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Файл:Materials Processing Technology Part 2. Coursebook
.pdf
STUDY SKILL Active vs passive
Uses
We use the active verb form in speech and writing to describe actions
and events. For example: Paper still plays a vital role in our lives –
newspapers tell us the events of the day, and books entertain and
educate us. Paper has been with us since 105 A.D. The Chinese first
used it to make records: later it spread to all parts of the world.
We can use the passive in the following situations:
1. We are not interested in the doer.
Ancient paper was made entirely of rags: modern paper is made from
wood pulp – a faster and cheaper alternative.
2. In process descriptions.
First the logs are stripped of bark, cut into smaller sections and made
into chips. The chips are put into a large tank called a digester and
allowed to stew in a chemical mix under pressed through screens to
remove chunks and foreign objects. The pulp is then drained of water
to form a mass that is then bleached and washed again.
The first two corresponding active sentences would be:
First we strip the logs of bark, then we cut them into smaller sections,
and make them into chips. We then put the chips into a large tank
called a digester and allow them to stew in a chemical mix under
pressure.
3. In impersonal language.
The chemicals in this process are toxic safety clothing must be worn.
This is the typical style of a written order or instruction. The
corresponding active sentence would be:
The chemicals are toxic: wear safety clothing.
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Grammar practice
STUDY SKILL
An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece
of writing that highlights the major points covered,
concisely describes the content and scope of the writing,
and reviews the contents of the writing in abbreviated
form. People write abstracts when submitting articles to
journals, applying for research grants, writing a proposal
for a conference paper, completing a Ph.D./Master’s
degree thesis or dissertation, etc.
____ 1 Complete the first half of an article by writing the verb in brackets in
the correct tense and passive form.
The International Space Station (ISS) ……is currently being run…(currently/run)
as a joint project between five space agencies. The main structure
………………(complete) in 1998, but the idea for cooperation in space began at
the end of the Cold War. An agreement for a joint space programme between the
USA and Russia …………………(not/reach) until 1992, and final plans for a
new space station ……………….(announce) a year later. Unlike previous
spaceships and satellites, the ISS ……………….(build) in space while in orbit.
In fact, components……………………..(still/add) today.
____ 2 Complete the second half of the article by underlining the active or
passive form.
The ISS has become/has been become the biggest space station ever. It can even
see/can even be seen from earth with the naked eye. The space agencies carry
out/are carried out daily experiments on the ISS. For example, new spacecraft
systems regularly test/are regularly tested here. It has continuously staffed/has
been continuously staffed since 2000, so it is using/is being used as a research
centre to assess the long-term effects of zero gravity on the human body. The
results will affect/will be affected the preparations for long-term space
colonisation.
WRITING SKILLS
Read the information about some specific features of writing an abstract
The key elements to be included in the abstract.
• Background: A simple opening sentence or two placing the work in context.
• Aims: One or two sentences giving the purpose of the work.
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• Method(s): One or two sentences explaining what was (or will) be done.
• Results: One or two sentences indicating the main findings.
• Conclusions: One sentence giving the most important consequence of the work-
What do the results mean? How will they be used?
Key-patterns for writing an abstract
1. The article (paper, book, etc.) deals with…
2. As the title implies the article describes….
3. It is specially noted…
4. A mention should be made…
5. It is spoken in detail…
6. …are noted
7. It is reported…
8. The text gives a valuable information on….
9. Much attention is given to…
10. The article is of great help to …
11. The article is of interest to…
12. It (the article) gives a detailed analysis of ….
13. It draws our attention to…
14. The difference between the terms…and…should be stressed
15. It should be stressed (emphasized) that…
16. …is proposed
17. …are examined
18. …are discussed
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19. An option permits…
20. The method proposed … etc.
21. It is described in short …
22. It is introduced ….
23. It is shown that ….
24. It is given …
25. It is dealt with ….
26. It is provided for …
27. It is designed for ….
28. It is examined, investigated …
29. It is analyzed …
30. It is formulated ….
31. The need is stressed to employ…
32. Attention is drawn to…
33. Data are given about…
34. Attempts are made to analyze, formulate …
35. Conclusions are drawn….
36. Recommendations are given …
MODEL ABSTRACTS
In the following example from a physics research article, four elements occur:
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BACKGROUND
OBJECTIVE
RESULTS
IMPLICATIONS
Recent experimental and theoretical investigations suggest
the existence of fundamental intermediate-range forces. So
far, the behavior of such forces, in static spherical bodies,
has been discussed using particular models, where the
matter distribution is restricted to have some specific form.
In this work we want to extend the discussion to an
arbitrary matter distribution. With this aim, we solve the
phenomenological equations that describe intermediaterange forces by quadratures.
From the analysis of the physical properties of the solution,
we show in detail how the shape of the matter distribution,
as well as the range of the field, can influence the
magnitude of intermediate-range forces.
Our model-independent description allows us to generate a
number of particular results found previously.
____ 1 Writing practice. Following the above instructions, practice writing
abstracts of the articles given here:
https://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-55/issue-01.html .
Present the abstracts to the class and discuss them.
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WEBQUEST
Lasers in medicine
Lasers in communications
Lasers in industries
Lasers in science and technology
Lasers in military
STUDY SKILL Searching the Internet efficiently
Before doing research on the Internet, plan what and how you are
going to search. Ask:
What is my search topic?
What are the key words or phrases? Write synonyms of the key
words.
Use quotation marks for phrases. For example:
If you search semiconductor lasers, you will find sites with the
words semiconductor and lasers. These words might not be
connected.
If you search “semiconductor lasers”, you will find sites which
have these words together.
To make your search more specific:
Use + or AND to find information together
Use – or NOT to remove information you do not need
Use a search engine such as Google to find information about modern
applications of lasers in the following fields:
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Unit 6
Automation system and robotics in machine tools
Robotics is a field of engineering that deal with design and application of
robots and the use of computer for their manipulation and processing. Robots are
used in industries for speeding up the manufacturing process. They are also used
in the field of nuclear science, sea-exploration, servicing of transmission electric
signals, designing of bio-medical equipment etc. Robotics requires the
application of computer integrated manufacturing, mechanical engineering,
electrical engineering, biological mechanics, software engineering.
Automation and Robotics Engineering is the use of control systems and
information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of
goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond
mechanization.
There are two basic types of automation: software automation and
industrial automation.
Software Automation
Most of the information on automation that you can find online is about
software automation. This involves using software to carry out tasks which
humans usually do when they are using computer programs.
For example, GUI test automation is a way to test computer programs. It
involves recording the actions of a human while they are using a graphical user
interface. These actions are then replayed to autonomously test the program after
changes have been made to the underlying software.
Industrial Automation
When we talk about "automation and robotics", we are usually referring to
industrial automation.
Industrial automation is all about controlling physical processes. It
involves using physical machines and control systems to automate tasks within an
industrial process. A fully autonomous factory is the extreme example.
There are many types of machine within industrial automation. For
example, CNC machines are common in manufacturing.
Robots are only one type of machine.
READING Using automation system and robotics in machine tools
→ Read Study Skill
___1 Read the texts from Unit 13 of the Textbook.
___2 Survey the texts from Section 13.1 and underline the information
which answers the questions.
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1) What is automation?
approach
a thin layer or covering of something
flexibility
composed of artificial input neurons,
and brings the initial data into the
system for further processing by
subsequent layers of artificial neurons
prediction errors
capable of reflecting light, images, or
sound waves
reflective ability
task that have to be dealt with
immediately
input layer
the manner, position, or direction in
which something is set
coating
selective removal
setting
compulsory degree to which the result of
a measurement, calculation, or
specification conforms to the correct
value or a standard
2) What was the first step in the development of automation?
3) Which principle is used in all automatic control mechanisms?
4) How have computers facilitated manufacturing processes?
5) What are the various types of automation in manufacturing?
6) What is “computer numerical control” (CNC)? Where is it applied and why?
___3 Survey the texts from Section 13.2 and underline the information
which answers the questions.
1) What is a robot? What is the most common manufacturing robot?
2) What are the different activities performed by robots?
3) Name three categories of applications of robots in manufacturing
operations.
4) List the characteristics of industrial jobs performed by humans that can be
done by robots.
5) What is the future of robots in manufacturing?
____ 4 Survey the texts from Section 13.3 and underline the information
which answers the questions.
1) Describe the structure and functions of industrial microcomputers.
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
___1 Match the following words and phrases with their definitions and
characteristics.
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estimate
the quality of bending easily without
breaking
pruning technique
a way of considering or doing something
required accuracy
the failure of some expected event to
occur
urgent task
to guess or calculate the cost, size, value,
etc. of something
___ 2 Fill the gaps with the words from Ex. 1.
1. ANN architecture optimization
________________
is based on network pruning,
where from large network architecture with an adequate performance, the net is
pruned by removing non-useful connections during the training.
2. Plasma __________ consists mainly of spherical structures.
3. The quality of the welding process with the device for electron beam
welding was ____________ by using an atomic force microscope SMM
2000.
4. The ___________ along with robustness of this methodology permits to consider
its implementation as on-line control tool.
5. This is a system of simple processing elements (or neurons) typically organized in
layers (i.e., ________________, hidden layers and output layers).
6. The weights are adjusted to reduce the ________ through a back propagation
algorithm where the error is back distributed to the previous layers across the
network.
7. The ______________ indeed reduces the complexity of neural networks, and
improves their ability of prediction because it avoids the use of over parameterized
models.
8. This transmission spectrum is characterized by the presence of maxima.
The appearance of peaks is connected with a high _____________ of
periodically structured photonic crystal fiber near the photonic band gaps.
9. This section provides an analytical description of the functions for
modeling the screw surfaces of tools and demonstrates how to use the
computing and graphics capabilities of modern computers to simulate this
process with the_________________.
10. The advantage of this program is that we can specify an arbitrary number
of input parameters of plasma spraying in the training and network
_____________, and as the output we will obtain the quality of welding.
11. Therefore, the development of algorithms and control of electron beam
welding is a necessary and __________________.
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____3 Practice the words online: https://quizlet.com/_64ynao
STUDY SKILL Causing, preventing, and enabling links: cause to, make, prevent,
stop, allow to, enable to, let
In technology we often have to describe the relationship between actions.
Study these pairs of actions about robots. What is the relationship between
each pair?
1 a The object sensor detects an obstacle.
b The robot changes direction.
2 a The cliff sensor reports a sudden drop ahead.
b The robot does not move in that direction.
3 a Caterpillar tracks are fitted to the robot.
b It can move quickly on rough surfaces.
In pair 1, one action causes another action. In pair 2, one action prevents
another action. In pair 3, one action enables another action.
Note how we can link each pair to show the relationship between them.
1 The object sensor detects an obstacle, which causes the robot to change
direction.
The object sensor detects an obstacle, which makes the robot change
direction.
2 The cliff sensor reports a sudden drop ahead, which prevents the robot
from moving in that direction.
The cliff sensor reports a sudden drop ahead, which stops the robot
moving in that direction.
3 Caterpillar tracks are fitted to the robot, which allows / enables it to move
quickly on rough surfaces.
Caterpillar tracks are fitted to the robot, which lets it move quickly on
rough surfaces.
_____ 4 Complete the gaps in the text with the correct form of the
appropriate verbs.
allow (to) enable (to) make stop
cause (to) let prevent
Land mines kill 800 people every month and ________________1 people
returning to their homes after a conflict is over. Comet III is an experimental
mine-clearing robot developed at Chiba University in Japan. It is fitted with
caterpillar tracks, _____________2 it move quickly over rough ground. For minehunting it has six legs, ________________3 it to walk delicately through mine
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