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Файл:Methodology of Scientific and Project Activities. Учебное пособие для обучающихся в магистратуре
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Glossary
101
(methodology at the level of philosophical
reflection, general scientific methodology,
methodology of science at the interdisciplinary
level, methodology of private sciences). At the same
time, methodological concepts related to individual
activities are developed (for example, design
methodology).
MODELING
‒ modeling (from Latin modulus-measure, sample)
is one of the most important scientific techniques,
which is the study of an object, phenomenon, or
process by building and studying their models, i.e.,
objects that are in relation to the similarity to the
original object, process, or phenomenon.
NORMAL SCIENCE
‒ is a state of science when scientists, while setting
and solving problems, act according to the general
model of activity – the paradigm. T. Kuhn,
reflecting on the problem of determining the
specifics of science, noted that, unlike other areas of
intellectual activity, procedures for testing
experimental judgments play an important role in
science. At the same time, in certain periods of the
development of science, their rationality is not
questioned. Moreover, according to T. Kuhn,
normal science does not criticize the prevailing
paradigm, and sets the scientific community both
methodological models of research and sociopsychological norms of behavior.
OBSERVATION
‒ observation is the initial method of empirical
scientific knowledge.
PARADIGM
‒ paradigm (comes from Greek. – sample) – theory
(model of the problem statement), adopted as a
model for solving research problems.
PHILOSOPHY OF
SCIENCE
‒ is a philosophical direction, the main problem of
which is science as an epistemological and sociocultural phenomenon.
Glossary
102
PROBLEM
‒ a problem (Greek: próblēma, task, task, difficulty)
‒ objectively appears in the course of the
development of science contradictions.
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
The research program is the main unit of the
development and evaluation of scientific
knowledge. It is a series of successive theories
united by a set of fundamental ideas and
methodological principles. The research program
combines: conventionally accepted, resulting in a
non-refutable «hard core»; positive heuristics, the
content of which is based on the arguments and
assumptions aimed at further changing and
developing «refutable variants» of the research
program; set by the research program, positive
heuristics helps the scientist make a choice from a
variety of anomalies; and, finally, a «protective
belt» consisting of auxiliary hypotheses, and, which
is considered as some kind of protection. The main
function of the protective belt is the preservation of
the core which can completely transform to protect
it.
SCIENCE
‒ is a special type of cognitive activity aimed at
developing objective, systemically organized and
grounded knowledge about the world. The
definition of science is supplemented by a new
image of science, which seeks to identify a different
hypostasis of science – science as a social
institution that ensures the functioning of scientific
cognitive activity.
SCIENTIFIC
COMMUNITY
‒ is an organized body of professional scientists. In
the content of the concept of «scientific
community», it is possible to identify the main
characteristics of the scientific profession, which are
provided by the activities of institutions and
mechanisms of the scientific community. First, the
scientific community is responsible for the
Glossary
103
possession of a set of special knowledge, its storage,
transfer and control. Secondly, the autonomy of the
scientific profession means attracting and training
personnel, as well as controlling their behavior.
Third, there should be the interest of the social
environment of the scientific profession in new
knowledge and specialists. Fourth, the presence of
incentive and motivation, in other words there
should be forms of reward. Fifth, maintaining an
infrastructure coordination and collaboration in the
scientific community. The scientific community is
responsible for the integrity and effective
functioning of science as a profession.
SCIENTIFIC
PICTURE OF THE
WORLD
‒ is formed with the help of fundamental concepts
and principles of science at a certain stage of its
historical development, a holistic image of the
subject of scientific research, expressed through the
main system-structural characteristics. In the
process of research, scientific worldviews perform
the following functions: first, they systematize
scientific knowledge, combining it into complex
wholes; second, they are research programs that
determine the strategy of scientific knowledge;
third, they ensure the objectification of scientific
knowledge, their attribution to the object under
study and their inclusion in culture. The distinction
between disciplinary images of science allows you
to select the basic forms of the scientific world:
scientific picture of the world; social and naturalscientific picture of the world; special scientific
picture of the world.
SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
‒ is a radical change of the process and content of
scientific knowledge, associated with the transition
to new theoretical and methodological premises, to
a new system of fundamental concepts and methods
to a new scientific global picture. Also, this process
Glossary
104
is connected with qualitative transformations of the
material means of observation and experimentation,
with new ways of evaluating and interpreting
empirical data, with new ideas of explanation,
validity and organization of knowledge.
SCIENTOMETRICS
‒ is a field of knowledge that deals with the study of
science by statistical studies of the structure and
dynamics of scientific activity.
SYNTHESIS
‒ a synthesis (from the Greek. Synthesis –
connection). It is the connection of various objects
or previously selected parts into a single whole, into
a system.
THE LANGUAGE OF
SCIENCE
‒ is the way of the emergence and existence of
scientific knowledge as a certain reality. The
language of science is a multi-layered formation,
the structure and functioning of which depends on
the tasks of formation, translation and development
of scientific knowledge.
THEORY
‒ a theory (gr. Theórίa – observation, research) is a
form of organized reliable knowledge about a
certain subject area that systematically describes,
explains and predicts the functioning and
development of objects related to this area.
Учебное издание
ПАПЧЕНКО Елена Викторовна
НЕЧАЕВА Татьяна Александровна
METHODOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC
AND PROJECT ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES
Учебное пособие
для обучающихся в магистратуре
Технический редактор З. И. Надточий
Компьютерная верстка Т. А. Кочергиной
Подписано в печать 15.02.2021 г.
Бумага офсетная. Формат 60x841/16. Усл. печ. лист. 6,1.
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