; The skins are preserved by thea fresh-dry method.
The white fox skins are sorted into four grades in accordance with
GOST 7747-80. They are also subdivided according to strains and groups of
defects. The animal age and its seasonal variability can influenсe the quality
of the skin surface.
Among other types of animals, the Arctic fox ranks second in number
after the mink. The skins of blue and white foxes are in great demand and
occupy one of the leading places in fur procurement.
There are several breeds of blue fox: silver, veil, platinum and pearl.
The silvery arctic fox has down from dark blue to light blue. In the guard
hair, the light zone extending from the base of the hair ends above the border
of the tops of the downy hairs. This looks like the silvery hair with a white
ring. Soma part of the hair is completely pigmented. The number of such
hairs can range from 3 to 100 % in the so-called dull polar foxes. The veil
arctic fox, in comparison with the silver fox, has denser fur with a large proportion of guard hairs of considerable thickness.
Blue fox skins are sorted according to GOST 7907-78. They are subdivided according to:
77
• colors (1, 2, 3);
• sizes (the first size: > 80 cm of the length, 12.5 cm of the width;
the second size: 50–79 cof the length, >12.5 cm of the width cm);
• by grades (I, II);
• groups of defects.
The color is determined by the general tone of the fur and the color of
the down hair. Depending on the quality of the fur and skin, Arctic fox skins
are divided into two grades.
Various defects are found on the skins: tears, seams, holes, wiped spots,
bloody hair, broken awn, bald patches, felted down, drafts, wiped spots, etc.
Depending on the defects, the skins are divided into four groups. Some skins
with a large number of defects may be sorted as non-standard.
Batching. Arctic fox skins are batched according to strains, grades and
groups of defects. Skins with yellow fur are assembled in separate batches.
Application. The skins of the white and blue foxes are used to manufacture gorgets, stoles, capes, collars, hats. They are also used to decorate
women's clothing. Women's coats are made from the paws of the Arctic fox.
Their tails are used to make collars and hats.
The skins of the Arctic fox are removed in the form tube, saving all
topographic areas. The skins of the blue fox are not cut. The area of the skin
is determined from the skin side by multiplying the length, measured from
the middle of the eye to the base of the tail, by twice the width, measured in
the middle of the length of the skin. The measurement is carried out by
a metal ruler with a scale of 1 mm.
Sorting. According to GOST 7179-70 the skins of white and blue foxes
are sorted by:
– the fur quality (splendor and silkiness): the skins of the white fox are
divided into three groups (instead of strains in raw materials);
– the fur color: the skins of the blue fox are divided into three colo
rs,
the skins of the white fox are divided into two colors;
– the grades: the undyed skins of the blue fox are subdivided into tw
grades, the undyed skins of the white fox are subdivided into four grades;
– the groups of defects: the skins of the white and blue fox are subdivided into 4 groups of defects.
The skins of white and blue foxes with defects exceeding their established size of the fourth group, and the skins of the blue fox with a beaten
guide, guard, and down hair; lifeless, dull, thinned fur, as well as the skins of
o
78
cubs with puffy fur should have a price no more than 25 % of the price of
I grade skins of the first group of defects and the second color.
The skins of blue foxes with a rusty or yellow color, shouls cost no more
than 25 % of the price of I grade skins of the first group of defects and
the second color.
Marking. Three rows of abbreviations are applied on the skin surface
in the following order:
• the first row denotes the quality group (for the white fox) and the color
group;
• the second row indicates (for the blue fox) the grade;
• the third row characterizes the group of defects and the skin area
.
The GOST number and retail price are applied on the surface of commercial skins. It is required to apply only the trademark on the surface of
export skins.
Arctic fox skin processing technology. Russian Research Institute of
Fur Industry has developed the technology for processing skins of the Arctic
fox and the silver-black fox. The float rate of the technological processes
is 25.
First, the skins are soaked at 25 ºС for 4 hours in the solution of: sodium
chloride (20.0 g/dm
(0.5 g/dm
3
). Then, the skins are turned inside out on the skin, the legs are
ripped, fleshed. Next, the skins are at 38 ºС for 1 hour. The composition of
the bath is: Tetramol (2.0 g/dm
3
); Effect M (0.5 g/dm3); Gamma 1 (1.0 g/dm3); Drug FH
3
); Effect M (0.5 g/dm3).
Then, the skins are cleaned and pickled. Pickling is carried out at 35 ºС
for 12–14 hours. The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride
(50.0 g/dm
3
); Gamma 2 (0.5 g/dm3). After 1 hour, formic acid (5.0 g/dm3) is
dosed.
The skins are sent for tanning and greasing at 35 ºС for 10–12 hours.
The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride (50.0 g/dm
(0.5 g/dm
inol (5.0 g/dm
3
). After 1 hour, a chrome tanning agent (3.0 g/dm3) and Mex-
3
) are added. After tanning, the skins are ageing for 24 hours.
3
); Gamma 3
Further processing is carried out according to the standard technology before
the drumming process.
The first drumming is carried out for 2–3 hours in sawdust (0.6–0.8 kg
per skin) using Gamma 7 (30 cm
and turned inside out. Then, the heads are moistened using Gamma 6
(300 g/dm
3
). Further, the second druming is carried out for 2–3 hours in saw-
dust (0.6–0.8 kg per skin) using Gamma 6 (20 cm
3
per skin). After that, the skins are shaken
3
per skin). Further pro-
cessing is carried out according to the standard technology.
79
Pulkra (Boehme) has developed the technology for processing blue and
silver foxes. The float rate of the technological solutions is 20.
First, the skins are cut and sent to the soaking process conducting at
25 ºС for 16–18 hours. The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride
(10.0 g/dm
(0.5 g/dm
3
); Atezan LPV (0.6 g/dm3); Foryl PC / EDS (0.6 g/dm3); formalin
3
, dosed in three stages with an interval of 20 minutes).
Then, the skins are sammed in a centrifuge. Next, their front legs are
cut, the ear cartilage is pulled out. After that, the skins are washed and degreased at 30 °C for 30–90 minutes. The composition of the bath is: sodium
chloride (10.0 g/dm
4.0 g/dm
3
).
Pickling is carried out at 35 ºС for 16–18 hours. The main reagent for
pickling is sodium chloride (60.0 g/dm
(8.0 g/dm
3
) is added. After 30 minutes, a dye like Brightening is added. After
another 30 minutes, Pellan GLS (3.0 g/dm
nit AGS (3.0 g/dm
3
); Foryl PC / EDS (1.0 g/dm3); Coratil BLB (2.0–
3
). After 30 minutes, 85 % formic acid
3
3
) is added. The solution pH is 2.8. After pickling,
) is added. After 30 minutes, Tan-
the skins are ageing for 12 hours.
The tanning process takes place at 35 ºС for 16–18 hours. The first reagent of the working solution is sodium chloride (40.0 g/dm
15 minutes, formic acid (0.5 g/dm
(7.0 g/dm
After 60 minutes, Pellan GLS (3.0 g/dm
bicarbonate (0.5 g/dm
3
) is added. After 30 minutes, Tannit HCS is added to the solution.
3
, pH 3.6) is added into the bath.
3
) is dosed. After 30 minutes, Tannit AGS
3
) is added. After 60 minutes,sodium
3
). After
After samming in a centrifuge, the skins are straightened (правят) using
a cutting disk and greased with Pellan FSN mixed in water in a ratio of 1:2.
Emulsion temperature is 35 ºС.
Futher processing is carried out according to the standard technology.
Boehme offers a process scheme for acid dyeing of Arctic fox and fox
skins.
After aluminum tanning, the skins are sent for retanning. The float rate
of working solutions is 25.
Retanning is carried out at 35 ºС for 16–18 hours. The composition of
the bath inckudes sodium chloride (40.0 g/dm
Foryl PC / EDS (0.5 g/dm
30 minutes, Pellan GLH (3.0 g/dm
is dosed (0.5 g/dm
(2.0 g/dm
3
). After 90 minutes, a chrome tanning agent (6.0 g/dm3, 33 % ba-
3
, up to pH 3.5). Then, 30 % formalin is added to the bath
3
) and Pellan GLS (2.0 g/dm3) are added. After
3
) is dosed. After 10 minutes, formic acid
3
). After 30 minutes, fats of
sicity) is added. After 180 minutes, the second portion of a chrome tanning
80
agent (6.0 g/dm3) is added. After 90 minutes, sodium bicarbonate is added in
three portions (1.5 g/dm
3
, pH 3.8).
Next, the operations of samming and neutralization are carried out. Neutralization is carried out at 30 ºС for 2 hours. The composition of the bath is:
Foryl PC / EDS (0.5 g/dm
sodium carbonate (2.0 g/dm
3
); Kutafix A (2.0 g/dm3); ammonia (2.0 g/dm3);
3
, pH 8.5).
After that, the skins are washed and sammed in a centrifuge. Then,
the semi-finished products are sent to the stage of acid dyeing at 65 ºС for
2.5–3.0 hours. The main reagent is Doregal PEV (1.0 g/dm
15 minutes, Dorapel C dyes are dosed. After 30 minutes Sirial OFB
(5.0 g/dm
After 30 minutes, formic acid is added in two doses with an interval of
30 minutes at 1 g/dm
sent to the stage of dry rolling (2.0 dm
3
) is added. After 30 minutes, 65 % acetic acid (0.5 g/dm3) is dosed.
3
. Its pH is 3.8.
The skins are sammed in a centrifuge, stretched in length, dried, and
3
of Kutafix LGF and 1.0 dm3 of
3
, pH 5.0). After
Softymol CPH per 100 kg of sawdust). The process takes 4 hours. After rolling, the skins are shaken, stacked, stretched, combed, dedusted, and hotpressed. Hot-pressing is carried out in the presence of 860 cm
3
45 cm
of Kutafix RL, 30 cm3 of Softymol L6, 20 cm3 of Glanzlyuster S, and
3
45 cm
of alcohol. The operation of hot-pressing is carried out once at 100–
3
of water,
120 ºС. Finally, the semi-finished products are sent to the stage of final finishing and delivered to the warehouse.
Lowenstein has developed the technology for producing a shaded silver-black fox. The float rate of the technological solutions is 25.
Firstly, the skins are soaked at 30 °C for 16–18 hours. Bath composition
is: sodium chloride (30.0 g/dm
(2.0 g/dm
3
).
3
); Wetter HAC (1.0 g/dm3); LP-12-B
Next, the skins are sammed in a centrifuge, straightend in width. Then,
their heads, legs, tails are fleshed. Then, the skins are scotched and sent
to the stage of pickling. The process of pickling lasts 16–18 hours at 35 °C.
Bath composition is: sodium chloride (50.0 g/dm
LP-12-B (2.0 g/dm
(2.0 g/dm
3
). After 3 hours, Super Lotan A (3.0 g/dm3) is dosed.
3
); Brushing Raccoon Extra (0.5 g/dm3); lactic acid
3
); Wetter HAC (1.0 g/dm3);
At the end of pickling, the skins are sammed and sent to the stage of
tanning, which is carried out at 36 ° C for 16-18 hours. Tanning reagents are:
sodium chloride (50.0 g/dm
ener ND (1.0 g/dm
3
); Liquid Brightener C (1.0 g/dm3); Silver Toner B or
Silver Toner BV-2A or Silver Toner R or their combinations (0.5–1.5 g/dm
40 % formalin (2.0 g/dm
3
); aluminum alum (60.0 g/dm3); Liquid Bright-
3
). The skins are loaded into the bath. After
3
);
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