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Файл:Master English in Science. Учебное пособие по изучению лингвистических особенностей иностранного языка естественнонаучных специальностей
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3. GRAMMAR SECTION ACTIVE VOICE
21
Ex. 5. Fill in the blanks with prepositions and adverbs
Too Much Waste
Despite … the heroic efforts made … people … the frozen Alaskanwaters
to save whales man has not been the whales’ best friend most … this century.
Faster boats have appeared … harpoons fired cannons. But now an international
Save-the-Whales movement has achieved some goals. Today whales are protected … moratorium hunting. But still whales can be hunted … research.
Stopping the hunting may be easier than what comes next. Scientists fear that
whales are more threatened today … man’s waste than … his weapons. One acute
trouble spot is the salt-water … St. Lawrence river, home … about 400 whales. …
the past five years 88 dead whales full … toxic chemicals have been washed ashore.
The whales are so polluted that most are just toxic. A biologist says: “You could
say they are swimming … the river illegally but they have nowhere else to swim.”
After “Newsweek”
MODALS
Ex. 6. Fill in the chart with Modals according to the aspect
Aspect
Modals
Probability
Ability
Obligation
Permission
Advice
Habits
Ex. 7. Offer help in the following situations. Follow the pattern.
Pattern: You and your friend are going on a long holiday.
Your friend: Goodness, I must buy a new suitcase. My old one is quite ruined.
You: I’ll buy one for you.
1. I must go to the chemist’s. 2. I must collect my things from the dry-
cleaner’s. 3. I must return the books to the library. 4. I must buy a new film for
my camera. 5. I hate filling in forms. 6. I’ve got to go out and get some fruit.
7. Today’s Helen’s birthday. I wonder if I’ll get enough time to get flowers for
her. 8. I’m afraid I'll oversleep. My alarm clock is out of order. 9. I haven’t got
a minute to spare. But I simply must make a few calls. 10. I forgot to buy a few
stamps. I was thinking of writing letters to my friends. I want them to come over
to my summer cottage for a weekend in July.
MODULE 1. Geography as a Science
22
Ex. 8. Translate into English:
1. Чтобы стать хорошим выступающим вам придется использовать неко-
торые стратегии (strategies).
2. Вы могли бы начать с интересной статистики, если хотите привлечь
внимание публики.
3. Подготовку к конференции необходимо начинать как можно раньше.
4. Вам не стоит жестикулировать на публике слишком много.
5. Вы можете существенно улучшить качество вашего выступления сде-
лав его видеозапись.
6. Не забывайте, что, если вы нервничаете, вы можете говорить слишком
быстро.
7. Категорически запрещено использовать грубые шутки и слэнг в вашем
выступлении.
8. Вам не нужно читать текст со слайда – это сделает ваше выступление
скучным.
TE NSES (PASSIVES)
Ex. 9. Look through the highlighted words in the text. Complete the table
with verb forms
Tense form
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Present Simple
is poised
Past Simple
Future Simple
Present continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
3. GRAMMAR SECTION ACTIVE VOICE
23
Ex. 10. Complete the following sentences using the proper tense forms
in the active or passive voice.
1. Some time (to pass) before she (to say) all she (to mean) to say, and when
she (to have) her say, she was out of breath. 2. At last the day came when she
(to earn) enough money to pay her fare to London. 3. After he (to drink) his
mixture other drugs (to give) him. 4. You will answer me honestly, I know. I'm
going to ask you if you (to be happy). 5. After he (to get) all the money he (not
to feel) happier than he (to be) before. 6. She (to go on reading) at the point
where she (to break off) to answer the telephone call. 7. He (to break) into a run
as soon he (to see) them. 8. We’ll have a marvellous time when you (to come)
to our place. 9. I’ll come again tomorrow to tea if you (to be) at home. 10. I won-
der when it (to happen). 11. She will be going by the same boat as we (to go).
So we’ll be seeing a lot of each other during these five days. 12. He doesn’t
care who (to do) it. He just (to want) it to be done. 13. When it (to work out)
we shall start business with you that very day. 14 After he (to take) the boy for
a walk we (to go picnicking). 15. As soon as they (to gather) in the hall a sign
was given and the play (to start). 16. Before he (to see) me close I (to think out)
the whole situation.
Ex. 11. Give proper affirmative or negative answers to the following ques-
tions as indicated in brackets.
1. Will you read this passage again? I’m afraid I didn’t get it. (affirmative)
2. Will you come to the party on Sunday? (affirmative) 3. Shall I write the exact
date of our arrival so that you could meet us? (affirmative) 4. Shall I drop in the
supermarket to buy something for supper? (negative) 5. Will you visit your parents
on the week-end? (affirmative) 6. Shall I bring in some more dry wood for the
fire? (negative) 7. Will you tell me the way to Bronx? (affirmative) 8. Will you
lend him the sum he needs to pay the interest? (negative) 9. Shall I write this page
again so that you could type it? (negative) 10. Will you buy a can of milk on the
way home? (affirmative)
Ex. 12. Use the verbs in brackets in the present indefinite or present con-
tinuous
1. This book (to belong) to my sister. 2. She (to cook) breakfast now. Will
you please call back? 3. He (to listen always) to what this professor has to say.
MODULE 1. Geography as a Science
24
4. Kate (to tidy up) her room. It’s in a terrible mess. 5. The bell (to ring).
I’ll answer it. 6. – You (to play) much bridge? – No, I’m not a regular
player. 7. The man (to look) at you and (to make) signs. You (to know) him?
8. I (to want) to show Lucia the garden. It (to look) beautiful at sunset. 9. What
you (to say)? I cannot understand a word. 10. You (to know) what I (to say)
to people who (to write) educational articles? I advise them to do something
more sensible like going to teach. 11. She (to write) a book about her past
experience. She (to look for) someone who could come down and they would
remember together. 12. I can (to hear) some funny sounds in the garden.
13. Jack (to arrive) in Leeds for a few days. He usually (to stop) at the Horse
and Saddle. 14. Billy (to work) at the paper which he (to intend) to mail
at night. 15. I can hardly understand whether she (to mock) or not. She (to
seem) to be in the serious.
Ex. 13. Complete the sentences using the Passives
1.Men _______ (to replace) by machines lately.
2.Pesticides ______ (to spray) from year to year.
3.Poisons in crops and food ____ (to drive) children to cancer.
4.Sky-scrapers currently _____ (build) in many countries.
5.The population ________ (to triple) at the end of the 20th century.
6.Animals _________ constantly (to test) for people’s sake.
7.Relationships _______ (to disconnect) thanks to technology.
8. Coal mining and oil extraction sites ______ (to open) every year.
Ex. 14. Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice (give one variant).
1. They asked him a lot of questions. 2. They excused him the entrance fee.
3. The young lady struck the man a terrible blow. 4. They answered him in the
affirmative. 5. I cannot forgive him. 6. They taught him a very good lesson.
7. Do you believe that errors teach people?
Ex. 15. Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice (give two variants).
1. We promised them a good film. 2. He offered me a cup of us coffee. 3. They
will tell us everything about it. 4. Will they show the documents? 5. We sent them
a bill. 6. He gives us a class every day. 7. Who offered him the job? 8. The babysitter told the child interesting stories and he liked them a lot.
25
4. WRITING SE CTION
Ex. 1. Write an essay about the importance of geography. Write about
❖ What kind of science geography is;
❖ What it studies;
❖ If geography is vitally important for mankind (give reasons);
❖ your interests in geography and future plans.
Ex. 2. Write an essay about technological progress and its impact on the
environment nowadays. Don’t forget about “for” and “against” ideas.
5. SPEAKING S ECTION
Ex. 1. Take a stand in the discussion between a conservationalist and his
opponent who is not fully aware of the effects of pollution. Debate the following points.
1. Pollution is one of the most terrible evils. 2. Cars’ exhausts are very danger-
ous. 3. The pollution situation has become a world-wide problem. 4. Educating the
public is not enough. Legal measures are needed.
Use the following phrases. For statement: “pretty awfu”, “not enough”, “too
much (waste)”, etc. For expressing disagreement: “Do you think so?” “I don’t
know about that.” “I don't think so.” “Oh, no,” etc.
Ex. 2. Develop the following statements
1. Our planet is very fragile. 2. To save our biosphere is to save ourselves.
3. To destroy our resources of forests and fish is to destroy our future. 4. What
we do today may result in a disaster tomorrow. 5. To save the planet people should
work together.
Ex. 3. Look at the information. Use it to present Earth to your groupmates.
EARTH
Earth is the planet we live on. It is the fifth largest planet of our solar sys-
tem1 and the only planet with conditions suitable for life.
MODULE 1. Geography as a Science
26
Diametre: 12,756.3 km
Age: 4.5-4.6 billion years old
Total Surface Area: 509,600,000 km2
Surface covered by water: 71 % (land 29%)
Distance from the Sun: 149,573,000 km
Continents: 6 (Africa, Antarctica, Eurasia, Australia, North America, and
South America)
Oceans: 4 (Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Indian)
World Population: 6,441,131,400 (approx)
Ex. 4. Number the problems from the box (from 8 to 1; 8 is the biggest
problem) which are typical for your country
\
Ozone layer depletion; air pollution; extinction of species; water pollution;
waste disposal; deforestation; acid rains; soil pollution;
Ex. 5. Expand on the statements
✔ Our planet is the place of wonders.
✔ Understanding how the planet works is very important
for everyone.
✔ Geoscientists study a wide range of issues connected
with the Earth.
✔ The Earth is alive and still changing.
Ex. 6. Act out the dialogue
Jim: I’m sick and tired of living in New York. It’s dirty.
It’s noisy. It’s crowded. I need more space.
Jack: That's true, but what city is really better? Where would you like to live
instead?
Jim: May be San Francisco. It's much cleaner and much more beautiful than
New York.
Betty: It’s less crowded, and it’s safer, too.
Jack: I don’t think it’s really safer. May be there's less crime in San Francisco
but if you think about it, San Francisco is just as dangerous.
Jim: Oh, do you mean the earthquakes?
5. SPEAKING SECTION
27
Ex. 7. Role Play
You and some friends are going on a holiday to the mountains. You are going
to spend a night near the top of a mountain. So you go to the shop that sells camping equipment to look for a tent and other pieces of equipment. Although it is summer, and the weather is generally good, you want to make sure you will be warm
and dry on the side of the mountain at night.
Role 1: You ask your friend which of the tents he likes best. You can afford
a big tent. The tents to the left look bigger. You agree to get a small ridge-tent.
You also want sleeping-bags. You ask which sleeping-bag may be most useful.
You think that the blue one looks light and comfortable. You're afraid you're going
to spend a lot of money there. You hope your friend isn't going to buy a new camera. You suggest buying thick sleeping-bags as they are as comfortable as campbeds but not so heavy to carry and besides are only half the price. You’re afraid
you’re going to take more things with you up the mountain than you want to, and
you're going to spend more money than you had intended to. When you walk out
of the shop you find that you have the most things to carry, and the least money.
But you have the fewest worries about being cold or uncomfortable.
Role 2: You think a ridge-tent is best for a short stay. A smaller one is always
easier to carry. It’s bad to have a heavy load to carry on a walk, and carrying
a heavy load on a long journey on a hot day is the worst holiday you can think of.
It’s worse than rain at the seaside. You ask your friend not to forget that you’re
going to camp near the top of the mountain. Your friend is taller than you, so he
needs a longer sleeping-bag. You’re not going to buy a new camera though you’re
not very sure of the one you bought a few years ago. You’re more interested in get-
ting a good tent at the moment, and you’re most interested in keeping warm
at night on the side of a mountain. You do not think you’re going to buy campbeds, you want to buy sleeping- bags which are much cheaper and lighter.
After “First Steps in English Comprehension” by J. Finch
Ex. 8. Say what the following proverbs and phrases mean. Use a dictionary.
1. Every cloud has a silver lining. 2. A storm in a tea cup. 3. To skate on thin ice.
4. To get one’s second wind. 5. A bolt from the blue. 6. It never rains, but it pours.
Ex. 9. Hold a contest for the best knowledge of geography. Keep the count
to make out the winner.
1. What is the capital of Ireland (Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium, etc.)? 2. What
country is Copenhagen the capital of? 3. What is the language the Canadians
MODULE 1. Geography as a Science
28
speak (the Australians, the New Zealanders, etc.)? 4. What are the people who inhabit Greece (Iceland, Vietnam, etc.) called? 5. Is Bern, etc. farther from Moscow than
from Tokyo? 6. What river is London, etc. on? 7. What is the population of London,
etc.? Is it more than the population of Moscow? 8. Which is the longest river in Europe, North, South America, in the world? 9. Which is the highest mountain in Europe, Asia, etc.? 10. Which country has the largest population? 11. Which part of
Great Britain is the largest? 12. In which part of Great Britain are there more plains,
mountains? 13. Is it colder in the northern part of Britain or in Wales in winter?
Ex. 10. Play the game which is called “Twenty Questions”. The person
who is “it” thinks of an object, a person, a country, etc. The other participants
of the game try to guess what or whom he means. The answers should
be formed around the degrees of comparison. Follow the pattern.
Ex. 11. Discuss typical features of American cities along the following
lines. Use the starting and the concluding phrases. Starting phrases: “I'd like
to know (find out)…”; “I wonder”; “Can (Could) you tell me…?”; “Would
you please tell me…”; “Why do you think…?”; “In my opinion…”; “Can
I make a point?” Concluding phrases: “Well, it seems that…”; “Can
we agree that…?” “Shall we say that…?” “To sum it up it seems that…”.
1. Skyscrapers are an American invention. 2. Manhattan is a very congested
place. 3. Slums are very different from other parts of the city. 4. When you discuss
details of your future life in a city you come to think that “the grass always looks
greener on the other side of the fence”.
Ex. 12. Describe New York City on the basis of the following text.
For the visitor New York means skyscrapers, the Empire State Building, Rockefeller Center, tremendous traffic, dazzling advertisements, Central Park, Times
Square, Harlem, the streets – and all these are to be found in Manhattan.
New York is built in such a way that a great deal of amusement and fun,
to which inhabitants of English towns are accustomed, is lost. An English town
is a quiz, you cannot simply “pass through” an English town, you have to solve it.
It is different with New York. Manhattan is full of parallel rows of buildings, those
running from north to south being called avenues while those running from east
to west are called streets.
29
Geology as a Science
30
1. READING SE CTION
Ex. 1. Read the article and remember the words and word combinations
‘Supercontinent’ could make Earth uninhabitable in 250m years,
study predicts
a formation [fɔːˈmeɪʃ(ə)n] – формирование, образование
a supercontinent [ˈsuːpəkɒntɪnənt] – протоконтинент
to wipe out [waɪp ˈaʊt] – уничтожать
a human [ˈhjuːmən] – человек
a mammal [ˈmæm(ə)l] – млекопитающее
extinction [ɪkˈstɪŋ(k)ʃ(ə)n] – вымирание
to cause [kɔːz] – вызывать, причинять, быть причиной
primarily [ˈpraɪm(ə)rɪlɪ] – в первую очередь, прежде всего
heat stress – тепловое напряжение
as a result of – в результате (чего-л.)
a volcanic activity – вулканическая деятельность
twice as much – в два раза больше; вдвое больше
carbon dioxide – углекислый газ, углекислота
current level – существующий уровень
to emit radiation – испускать излучение, испускать радиацию
extent [ɪkˈstent] – степень, мера, размер
a desert [dɪˈzɜːt] – пустыня
take shape – принять определенную форму
to emerge [ɪˈmɜːdʒ] – появляться
in the distant future – в отдалённом будущем
an attempt [ɪˈmɜːdʒ] – попытка
look for – искать
a demise [dɪˈmaɪz] – кончина, смерть
in addition to – вдобавок, в дополнение к, кроме того, к тому же
due to – из-за, по причине
particularly [pəˈtɪkjʊləlɪ] – особенно, в частности
until now – до настоящего момента; до настоящего времени
tectonics [tekˈtɒnɪks] – тектоника, тектоническая геология
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