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Файл:Master English in Science. Учебное пособие по изучению лингвистических особенностей иностранного языка естественнонаучных специальностей
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GRAMMAR REFERENCE
91
Adv-Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Examples
-ly
in the manner of
electronically, logically, com-
parably, helpfully
-wards
in the direction of
downwards, forwards
Adj-Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Examples
-al
-ar
-ic
-ical
-able
-ible
-ous
-ious
-ful
-less
-ish
-ed
-ive
-ing
have the quality of
capable of being
like, full of
characterized by
without
like
having
quality of
to make or do
computational, logical
circular
magnetic, automatic
electrical
comparable
divisible
dangerous
religious
helpful
careless
yellowish
computed, punched
interactive
programming, coding,
processing, multiplexing
[5, c. 26]
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
92
Частотные префиксы (Prefixes)
Negative
and positive
Size
Location
Time and order
Number
un-
non-
dis-
inrе-
semimini-
micro-
inter-
super-
trans-
ex-
extra-
preanteforepost-
mono-
bi-
hex-
oct-
multi-
Negative and positive prefixes
Negative
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
un-
in-
im-
il-
ir-
nоn-
mis-
dis-
anti-
de-
under-
not,
not good enough
not connected with
bad, wrong
opposite feeling
opposite action
against
reduce, reverse
too little
unmagnetized, unpunched
incomplete
impossible
illegal
irregular, irrelevant
non-programmable
non-impact
mispronounce
disagree
disconnect
antisocial
demagnetize, decode
underestimate
Positive
rе-
over-
do again
too much
reorganize
overheat
Prefixes of size
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
semiequi-
maxi-
micro-
mini-
macro-
mega-
half, partly
equal
big
small
little
large
semiconductor
equidistant
maxicomputer
microcomputer
minicomputer
macroeconomics
megabyte
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
93
Prefixes of location
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
inter-
super-
trans-
ex-
extra-
sub-
infra-
peri-
between, among
over
across
out
beyond
under
below
around
interface, interactive
supersonic
transmit, transfer
exclude, extrinsic
extraordinary
subschema
infra-red
peripheral
Prefixes of time and order
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
ante-
pre-
prime-
post-
retro-
before
first
after
backward
antecedent
prefix
primary, primitive
postdated
retroactive
Prefixes of number
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
semi-
mono-
bi-
tri-
quad-
penta-
hex-
septem-
octdec-
multi-
half
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
ten
many
semicircle
monochromatic
binary
triangle
quadruple
pentagon
hexadecimal
septuagenarian
octal
decimal
multiprogramming, multiplexor
Other prefixes
pro-
auto-
cоneoраn-
for
self
together
new
all
program
automatic
coordinate
neoclassical
pan-Asian
[5, c. 26]
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
94
Меры измерений (Units of Measurement)
Length:
1 inch = 25.4 millimetres 1 mm = 0.04 in
0.016 in = 0.4 mm 1 cm = 0.4 in
0.001 in = 0.025mm 1 m = 3.3 ft (1.1 yd)
1 foot = 0.3 metres 1 km = 0.62 miles
1 yard = 0.9 m
1 mile = 1.6 km
Area:
1 sq. inch = 6.45 сm
2
1 mm2 = 0.0015 in2
1 sq. foot = 0.09 m2 1 cm2 = 0.155 in2
1 sq. yard = 0.84 m
2
1 m2 = 10.8 ft2
1 sq. mile = 2.6 km
2
1 km2 = 0.4 sq. miles
Volume:
1 cubic inch = 16.4 cm
3
1 cm3 = 0.06 in3
1 cubic foot = 0.03 m
3
1 m3 =35.3 ft3
1 cubic yard = 0.8 m3
Capacity:
1 pint = 0.57 litres
1 quart = 1.14 litres 1 litre = 0.22 gallons (GB)
1 gallon (GB) = 4.6 litres = 0.26 gallons (US)
1 gallon (US) = 3.8 litres
Mass:
1 ounce (oz) = 28.3 grams 1 kg = 0.04 oz
1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kg 1 kg = 2.2 lbs
1 hundredweight = 50.8 kg 1 tonne = 0.98 tons
1 ton = 1016 kg
Density:
1 lb/in3 = 27.7 g/cm
3
1 kg/m3 = 0.06 lb/ft3
1lb/ft3 = 16.02 kg/m3
Acceleration:
1 ft/s2 = 0.3 m/s
2
l m/s2 =3.3 ft/s2
Torque:
1 lb ft = 1.36 newton metres 1 Nm = 0.74 lb ft
Pressure and Stress:
1 p.s.i. (lb/in2) = 6900 N/m2 1 N/m2 = 145*106 p.s.i.
Energy:
1 British thermal unit (B.t.u.) = 1.05 kilojoules (kJ)
1 therm = 105.5 megajoules (MJ)
1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = 3.6 MJ
1 calorie = 4.2 J
Power:
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 watts (W)
1 metric horsepower = 736 W
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
95
Правила чтения некоторых математических символов
Дробные числительные (Fractional Numerals)
Простые дроби (Common Fractions). Числитель выражается количественным
(three, ten, thirty-six и т. д.), a знаменатель – порядковым числительным (third,
tenth, thirty-sixth и т. Д.). Если числитель больше единицы, то знаменатель
принимает окончание множественного чнсла “s”.
1 a half; one half
2
1 a third; one third
3
1 a) a quarter; one quarter
4 b) a fourth; one fourth
1
10 a tenth; one tenth
1
100 a (one) hundredth
1
1000 a (one) thousandth
1
1234 a (one) thousand two hundred and thirty-fourth
3 a) three fourths
4 b) three quarters
2 1 two and a half
2
4 1 four and a third
3
125 3 a (one) hundred and twenty-five and three-fourths
4 (three quarters)
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
96
Десятичные дроби (Decimal Fractions)
В десятичных дробях целое число отделяется от дроби точкой, называе-
мой point. Каждая цифра читается отдельно. «Ноль целых» может совсем не
ставиться и не читаться или читаться одним из следующих трех способов: 0 [ou], nought [nɔːt], zero ['zɪərəʊ].
1) o point one
0.1 2) nought point one
.1 3) zero point one
4) point one
l) o point o one
2) nought point nought one
0.01 3) zero point zero one
.01 4) point nought one
5) point zero one
0.25 1) nought point two five
.25 2) point two five
2.35 two point three five
45.67 l) four five point six seven
2) forty-five point six seven
0.001 1) o point o o one
.001 2) nought point nought nought one
3) zero point zero zero one
4) point nought nought one
5) point two oes one
Отдельные знаки, выражения и уравнения
+ plus (sign of addition), positive
– minus (sign of subtraction), negative
± plus or minus (minus or plus)
× times by (multiplication sign)
∙ multiplied by
: sign of division; colon; ratios sign; divided by
= sign of equality
( ) l) round brackets
2) parantheses
[ ] l) square brackets
2) brackets
{ } braces
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
97
Ʃ sigma ['sɪɡmə], summation of
a=b 1) a equals b
2) a is equal to b
3) a is b
a≠b a is not equal to b; a is not b
a±b a plus or minus b
a≈b a approximately equals b
a> b a is greater than b
a<b a is less than b
x=∞ x approaches infinity
a≥b a is equal to or greater than b
1×1=1 once one is one
2×2=4 twice two is four
6×5=30 six times five or 6 multiplied by 5 is (equals; is equal to; are;
makes; make) thirty
30=6×5 thirty is five times as large as six
s=vt 1) s equals (is equal to) v multiplied
2) s equals v times t
1:2 the ratio of one to two
12:3=4 1) 12 divided by 3 equals 4
2) 12 divided by 3 is 4
20:5=16:4 1) the ratio of 20 to 5 equals the ratio of 16 to 4
2) 20 is to 5 as 16 is to 4
v=s l) v equals s divided by t
t 2) v is s over t
a+b=c a plus b is (are; equals; is equal to) c
7+3<12 7 plus 3 is less than 12
12> 7+3 12 is greater than 7 plus 3
c–b=a c minus b is (equals; is equal to; leaves) a
(b from c)
72–16=56 72 minus 16 (is; equals; is equal to; leaves) 56
(16 from 72)
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
98
1) x square; x squared
x2 2) x to the second power
3) the square of x
4) the second power of x
1) the second power of 5 is 25
52=25 2) 5 square is 25
3) 5 to the second power is equal to 25
4) the square of 5 is 25
1) y cubed; y cube
у3 2) y to the third power
3) the cube of y
4) y to the third
l) z to the minus tenth
z
–10
2) z to the minus tenth power
√4=±2 the square root of 4 is (equals) plus or minus 2
√a the square root of a
3
√а the cube root of a
5√а2
the fifth root of a square
a'a prime
a'' 1) a second prime
2) a double prime
a1 a first
a
2
a second
a
m
a m-th; a sub m
Rá R a-th; R sub a
f'
c
f c-th prime; f sub c prime
a'1 a first prime
a''2 a second prime
dz first derivative of z with respect to x
dx
d
z
2
second derivative of z with respect to x
d
x
2
y=f(x) y is a function of x
a=vt – v a equals (is equal to), line of division (dash) v sub t minus v
t by (over) t
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
99
Проценты
% per cent
pct or p.c.
%
0
per mille
2 % two per cent
2 р.с.
5 %
0
five per mille
3 1) three eighth per cent
8 % 2) three eighths of one per cent
1 l) a half per cent
2 % 2) a half of one per cent
0.3 % l) point three per cent
2) nought point three per cent
3) zero point three of one per cent
Примечанне: Cent и mille во множественном числе не принимают окончания s.
Именованные числа
2 ton two thirds of a ton
3
1ton half a ton (перед half нет артикля, перед ton отсутствует of)
2
3 km three quarters of a kilometer
4
.75 point seven five of a kilometer
1.75 one point seven five kilometers
13 lbs, 13 lb thirteen pounds
1 1hrs; 1 1 hr l) one and a half hours
2 2 2) one (an) hour and a half
2 1 lbs, 2 1 lb l) two and a third pound
3 3 2) two pounds and a third
60 mi/hr sixty miles per hour
240 km 240 kilometers per 4 hours
4 hr
6 ft/sec 6 feet per second
1 ft/sec 1 foot per second
74 cu. yd./hr 74 cubic yards per hour
31 m.p.h. 31 miles per hour
40 h./p.; 40 HP 40 horse power
kg/cm2 kilogram per square centimeter
k/sq. in. kip per square inch (1000 pounds per square inch)
20° twenty degrees
6' 1) 6 minutes 2) 6 feet
10" 1) 10 seconds 2) 10 inches
0 °C zero degrees Centigrade (Celsius)
100 °C one (a) hundred degrees Centigrade
32 °F thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit
200 r.p.m. two hundred revolutions per minute
100
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕ СКИЙ СПИС ОК
1. Английский язык: учебно-методическое пособие / сост. Л.В. Захарьева, Т.И. Токарева – Минск: БГАТУ, 2010. – 100 с.
2. Английский язык в таблицах: 10-11 классы – Москва: Издательство АСТ, 2016. –
94, [2] с.
3. Белоусова, А.Р., Мельчина, О.П. Английский язык для студентов сельскохозяй-
ственных вузов. Издательство «Лань», 2016. – 352 с.
4. Контрольные задания по английскому языку: практикум / Н.П. Стржельбицкая
[и др.]. – Краснодар: КубГАУ, 2014. – 141 с.
5. Нагорная, А.В. Словообразование в английском языке / А.В. Нагорная. – М.:
АЙРИС-пресс, 2018. – 96 с.
6. Английский язык: учебное пособие по развитию интегрированных навыков уст-
ной речи на английском языке для студентов 3 курса бакалавриата по направлении «География» / сост. И.И. Скнарина – Ростов-на-Дону, 2017. – 85 с.
7. The Guardian [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: http://www.theguardian.com/uk
(дата обращения: 15.10.2023).
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