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31
carried out 5 times. Skins of light colors are processed at 160–180 ºС, skins
of dark colors are processed at 200 ºС. After that, the semi-finished product
is sheared. Then the area is measured. Finally, it is dried and, if necessary,
sheared again.
Lowenstein has developed the special technology for processing wool
sheepskins. All processes before pickling are carried out at a float rate of 10.
Here we present the technology for processing fresh-dried or dry-salted
raw materials. The first soaking is carried out at 22–25 ºС using 1 cm
3
/dm3
of Wetter HAC. Then, the skins are cleaned water for 20 minutes and soaked
again at a temperature of 25 ºС. The second soaking takes 14–16 hours.
The bath composition contains: sodium chloride (20.0 g/dm
(1.0 g/dm
3
). Then, the solution is drained out and the skins are sammed in
3
); Wetter HAC
a centrifuge, sheaved and fleshed.
After that, the skins go to the stahes of washing and degreasing (temperature – 40 ºС, duration – 1 hour). Bath composition is: Solvo B
(2.0 g/dm
3
); De-Sol-A (1.5 g/dm3); sodium bicarbonate (0.5 g/dm3). The centrifuge is operated for 10 minutes. Then, it stops for 20 minutes. Then, it
rotates for 5 minutes. It stops again for 20 minutes and, after that, it rotates
for 5 minutes. After hair samming under the flow of water (a fleshing machine with blunt knives is used), the operations of washing and degreasing
are repeated. The process parameters and composition are the same as for
the first operations of washing and degreasing. The only difference is in
the concentration of the De-Sol-A reagent (2.0 g/dm
3
).
Then, the skins are washed and sent to the process of pickling at a float
rate of 7 and at a temperature of 30 ºС for 16-18 hours. Bath composition is:
sodium chloride (50.0 g/dm
(5.0 g/dm
3
); Wetter HAC (0.5 g/dm3). At the end of the process, the skins are
3
); Super Lotan A (2.0 g/dm3); formic acid
tested for nickel content with a bromcresol green indicator. The cut of a sample should have a yellow coloration in its neck part. Then, the skins are ageing for 1–2 days.
After ageing, the skins are tanned at 25–28 ºС for 16–18 hours. The bath
contains sodium chloride (60.0 g/dm
solved chrome tanning agent is dosed (3.0 g/dm
tion, a second portion of chrome tanning agent is added (2.0 g/dm
hours, an emulsion of Tanning Oil G (3.0 g/dm
3
). After 30 minutes of skin loading, dis-
3
). After 30 minutes of rota-
3
) and LP-12-B (1.0 g/dm3)
3
). After 3
are added to the solution. Then, the baths rotates for 1 hour. Then it stops for
2 hours. After that, it rotates again for 1 hour. Next, sodium formate
(1.0 g/dm
1 hour of rotation (pH 3.2–3.4), sodium formate (1.0 g/dm
3
), sodium bicarbonate (1.0 g/dm3) are added to the bath. After
3
) and sodium
32
bicarbonate (1.0 g/dm3) are added. After 1 hour of rotation, the pH is 3.7–
3.8. If the pH is < 3.7, sodium bicarbonate is added until the specified value
is reached. At the same time, a pH value of more than 3.8 is not recommended.
Next, the operations of rinsing (temperature 40–45 ºС, duration
30 minutes, pH 4), draining, samming, drying without stretching, moistening, stacking, pre-drying, stacking, combing, cutting, degreasing in dry
cleaning, moisturizing, stacking, buffing, dedusting, and acid-alcohol brushing (formic acid – 110.0 cm
3
/dm3, ethyl alcohol – 100.0 cm3/dm3) are carried
out. It is not recommended to use hard water. Then hot-pressing at 170–
180 ºС and combing are carried out. Acid-alcohol brushing, hot-pressing,
and combing are repeated until the required fur qulity is reached.
After the cycle of these operations, the skins are penetrated with formalin (fixation process). 1 dm
700 cm
3
of 40 % formalin, 150 cm3 of ethyl alcohol, and 100 cm3 of formic
acid. To obtain light colors, 100 cm
3
of the solution is prepared by mixing 500–
3
of acetic acid is used. Then, the operation of hot-pressing is carried out at a temperature of 170–180 ºС. If necessary, the formalin processing and hot-pressing may be repeated. The operation of hair cutting is not allowed after fixing.
After washing (temperature 40 ºС, 40–60 minutes, with the addition of
ammonia to reach pH 3.0), the semi-finished dyed product (acid dyeing) is
retanned at 40 ºС for 10–12 hours. The composition of the bath is chrome tanning agent (2.0 g/dm
Then, Tanning assist B (2.0 g/dm
is controlled at 3.8. In the case of a lower pH, sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g/dm
should be added (in portions of 0.5 g/dm
3
) and Tan Ly (2.0 g/dm3). The bath rotates for 2 hours.
3
) is added to the bath. After 5 hours, the pH
3
) until a pH value of 3.8–4.0 is
3
reached. Retanning is carried out up to a shrinkage temperature of 90 ºС. Next,
the semi-finished product is sent to the stage of ageing.
After that, rinsing is carried out (temperature 30 ºС, duration
30 minutes, pH 4.0, clean water). Then, the process of neutralization (temperature 30 ºС, 2 hours) in the mixture of 25 % ammonia (2.0 g/dm
carbonate (2.0 g/dm
3
), and Sinxit or Solvo B (0.5 g/dm3) is carried out. Then
3
), sodium
the solution is drained out. Then, two washes and samming in a centrifuge
are conducted.
Acid dyeing is carried out at 65 ºС for 1 hour and 45 minutes. Bath
composition is: sodium chloride (5.0 g/dm
1.0 g/dm
7.5, dissolved acid dyes of the Alizarin series are added to the bath according
to the recipe – x, g/dm
3
). The skins are loaded into the bath. After 15 minutes, if the pH is
3
. After 30 minutes, formic acid (1.0 g/dm3) is dosed.
3
); Level A or Level P (0.5–
)
33
After 30 minutes, the second portion of formic acid (1.0 g/dm3) is added to
the bath. After 30 minutes, the solution is drained out, and the semi-finished
product is washed.
Then dip greasing is carried out at a temperature of 40 ºС for 2 hours in
the presence of Tanning Oil G (2.0 g/dm
3
). After that, the semi-finished product is sammed, plated, and dried. This is followed by finishing and final
brushing (except for sheepskins after oxidation dyeing) with Luster 50L conc
(50.0 g/dm
3
) and ethyl alcohol (250.0 g/dm3). After brushing, hot-pressing is
carried out at 170 ºС. For sheepskins after oxidation dyeing, hot-pressing is
carried out at a temperature of 120 ºС.
The Department of Plasma Technology and Nanotechnology of High
Molecular Weight Materials at Kazan National Research Technological University in cooperation with KARDENSHIMPROM has developed a new
composition for cleaning and degreasing fur skins, containing the solvent
Kardelin UN, which is a mixture of surfactants such as sodium salt, carboxylamine and monoalkyl ethers of polyethylene glycol. It is synthesized to
dissolve and absorb impurities and provide quick and thorough washing of
fur skins. It doe not cause hair fragility. Itsemulsifying effect on natural fats
is high. It provides good fleshing of fur skins. It is used without soda. Along
with washing and degreasing properties it has bactericidal effects. Currently,
the developed composition is successfully used at a number of fur factories
in Kazan and Pyatigorsk.
The processing technology of wet-salted sheepskins with the using of
Kardelin UN is as follows. After weighing and sorting, the wet-salted sheepskin is sent to the soaking process (float rate – 10, temperature – 25–30 ºС,
process duration – 6–10 hours). The bath contains 2.0 g/dm
3
of Kardelin UN.
If the skin is not watered enough, the duration of soaking is increased to
complete watering. After the drain, the skin is sammed out on a fleshing machine with blunt knives.
The next process is washing (float rate – 10, temperature – 42 ºС,process
duration – 30–40 minutes) in the presence of Kardelin UN (2.0–2.5 g/dm
3
).
After samming the skin using a fleshing machine with blunt knives, the skin
is sammed in a centrifuge. Then, the operations of hair cutting, fleshing, demanuring, and degreasing are carried out. Degreasing is carried out at a float
rate of 7 and a temperature of 42 ºС for 45–60 minutes in the presence of
Kardelin UN (3.5–4.0 g/dm
3
). Next process is dressing.
Picking is carried out at a float rate of 7 and a temperature of 30–35 ºС
for 16–18 hours. The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride
34
(50.0 g/dm3); formic acid (5.0 g/dm3); Elinol 2 (2.0 g/dm3). Finally, the solution is drained out and the skin is ageing for 48 hours.
Tanning is carried out at 30–35 ºС for 18–20 hours. The composition of
the bath is: sodium chloride (40.0 g/dm
tanning agent (2.0 g/dm
3
); sodium carbonate (0.5 g/dm3). Finally, the solu-
3
); Elinol 2 (3.0 g/dm3); a dry chrome
tion is drained out and the skin is ageing for 24 hours.
Next, the processes of dyeing and greasing are carried out.
Wool sheepskin processing technology. Unlike a fur sheepskin, a wool
sheepskin has a more compacted and fatty leather since it is used to manufacture products with leather outward. Therefore, there are special requirements for the processes of degreasing, buffing and tanning. Particular attention is paid to the finishing operations. The main operations in the processing
of wool sheepskins are soaking, hair degreasing, pickling, tanning, fattening,
wet grinding, neutralization, dyeing, skin degreasing, and finishing operations.
The duration of the processing cycle should not exceed:
• 9 calendar days for sheepskins processed according to the continuous method without hair dyeing;
• 11 calendar days for sheepskins processed according to the continuous method with hair dyeing with a film coating of the skin;
• 12 calendar days for sheepskins processed by the discontinuous
method without hair dyeing;
• 14 calendar days for sheepskins processed by the discontinuous
method with hair dyeing.
The weight and area of the sheepskin are difined to calculate the batch
size, equipment loading rate, and the amount of chemical materials. The average weight and area of a skin in the raw material for all types and lengths
of the hair is 3.15 kg and 73 dm
of a skin in a semi-finished product for all types and lengths of the hair is
0.9 kg and 63 dm
2
, respectively.
2
, respectively. The average weight and area
The equipment is chosen according to the type of raw materials and
chemical reagents.
Russian Research Institute of Fur Industry
has developed a scheme for
processing wool sheepskins using Russian chemical reagents. The float rate
of the solutions at the stages of preliminary processes is 7.
First, the fresh-dried or dry-salted skins are washed at 25–30 ºС for 2–
4 hours using Effect M (1.0 g/dm
3
).
35
Then, the raw materials are sent to the stage of the first soaking at a temperature of 25–30 ºС for 3–4 hours. The composition of the bath is: Effect M
(1.0 g/dm
(0.5 g/dm
soaking at a temperature of 30 ºС for 14–16 hours. The composition of
the bath is: Effect M (1.0 g/dm
(1.0 g/dm
3
); Gamma 1 (2.0 g/dm3); Gamma 3 (1.0 g/dm3); Preparation FH
3
). Then, the skins are sammed and sent to the stage of the second
3
3
); Preparation FH (1.0 g/dm3).
); Gamma 1 (3.0 g/dm3); Gamma 3
Next, the skins are sammed in a centrifuge, clipped, fleshed, and degreased. The process of degreasing is carried out at 42 ºС for 2 hours.
The composition of the bath is: Tetramol (2.0 g/dm
(0.5 g/dm
(0.5 g/dm
3
); Gamma 3 (1.0 g/dm3); Gamma 1 (1.0 g/dm3); Polyfix
3
). After that the quality of degreasing is controlled. The solution is
3
); sodium carbonate
drained out. The skins are washed and sent to the stage of pickling.
The process of pickling is carried out at a temperaturof 35 ºС for 20–
24 hours. The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride (50.0 g/dm
Gamma 2 (2.0 g/dm
(10.0 g/dm
3
) is added to the bath. Finally, the skins are ageing for 72–
3
); Mexinol (2.0 g/dm3). After 2 hours, formic acid
3
);
96 hours.
According to the technology the process of tanning is combined with
greasing. The processes are carried out at 35 ºС for 16–18 hours. The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride (50.0 g/dm
Mexinol (7.0 g/dm
(20.0 g/dm
3
) and sodium formate (3.0 g/dm3) are added to the bath solution.
3
). After 2 hours, a dissolved chrome tanning agent
3
); Gamma 3 (1.0 g/dm3);
Then, the skins are ageing for 24–72 hours, and the semi-finished product is sent to the stages of dyeing, greasing and finishing according to the current technology.
The technology of wool sheepskin processing using Kardelin UN.
After weighing and sorting, the wet-salted sheepskin is sent to the soaking
process (float rate – 10, temperature – 25–30 ºС, duration – 6–10 hours).
The composition of the bath is Garmin STN (1.0 g/dm
3
) and Garmin STN
("Cognis" Turkey) – a special bactericide for long and short periods of
preservation. It influenses mainly on aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and prevents protein loss. If the skin is waterd incompletely, the duration of soaking
is increased to complete watering. After the soaking, the skin is sammed using a fleshing machine with blunt knives.
Then, the skin is sammed in a centrifuge. After, the operations of haircutting, fleshing, and degreasing are carried out. Degreasing is carried out at
a float rate of 7 and at a temperature of 42 ºС for 45–60 minutes. The process
36
is carried out in the presence of Kardelin UN (3.5–4.0 g/dm3). After that,
the skin is pickled and tanned using Pulkra (Boehme) reagents.
The skin is pickled at a float rate of 7, at 30–35 ºС for 16–18 hours. Bath
composition is: sodium chloride (40.0 g/dm
GLH (1.0 g/dm
3
). Finally, the skin is ageing for 48 hours.
The process of tanning is carried out at 30–35 ºС for 18–20 hours.
The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride (40.0 g/dm
(1.0 g/dm
tanning agent (2.0 g/dm
3
); Pellan GLS (1.0 g/dm3); Cutapol TIS (1.0 g/dm3); a dry chrome
3
); sodium carbonate (0.5 g/dm3). Then, the solution is
3
); formic acid (5.0 g/dm3); Pellan
3
); Pellan GLH
drained out and the skin is ageing for 24 hours.
Finally, the processes of dyeing and greasing are carried out according
to the current technology.
Lowenstein offers the following technology for dyeing semi-finished
wool sheepskins and fur velor using Solow dyes.
The liquid solutions of the following operations have a float rate of 20.
The semi-finished sheepskins go through the stage of watering for 1 hour at
37 ºС. After drainage, the operation of retanning is carried out (temperature –
40 ºС, duration – 12 hours). The bath composition is chrome tanning agent
(36–42 % basicity, 2.5 g/dm
added. After 2 hours, Tanning Assist B (2.0 g/dm
3
). After 10 minutes, Tan LY (2.0 g/dm3) is
3
) is dosed. At the end of
the process, the shrinkage temperature is controlled. It should be at least
90 ºС.
After drainage of the solution, rinsing is carried out. Then, the process
of neutralization is performed at 32 ºС for 2 hours. The composition of the
bath is: sodium formate (2.0 g/dm
3
); sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g/dm3). Finally,
the solution is drained out. The skins are cleaned and prepared for the operations of dyeing.
Dyeing parameters: temperature – 65 ºС, duration – 2–2.5 hours. Bath
composition is: Lowenol MMF (2.0 g/dm
dyes are dosed in dissolved form (0.1–2.0 g/dm
the skins. Depending on the desired color, the special composition is provided. After 30 minutes, Suedol SP (1.0 g/dm
diluted formic acid is dosed (2.0 g/dm
3
); Dye Buffer A (2.0 g/dm3). Solow
3
) 30 minutes after loading
3
3
) to increase a pH up to 3.0. Further
) is added. After 1.5 hours,
(after 1 hour), the solution is drained out and the skins are cleaned and
sammed.
Fur velor processing technology. The duration of the processing cycle
should not exceed 22 calendar days.
Russian Research Institute of Fur Industry has developed the technology
for processing fur velor. The technology is used to process fresh-dried or dry-
37
salted raw materials. Technological processes in liquid solutions are carried
out at a float rate of 10 are processed canning methods.
Treatment processes begin with washing highly contaminated raw ma-
terials at a temperature of 30 ºС for duration 2–4 hours using Effect M 1.0
3
(g/dm
).
After the solution is drained out, the skins are soaked for 2–3 hours at
30 ºС. The composition of the bath is: Gamma 1 (1.0 g/dm
(1.5 g/dm
3
); Preparation FKh (0.5 g/dm3); sodium carbonate (0.3 g/dm3).
3
); Gamma 3
Then, the operations of samming for leather and fur are conducted. After
that, the skins are sent to the stage of the second soaking at a temperature of
30 ºС for 14–16 hours. The composition of the bath is: Tetramol (2.0 g/dm
Gamma 1 (2.0 g/dm
(0.3 g/dm
3
). Next, the skins are sammed in a centrifuge. Finally, the opera-
3
); Preparation FH (0.5 g/dm3); sodium carbonate
3
);
tions of trimming, fleshing, and degreasing are performed.
The operation of degreasing is carried out at 40–42 ºС for 2 hours.
The composition of the bath is: Tetramol (2.0–3.0 g/dm
(0.5 g/dm
3
); Gamma 3 (1.0 g/dm3); Gamma 1 (1.0 g/dm3).
3
); sodium carbonate
After washing, the operation of pickling is carried out at a float rate of 7,
a temperature of 35 ºС for 20–24 hours. The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride (50.0 g/dm
After 2 hours, diluted formic acid is added in an amount of 8.0–10.0 g/dm
3
); Gamma 2 (1.0 g/dm3); Mehsinol (2.0 g/dm3).
3
.
Then, the skins are ageing. After that, the process of neutralization is
carried out at a float rate of 7, a temperature of 35 º for 4–6 hours. The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride (50.0 g/dm
(4.0 g/dm
3
, up to pH 7.0–7.5); gamma (3.0 g/dm3).
3
); sodium bicarbonate
After that, the solution is drained out. The skins are sent to the stages of
tanning and greasing (float rate – 7, temperature – 35 ºС, duration – 16–
18 hours). The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride (50.0 g/dm
mic acid (1.5 g/dm
3 hours, a chrome tanning agent is added in three steps every 60 minutes
(20.0 g/dm
3
). After 1 hour, sodium formate is added (3.0 g/dm3). After
2 hours, sodium bicarbonate is dosed (3.0–4.0 g/dm
3
); Gamma 3 (1.0 g/dm3); Mexinol (7.0 g/dm3). After
3
) in three stages to pH
3
); for-
3.8–3.9.
Then, the solution is drained out. The skins are cleaned for 20 minutes
with water at a temperature of 25 ºС. After that, the semi-finished product is
ageing for 48–
(temperature – 35 ºС, float rate – 7, duration – 2 hours). The composition of
the bath is: sodium formate (2.0 g/dm
72 hours. Then, it is grined. Next, neutralization is carried out
3
); sodium bicarbonate (3.0 g/dm3, pH
5.0–5.5). Finally, the solution is drained out of the bath.
38
After that, dip greasing is carried out. The composition of the bath is:
Mexinol (7.0 g/dm
3
); formic acid (0.7 g/dm3). Next, the semi-finished is age-
ing for 24 hours. Then, it is plated, dried, degreased in a solvent, and grinded.
After mechanical operations, the semi-finished product is retanned at
a float rate of 15, a temperature of 35 ºС for 3–4 hours. The composition of
the bath is: sodium chloride (20.0 g/dm
(0.5 g/dm
3
); a chrome tanning agent (8.0 g/dm3). After washing, the semi-
3
); Mexinol (3.0 g/dm3); formic acid
finished product is neutralized. Neutralization is carried out at a float rate of
15, a temperature of 35 ºС for 1.0–1.5 hours. The bath composition is: Effect
M (1.0 g/dm
3
); 25 % ammonia (5.0 g/dm3). Next, the first washing, drainage,
the second washing, samming, and shaking are carried out.
Hair dyeing is carried out at a float rate of 15, a temperature of 62 ºС
for 2.5 hours. The composition of the bath is: a leveler (1.0 g/dm
(each color has its own recipe, x g/dm
3
); formic acid (2.0 g/dm3, pH 3.6).
3
); acid dyes
Then, the solution is drained out of the bath. The skins are washed and neutralized. The process of neutralization is carried out at a float rate of 15,
a temperature of 35 ºС for 1–2 hours. The composition of the bat is: sodium
bicarbonate (2.0 g/dm
3
); sodium formate (1.0 g/dm3). After that, the solution
is drained out, and the semi-finished product is washed. Finally, the skins are
prepared for skin dyeing.
Skin dyeing is carried out at a float arte of 15, a temperature of 35 ºС
for 2.5 hours. The composition of the bath is: sodium thiosulfate (3.0 g/dm
ammonia (2.0 g/dm
(7.0 g/dm
3
); formic acid is added to pH 3.7. Then, the solution is drained out.
3
); dyes (each color has its own recipe, x g/dm3); Mexinol
3
);
The skins are washed. Then, they are ageing for 6–8 hours. After that,
the process of drumming is carried out using the solution of Gamma 7
3
(30 cm
per 1 sheepskin) and Antistatic M (10 cm3 per sheepskin) for 2.5–
3.0 hours.
Then, the further processing is carried out according to the standard
technology.
Lowenstein has developed the following processing scheme for fur velor. All solutions are prepared at a float rate of 7. Fresh-dried or dry-salted
raw materials are sent to the forst soaking process, which is carried out at
25 ºС for 3-5 hours using Wetter HАС (1 cm
and soaked again at 25 ºС for 12–14 hours. The composition of the bath is:
sodium chloride (20.0 g/dm
3
); Wetter HAC (1.0 g/dm3). After that, the solution is dtained out. The skins are sammed in a centrifuge, sheared,
and degreased. Process parameters: temperature – 40 ºС, duration – 1 hour.
The bath composition is: Solvo B (2.0 g/dm
3
/dm3). Then they are washed
washed
3
); De-Sol-A (1.5 g/dm3); sodium
39
bicarbonate (0.5 g/dm3). The rotation of the centrifuge is carried out for
10 minutes after 20 minutes of rest.
If necessary, the operation of fleshing is performed. After that, the raw
materials are sammed along the hair under the inflow of water in a fleshing
machine with blunt knives. Next, the operations of washing and degreasing
are carried out at 40 ºС for 1 hour. The bath composition is: Solvo B
(2.0 g/dm
is carried out at 30 ºС for 14–18 hours. The composition of the bath is: sodium chloride (50.0 g/dm
Wetter HAC (0.5 g/dm
3
); De-Sol-A (2.0 g/dm3). After washing, the operation of pickling
3
); Elbro SR (2.0 g/dm3); formic acid (5.0 g/dm3);
3
). At the end of the process, the pickling content is
controlled using a bromcresol green indicator. The sample should have
a through yellow coloration in the neck part. Finally, the solution is drained
out and the skins are ageing for 48 hours.
The tanning process is carried out at a temperature of 25–28 ºС for 14–
18 hours. After sodium chloride (50.0 g/dm
are loaded. Then a centrifuge rotates for 30 minutes. After that, a dried
chrome tanning agent is added into the bath (3.0 g/dm
the second portion of the tanning agent is dosed (2.0 g/dm
of rotation, Tanning Oil G (3.0 g/dm
3
) is added to the solution, skins
3
). After 30 minutes,
3
3
) and LP-12-B (1.0 g/dm3) are added
). After 3–4 hours
into the bath. The fats are dissolved. Further, the centrifuge rotates for 1 hour.
Then it is stopped for 2 hours and, after that, it rotates for 1 hour. Then, sodium formate (1.0 g/dm
ter one hour of rotation, the pH is controlled. It should be 3.2–3.4. After that,
sodium bicarbonate is dosed (0.5–1.0 g/dm
3
) and sodium bicarbonate (1.0 g/dm3) are dosed. Af-
3
). Rotation is carried out for
1 hour, and the pH is controlled (pH 3.7–3.8). If the pH is less than 3.7, sodium bicarbonate is added to the solution until the specified value is reached.
At the same time, a pH value of more than 3.8 is not recommended.
Then, the solution is drained out and the skins are sent to the stage of
ageing for 48 hours. After that, the processes of washing and neutralization
are carried out. Neutralization is carried out at a temperature of 50 ºС for
1 hour in the presence of sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g/dm
(2.0 g/dm
the skins are greased in the bath at 50 ºС for 1–2 hours. Bath composition is:
Tanning Oil G (2.0 g/dm
3
). At the end of neutralization, the pH should be 5.5. After that,
3
); Suedol SP (2.0 g/dm3). The skins are sammed in
3
) and sodium formate
a roller machine, dried without stretching at 35 ºС, moistened, stackled,
dried, degreased, moistened, and stackled. After that, the first buffing
(No. 160) is carried out. Then, the skins are dedusted and sheared. After that,
the second buffing (No. 280–400) is carried out. The skins are dedusted
again.
40
After all these operations, the semi-finished product is retanned at a temperature of 45 ºС for 12–14 hours. The composition of the bath is: a chrome
tanning agent in terms of dry chrome oxide (3.0 g/dm
After two hours of rotation, Tanning Assist B (2.0 g/dm
5 hours, the pH is controlled. If a value of pH is less than 3.8, sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g/dm
3
) is added until the pH reaches 3.8–4.0. Retanning is carried
3
); Tan Ly (2.0 g/dm3).
3
) is added. After
out until a shrinkage temperature of 90 ºС is reached. Next, the process of
soaking is performed for 8 hours. Finally, the skins are washed two times.
After washing operations, the process of cleaning is carried out at30 ºС
for 2 hours. The composition of the bath is: 25 % ammonia (2.0 g/dm
dium carbonate (2.0 g/dm
3
); Sinxit or Wetter HAC (0.5 g/dm3). Next,
3
); so-
the cleaning solution is drained out. The skins are sammed in a centrifuge
and washed two times.
Then, the processes of dyeing and greasing are carried out. As an example, we present the technology of two-bath dyeing of velor (ton-sur-son) using Alizarin dyes (for hair) and Lowanil dyes (for skin).
The float rate at the stages of preparation for dyeing and during dyeing
is 20. The semi-finished product, after retanning and washing, is sent to
the neutralization process at 32 ºС for 2 hours in the presence of: sodium
bicarbonate (2.0 g/dm
3
); sodium formate (2.0 g/dm3). After that, the solution
is drained out and the skins are washed and sammed.
Then, hair dyeing is started at a temperature of 65 ºС for 1.45 hours.
Firstly, Level P (0.7 g/dm
3
) is poured into the water of the required temperature. After 15 minutes, dissolved dyes are dosed. There is a recipe for each
color. After 30 minutes, the calculated amount of formic acid previously diluted in water is poured in two doses with an interval of 30 minutes. The total
amount is 1.5 g/dm
3
. After 30 minutes, the dyeing solution is drained out.
The skins are washed and sammed.
Skin dyeing is carried out at 30 ºС for 4 hours. Bath composition is: Dye
Assist HW (0.25 g/dm
dosed (x, g/dm
3
2 hours, 2.0 g/dm
3
); ammonia (2.0 g/dm3). After 30 minutes, dyes are
). After 30 minutes, 1.0 g/dm3 of Suedol SP is added. After
3
of formic acid is added. After 1 hour, the dyeing solution is
drained out. The skins are washed and sammed. After that, they are dried,
moistened and drummed. Then, the processes of breaking (about 4 hours), hotpressing (if necessary), raising the nap on a brush machine are carried out.
Pulkra (Boehme) has developed the following technology for producing
fur velor. Processes are carried out at the following values of float rates:
soaking and washing – 15; pickling and greasing – 10; retanning and dyeing – 6.
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