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Файл:Master English in Science. Учебное пособие по изучению лингвистических особенностей иностранного языка естественнонаучных специальностей
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GRAMMAR REFERENCE
81
Правописание окончаний простых форм степеней сравнения
Таблица 16
Окончание
Примеры
Опускается немая -е
large – larger – the largest
Удваивается согласная после краткой гласной
big – bigger – the biggest
fat – fatter – the fattest
После согласной -у меняется на -і
happy – happier – the happiest
[2, p. 30]
Сравнительные конструкции с прилагательными
Таблица 17
Конструкции
Перевод
so … that
такой (так) …, что
as … as
такой же (так же) …
not so …
not as … as
не такой (не так) …, как
the (сравнит. ст.) …the (сравнит.
ст.)
чем…, тем…
(сравнит ст.) than
(сравнит. ст.), чем
I was so tired that I fell asleep. Tom is as tall as his father. This task is not so
easy as that one. The more you train the stronger you become. Ann is cleverer
than her classmates and she knows more than her friends.
[2, p. 34]
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
82
ИМЯ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ
(THE NUMERAL)
Таблица 18
Количественные Cardinal
How many?
Порядковые Ordinal
Which?
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty
21 twenty-one
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 one hundred
101 one hundred and one
200 two hundred
201 two hundred and one
1000 one thousand
1001 one thousand and one
2000 two thousand
2001 two thousand and one
100 000 one hundred thousand
1000 000 one million
1000 000 000 one billion
the first
the second
the third
the fourth
the fifth
the sixth
the seventh
the eighth
the ninth
the tenth
the eleventh
the twelfth
the thirteenth
the fourteenth
the fifteenth
the sixteenth
the seventeenth
the eighteenth
the nineteenth
the twentieth
the twenty-first
the thirtieth
the fortieth
the fiftieth
the sixtieth
the seventieth
the eightieth
the ninetieth
the hundredth
the hundred and first
the two hundredth
the two hundred and first
the one thousandth
the one thousand and first
the two thousandth
the two thousand and first
the hundred thousandth
the millionth
the billionth
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
83
Количественные и собирательные числительные
Таблица 19
Количественные
Собирательные
five hundred people
ten thousand books
six million dollars
hundreds of people
thousands of books
millions of dollars
Цифра 0 (ноль) в разговорной речи
Таблица 20
1. zero – в нayкe, для обозначения
температуры
five degrees below zero
2. nought [no:t] – в математике
0.6 = nought point six
3.0 [au] – в телефонных номерах
102 50 44 – one 0 two five 0 double four
4. nil – спортивный счет
3 : 0 the score was three nil
[2, c. 37]
Правописание грамматических форм глаголов
Таблица 21
Present Simple
Варианты окончаний
Примеры
Основная группа
-s
run – runs, play – plays
После -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o
-es
dress – dresses, go – goes,
wash – washes, catch – catches
Согл. + у
-ies
cry – cries, try – tries
Past Simple/Participle II правильных глаголов
Правописание
Примеры
Опускается немая -е
move – moved
После согласной -у меняется на -і
cry – cried, try – tried
Согласная после ударной гласной
краткой удваивается
stop – stopped
regret – regretted
Participle I /Gerund (-ing формы)
Правописание
Примеры
Опускается немая -е
ride – riding, write – writing
Согласная после краткой ударной
гласной удваивается
run – running
forget – forgetting
Окончание -ie меняется на -у
die – dying, lie – lying
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
84
Формы глагола tobe (быть) во временах группы Simple (Indefinite)
Таблица 22
Present Simple
Past Simple
Future Simple
I am (’m)
he
she is
it
we
you are
they
I
he was
she
it
we
you were
they
I
we shall be
(’ll be)
he
she will be
it (’ll be)
you
they
He is in the park now.
We are not at home to-
day.
Is she at school now?
Why are you at home
today?
He was in the park yes-
terday.
We were not at home
last
weekend.
Was she at the dentist’s
last Monday?
Why were you at home
yesterday?
I shall be at home to-
morrow.
He will not (won’t) be at
school next week.
Shall we be at home to-
morrow?
What will he be in fu-
ture?
В утвердительных
и отрицательных пред-
ложениях во всех ли-
цах может употреб-
ляться форма will.
[2, p. 41]
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
85
Все времена действительного залога (сводная таблица)
Таблица 23
Present
Past
Future
SIMPLE/INDEFINITE
V/V
(e)s
I write letters to my
mother every day.
Регулярное действие,
будущие действия
(расписание)
(usually, normally, generally, seldom, rarely, often,
sometimes, from time to
time, occasionally, always, every day (week,
month, year)
V-ed/V2
I wrote 2 letters yesterday.
Действие совершено
в прошлом, время указано
(yesterday, the day before yesterday, last year
(week, month), the other
days)
will (shall) + V
I shall (will) write it tomorrow.
Действие будет совершено когда-то в будущем
(tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next
week (month, year), in
two weeks
CONTINUOUS/PRO-
GRESSIVE
am (is, are) + V-ing/V4
I am writing a letter
(now).
Действие происходит в
данный момент
(right) now, still, at present, presently, these
days, at the/this moment)
was (were) + V-ing/V
4
I was writing a letter
when you called.
Действие совершалось
в определенный момент
в прошлом
(at 2 o’clock yesterday,
from 6 till 7 yesterday,
while)
will (shall) be + V-
ing/V4
I shall (will) be writing
letters at 5 o’clock.
Действие будет совершаться в определенный момент в будущем
(at 2 o’clock tomorrow,
in an hour, when)
PERFECT
have (has) + V3
I have already written 5
letters.
Действие совершено к
данному моменту,
результат (just, already,
yet, never, lately, of late,
recently, today, this
week (month, year))
had + V3
I had written 5 letters by
the time you came.
Действие совершено к
определенному моменту в прошлом
will (shall) have + V3
I shall (will) have written the letters by noon.
Действие будет закончено к определенному
моменту в будущем
(by that time, by the
time she returns, by
Sunday)
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
have (has) been + V-ing/V4
I have been writing letters since 2 o’clock, and
there are 5 letters.
Действие началось в
прошлом и длилось до
настоящего времени
(for, since)
had been + V-ing/V4
I had been writing let-
ters for 2 hours when you
came.
Действие началось в
прошлом и длилось до
определенного момента в прошлом
(for, since)
will (shall) have been
+ V-ing/V4
I shall (will) have been
writing letters for 2
hours by the time you
come.
Действие будет
длиться до момента
в будущем
(for, since)
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
86
Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)
Формы страдательного залога(сводная таблица)
Таблица 24
Present
Past
Future
SIMPLE
am/is/are + V3
Letters are written every
week.
was/were + V3
The letters were written last week.
will be + V3
The letter will be written next week.
am/is/are being + V3
The letters arebeing written atthis moment.
was/were being +V3
The letters were being
written at 5 o’clock
yesterday.
have/has been + V3
The letters have already
been written.
had been + V3
The letters had been
written by 5 o’clock.
will have been + V3
The letters will have
been written by noon.
[2, p. 65]
Образование страдательного залога to be + Past Participle
Таблица 25
Действительный залог
Страдательный залог
He often writes letters.
Letters are often written by him.
He wrote the letter yesterday.
The letter was written by him yesterday.
He will write the letter.
The letter will be written by him.
He has written the letter.
The letter has been written by him.
He is writing the letter.
The letter is being written by him.
Страдательный залог после модальных глаголов
Таблица 26
Образование Мод. глагол + be + V3
Примеры
can
The work can be done easily.
may/might
The letter might be written later.
must
The room must be cleaned at once.
should
Teeth should be cured on time.
have/has/had to
The test had to be written yesterday.
ought to be
Adults ought to be respected.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
87
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ (THE MODALVERBS)
Значение основных модальных глаголов
Таблица 27
Глаголы
Значение. Примеры
can (could)
1. Способность, навыки, умения. Kate can speak English well.
Tom can run fast. I couldn’t skate when I was little.
2. Просьба, разрешение. Could you help me? – I’m afraid I can’t,
I am busy right now. You can use my telephone if you need it.
3. Объективная возможность
You can always go to the school library if you need a book.
4. Неуверенность, сомнение, невероятность
Can she be so young? She can’t be so young. He can’t have done it.
5. Упрек
He could be more generous to his mother. You could have called us.
may (might)
1. Формальная просьба, разрешение
May I come in? – Yes, you may. You may take my pen.
2. Предположение. It may start raining soon.
3. Упрек, совет (только с might). You might have told us about it.
You might help us. You are free right now.
must
1. Обязанность, долг, необходимость
You mustrespect your parents. Must we learn it by heart?
2. Строгое запрещение. You mustn’t go there.
3. Уверенность. It mustbe cold outside. You must have made a mistake.
should/
ought
to
1. Совет, моральная обязанность
You should go to the doctor. You ought to help your parents.
2. Упрек, совет You shouldn’t have done it.
have to
Вынужденная необходимость, долг в силу обстоятельств
I had to take a taxi yesterday. I’ll have to rewrite the test.
You don’t have to get up early on Saturday.
be to
1. Обязанность (по предварительной договоренности)
He is to meet us at the station. We were to wait for them at the door.
Who is to take care of the children?
2. Приказ, запрещение
You are to come here on time! You are not to leave without permission.
3. Неизбежность, предрешенность.
He was to leave soon. It is to happen.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
88
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты в прошлом и будущем
Таблица 28
Present
Past
Future
can
may
must
could
might
had to
will be able to
will be allowed to
will have to
Примеры:
We must do this work today./We had to do this work yesterday./ We’ll have to do
this work tomorrow.
I couldn’t skate last year, but I’ll be able to skate next year.
May I take a sweet? – You’ll be allowed to do it after dinner. [2, c. 68]
УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ И СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ
Таблица 29
Значение
Образование
и примеры
Примеры
CONDITIONAL
I
(FUTUTURE
REAL)
Относится к будущему
и вполне может произойти при определённых условиях
If… Present Sim-
ple…, will do
If it doesn’t rain, we’ll go to
the park.
If I have time, I’ll call you.
CONDITIONAL
II
(PRESENT
UNREAL)
Относится к настоящему
или будущему и обозначает
действие, которое могло
бы произойти при определенных условиях. Соответствует сослагательному наклонению
If… Past Sim-
ple…, would do
(could might)
If I had a good job,
I could be happy.
If I had more time,
I would visit you more often.
If I were you, I would invite
him.
CONDITIONAL
III
(PAST
UNREAL)
Относится к прошлому
и в сослагательном наклонении выражает, что могло
бы произойти в прошлом
в других условиях (но не
произошло)
If… Past Per-
fect…, would +
have done
(could might)
If I had got that job,
I could have been happy.
I didn’t know you were ill. If I
had known about it, I would
have visited you.
Смешанный
тип
Одно из предложений
(главное или придаточное)
относится к прошлому,
другое – к настоящему
If… Past Sim-
ple…, would
have done
If… Past Per-
fect…, would do
If he studied more, he wouldn’t
have failed his exam last
term.
If he had studied more, he
wouldn’t be in such a mess
now.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
89
ПРЕДЛОГИ (THE PREPOSITIONS)
Таблица 30
Предлоги места
on – на (поверхности)
on the table, on the wall
in, inside – внутри
in the bag, in the room, inside the house
into – внутрь (движение)
into the bag, into the house
above – над
above the table
under – под
under the sofa
to – к (предмету)
to school, to the park
from – от, из (предмета)
from school, from the park
behind – позади
behind the house
in front of – впереди
in front of the house
near – рядом
near the park
at – за, у, в, на
at the table, at the blackboard, at school, at work
between – между (двумя)
between the table and the sofa
outside, out of – cнapyжи, наружу
outside the house, get out of the room
among – среди (многих)
among the houses
Предлоги времени
at – время суток
at 2 o’clock, at noon, at (mid)night, at sunrise
in – часть дня, месяцы, сезоны, годы
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
on – дни недели, даты
on Monday, on the 8th of March
after – после
after dinner
before – до
before breakfast
by – к
by 6 o’clock, by tomorrow, by 2005
since – с
since 4 o'clock, since 1989
for – в течение
for 3 hours, for a long time
in – через
in half an hour, in two weeks
until – до какого-то момента
Wait until I return.
Предлоги, передающие падежи
родительный – of
the roof of the house
дательный – to
give it to him
предложный – about
a story about animals
творительный – by (кем – деятель), with (чем – орудие)
a poem by Burns
to write with a pen
Предлоги, передающие различные отношения
against – против
to fight against each other
besides – кроме, помимо
What languages do you know besides English?
except – за исключением
Invite everybody except him.
by – посредством
by car, by plane
Составные предлоги
according to – в соответствии с чем-то
Do it according to our plan.
because of – из-за чeгo-тo
He didn’t come because of illness.
instead of – вместо
I prefer walking instead of using transport.
in spite of – нeсмотря на
In spite of bad weather we decided to go to the country.
[2, p. 83]
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
90
Appendix Частотные суффиксы (Suffixes)
N-Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Examples
-ance
-ence
-er, -or
-ation
-tion
-ist
-yst
-ness
-ion
-ing
-ment
-ity
-ian
-ism
-dom
-ship
-агу
state
quality of
a person who
a thing which
the act of
a person who
condition of
action/state
activity
state, action
state, quality
pertaining to
condition/state
domain/condition
condition/state
performance
independence
programmer, operator
compiler, accumulator
execution
analyst, typist
cleanliness
conversion
multiplexing
measurement
electricity
electrician
magnetism
freedom
relationship, partnership,
friendship
binary
V-Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Examples
-ize
-ate
-fy
-en
to make
computerize
automate, activate, calculate
simplify
harden, widen
[5, p. 14]
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