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Файл:Materials Processing Technology Part 2. Coursebook
.pdf
Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации
Саратовский государственный технический университет
имени Гагарина Ю.А.
Adel Askarova, Marina Vinnik,
Sergey Speransky, Igor Rodionov
MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
Part 2
Coursebook
Саратов 2020
УДК 620.22(075.8)
ББК 30.3я73
М 34
Рецензенты:
Кандидат филологических наук, доцент Саратовского национального исследовательского
государственного университета имени Н.Г. Чернышевского
Т.А. Спиридонова
Кандидат филологических наук, доцент Саратовского национального исследовательского
государственного университета имени Н.Г. Чернышевского
Р.М. Базылева
Одобрено
редaкционно-издaтельским советом
Сaрaтовского госудaрственного технического университетa
М 34 Materials Processing Technology: Part 2: Coursebook / Adel Askarova,
Marina Vinnik, Sergey Speransky, Igor Rodionov. Сaрaтов: Сaрaт. гос.
техн. ун-т, 2020. 124 с.
ISBN 978-5-7433-3348-6 Coursebook with an Audio CD
Учебное пособие имеет единую структуру. Состоит из двух частей: Tutorial
(информационно-обучающее учебное пособие) и Coursebook (учебник). В Tutorial
раскрыты особенности строения и свойства конструкционных материалов,
применяемых в машиностроении, методы их испытаний и исследований, а также
современные технологии обработки, включая прокатку, литье, сварку,
электрофизические и электрохимические методы формообразования; приведены
методы и устройства автоматизации технологических процессов с использованием
современных интеллектуальных подходов на основе нейронных сетей и нечетких
множеств; рассмотрены методы моделирования, разработанные авторами в
процессе их научно-технической деятельности. Coursebook включает семь уроков,
которые сопровождаются текстами, блоком лексико-грамматических и аудио
упражнений, а также тестовыми заданиями к ним. Целью учебного пособия
является формирование и развитие компетенций, необходимых для использования
английского языка в сфере профессионального общения. Пособие позволяет
развить навыки коммуникативного чтения научной литературы, устной и
письменной научной речи, расширить словарный запас за счет общенаучной и
специальной лексики, отработать характерные для научного текста грамматические
явления английского языка. В пособии содержатся оригинальные научные и
научно-популярные тексты, способствующие расширению кругозора обучающихся.
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов технических вузов
машиностроительных специальностей и направлений подготовки, а также для научных
работников и практических специалистов, осваивающих современные технологии
обработки материалов совместно с зарубежными инженерами. Пособие издается с
аудиоприложением в электронном виде.
УДК 620.22(075.8)
ББК 30.3я73
© Yuri Gagarin State Technical University
of Saratov, 2020
ISBN 978-5-7433-3345-5 © Adel Kh. Askarova, Marina V. Vinnik,
ISBN 978-5-7433-3348-6 (Часть 2) Sergey K. Speransky, Igor V. Rodionov, 2020
2
INTRODUCTION
The aim of the Coursebook is to improve your professional communication
skills. The book covers high-priority language that is useful in any branch of
engineering (mechanical, electrical, chemical, etc.). Each of the seven units
contains:
engaging topics and articles to make your learning interesting and
motivating
relevant vocabulary presented and practiced in professional contexts
situation-based speaking activities so you can practice the language
you’ve learned
realistic listening activities so you can learn the language used in
technical discussions.
The Coursebook contains the Audioscript. This is a transcript of the
material from the Tutorial selected on the basis of its relevance to the needs of
the students in technical contexts. At the end of the Coursebook you will find a
complete answer key to the exercises. Each unit in the Coursebook includes extra
online activities at www.quizlet.com, which highlight the language that needs
special attention.
How to use «Materials Processing Technology» Coursebook for selfstudy
If you are working on your own, you can do the units in any order you like.
Choose the topic that you want to look at and work through the unit, doing the
exercises and checking your answers in the answer key. Note any mistakes you
make, and go back and listen or read again to help you understand what the
problem was. For the listening exercises, it’s better to listen more than once and
to look at the audioscript so that you can read the language you have just heard.
For the speaking activities, think about what you would say in the situation. You
could also try talking about the discussion points with your colleagues.
3
anneal anodize electroplate forge galvanize
grind
harden mint plate roll soften temper
tinplate
Unit 1
Materials Science
Materials science is the study of the properties of solid materials and how
these properties are determined by a material’s composition and structure.
Materials science is an interdisciplinary subject. It grew out of an amalgam of
solid-state physics, metallurgy, and chemistry, since the rich variety of materials
properties cannot be understood within the context of any single classical
discipline. With a basic understanding of the origins of properties, materials can
be selected or designed for an enormous variety of applications, ranging from
structural steels to computer microchips. Materials science is therefore important
to engineering activities such as electronics, aerospace, telecommunications,
information processing, nuclear power, energy conversion, etc.
There are two kinds of materials used in engineering – metals and nonmetals. Metals are divided into ferrous (that contain iron) and non-ferrous (that
do not contain iron).
Most materials fall into one of three classes that are based on the atomic
bonding forces of a particular material: metallic, ceramic and polymeric.
Additionally, different materials can be combined to create a composite material.
Within each of these classifications, materials can be further organized into
groups based on their chemical composition or certain physical or mechanical
properties.
Processes in treating metals:
READING Introduction in materials science. Properties of materials
→ Read Study Skill
___1 Read the texts from Unit 1 of the Textbook.
4
___2 Survey the texts from Section 1 and underline the information which
metal
produced by melting pig iron and pouring it into
moulds, made of sand to set it into complex shapes
iron
quite ductile and used in manufacture of sheet iron,
wire, and pipes
answers the questions.
1) What are two kinds of materials used in engineering?
2) Which metals and alloys fall into the group of ferrous metals and alloys?
3) Which materials fall into the group of non-ferrous metals and alloys?
4) What are the main characteristics and applications of a) metals, b) iron, c)
steels, d) cast iron, and e) copper alloys?
5) What are the principle differences in the microstructure of grey iron, ductile
iron, white cast iron, and malleable iron?
6) What are the drawbacks and advantages of steel? What makes stainless steels
versatile in their applicability?
7) What are the differences between the methods of heat treatment, such as
quenching, tempering, and annealing?
8) Give the reasons for developing residual stresses in metal pieces.
___3 Survey the texts from Section 2 and underline the information which
answers the questions.
1) Which materials are combined in the family of non-ferrous metals? Give their
main mechanical properties.
2) Define the composition, the main properties and usage of: a) ceramics, b)
polymers,
c) composites, d) fibers, and e) industrial gases.
____ 4 Survey the texts from Section 3 and underline the information which
answers the questions.
1) Find the definition of physical properties, chemical properties, and mechanical
properties of materials.
2) Why thermal conductivity is defined as the intrinsic property of a material?
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
___1 Study paragraph 1.8. Match the following words and phrases with
their definitions and characteristics.
5
alloy
an element that has a chemical symbol Fe and is the
father of the ferrous family
steel
a material that is typically hard, opaque, shiny and
good electrical and thermal conductivity
cast iron
contain from 0.4 to 1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and
brittle and are used in cutting tools, surgical
instruments, and springs
mild steels
(steels of low
carbon)
an intermediate product of the iron industry, which is
first obtained from a smelting furnace in the form of
oblong blocks; has a very high carbon content
pig iron (crude
iron)
an alloy of iron and carbon
high carbon
steels
a combination of metals and of a metal or another
element
a. Material
b. Characteristics
c. Applications
metal /metals
mixture of iron and carbon;
and has good electrical and
thermal conductivity;
brittle;
fusible;
made of sand to set it into
complex shapes, fairly brittle;
malleable;
soft, can be bent by hand
obtained by filling a blast
furnace with iron oxides or can
be worked by hammering at red
heat;
have ductility, strength, high
1. used in the
manufacture of sheet
iron, wire, pipes;
2. used in structural
applications from bridges
and buildings to ships,
automobiles and
household appliances;
3. used for castings such
as crank cases, gearboxes
and rear axles;
4. used to coat other
metals to protect them;
5. used to make bearings;
mild steels
steel
high-carbon steels
lead
iron
cast iron
chromium
tungsten
___ 2 Study paragraphs 1.8, 1.9 and 1.10 to find which characteristics (b)
and applications (c) best describe each material (a).
6
manganese steel
melting points, toughness;
typically hard, opaque, shiny,
included to resist corrosion;
included to increase hardness;
very hard;
has a low coefficient of
friction;
tough and has a low coefficient
of friction;
has high resistance to wear;
comparatively weak and brittle
in tension;
very effective in damping
vibration energy;
the properties can be
manipulated by varying
composition;
resists to corrosion;
superior to other structural
materials in strength, toughness,
and workability;
improves the properties of
metals;
* extremely hard but also very
brittle and unmachinable;
*an alloy produced by adding a
small amount of magnesium to
the grey iron before casting and
known as nodular iron;
* have a high strength;
*relatively high strength and
appreciable ductility or
malleability.
6. used to make fibers
and gears;
7. used for armor plates;
8. used in cutting tools,
surgical instruments, and
springs;
9. applied to produce
valves, pump bodies,
crankshafts, gears, and
other automotive
components;
10. applied for gas
turbines, hightemperature steam
boilers, heat-treating
furnaces, aircrafts,
missiles, nuclear power
generating units;
11. used as an
intermediary in the
production of malleable
iron;
12. used as base
structures for machines
and heavy equipment,
which are exposed to
vibrations;
13. applied in connecting
rods, transmission gears,
and differential cases for
the automotive industry.
bronze
nylon
tin
stainless steels
alloys
grey iron
ductile iron
white cast iron
malleable iron
7
____3 Complete the following sentences with the words from the box.
magnetic field cobalt ferromagnetic ductility magnesium spin
annealing quenching deformation fracture residual stresses
heat treatments
STUDY SKILL Using the Internet
You can use the possibilities of Quizlet, which is
a website based learning platform, to develop
your vocabulary
1. Most materials can be classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic or __________.
2. Ferromagnetic materials have a large, positive susceptibility to an external
________.
3. Paramagnetic materials include ________, molybdenum, lithium, and
tantalum.
4. The magnetic moments associated with atoms have three origins, including the
electron motion, the change in motion caused by an external magnetic field, and
the _____ of the electrons.
5. Iron, nickel and ________ are examples of ferromagnetic materials.
6. ____________ is a heat treatment in which a material is exposed to an elevated
temperature for an extended time period, and then slowly cooled down.
7. Annealing is carried out 1) to relieve stresses; 2) increase softness, _________, and toughness.
8. _________ makes steel harder and more brittle, with small grains structure.
9. Annealing is used during fabrication procedures that require extensive plastic
_________, to allow a continuation of deformation without _________.
10. Internal ____________may develop in metal pieces in response to nonuniform cooling of a piece that was processed or fabricated at an elevated
temperature.
11. Thermal processes or _____________ are effective in altering mechanical
characteristics of metals.
8
_____ 4 The links below will help you use Quizlet to enrich your vocabulary
verb
noun (person/
substance, etc.)
noun
(process)
adjective
mechanize
mechanic
mechanics
mechanical
oxidize
oxide
oxidation
oxidizing
treat
treatment
treated
minimize
minimum
minimization
minimal
crystallise
(BrE) /
crystallize
(AmE)
crystal
crystallization,
recrystallization
crystalline,
crystallised /
crystallized
alloying
alloy
alloying
-
strengthen
-
strengthening
strong
on the topics from Section 3:
1) Application of external forces to materials:
https://quizlet.com/377934415/application-of-external-forces-to-materials-flashcards/
2) Physical and chemical properties of materials:
https://quizlet.com/377922784/physical-and-chemical-properties-of-engineeringmaterials-flash-cards/
3) Mechanical properties of materials:
https://quizlet.com/377926841/mechanical-properties-flash-cards/
WORD-BUILDING
To increase your vocabulary, you can learn
the associated words from a key word.
The word table below shows words related to the key words.
9
reinforce
-
reinforcement
reinforced
employ
employer
employment
employed
magnetize
magnet
-
magnetic,
magnetized
-en harden soften
- ize anodize
galvanize
mathematics mechanics physics
thermodynamics
-ate /-ite accurate
-ful harmful
-al/-ial artificial
-ive active
-able/-ible renewable
-ic scientific
-ous dangerous
-ing engineering
-ed finished
-ant/-ent transparent
early fast hard late
straight
Notice the following verb endings:
Notice the following nouns which are a plural form but are
normally used with a singular verb.
Adjectives and Adverbs
Here are some typical adjective endings and adjective forms:
Some adjectives have the same form as adverbs
A cage provides fast access to the mine. (adjective)
The cage raises and lowers miners fast. (adverb)
Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the adjective
10
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