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Файл:Materials Processing Technology Part 2. Coursebook
.pdf
17. Certain light mode propagates through hollow core under operation by
STUDY SKILL Describing function
Study these examples:
Traditional controlling cannot be used for these features.
Fuzzy knowledge-based controller is used to compute the
mapping from the input values to the output values.
Three hundred negative and positive snapshots were used to
train the detector.
Artificial neural network is used for controlling the welding
process.
We can describe what things are used for, their function, in these
ways:
used to + infinitive
used as + noun
(used)for + - ing
neural networks
fuzzy logic
automation in manufacturing of the gas-dynamic
bearings
photonic crystal fiber
in on into
_________________, which localize and guide light.
18. The ________________ indeed reduces the complexity of neural networks, and
improves their ability of prediction because it avoids the use of over parameterized
models.
____3 Practice the words online: https://quizlet.com/361219951/mathematicalmodeling-and-intelligent-control-in-technological-processes-flash-cards/
_____ 4 Explain the function of each item in the technological processes.
_____5 Complete the following sentences using the correct prepositions. You
may have to use some prepositions more than once.
a)
1. The regular arrangement of atoms ___ metals gives them a crystalline
structure.
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2. The method includes cooling very slowly ___the furnace or holding at a
from …to…
between …
and…
at (about)
temperature just below eutectoid temperature.
3. More cutting edges become available ___the machining zone, which raises the
chipping rate and consequently the overall removal rate.
4. An electrolytic cell is created ___an electrolyte medium, with the tool as the
cathode and the workpiece as the anode.
5. Water jet machining is used ___metals, paper, cloth, leather, rubber, plastics,
food, and ceramics.
6. Boards of various shapes for use ___portable radios and cassette players can be
cut using computer numerical control technology.
7. We are conducting an investigation ___ XYZ which is based ___ a study by
Santana [2015].
8. This approach is a variation ___ the one also used by Smith [2013].
9. Their study ___ biomechatronics fails to account for …
10. Previous work has only focused ___ theoretical issues.
11. Experiments ___ mice were conducted ___ 2013 by a group of researchers
from …
12. Henri’s argument relies too heavily ___ the equipment used.
13. We chose a particular apparatus ___ account of the fact that it is considered
the best equipment for this type of investigation.
14. Time is represented ___ the X axis. Note that our findings are based ___ a
limited number of samples.
15. More details ___ this will be given below and ___ the first sections ___ the
appendix.
16. They are currently working ___ a new project, which you can find ___ our
website.
17. The electrons maintain the velocity imparted by the acceleration voltage over
a well-defined area, typically 0.25 mm ___diameter.
b)
1. Medium-carbon steels containing ___0.2 ___0.4 per cent carbon are tougher
and stronger.
2. High-carbon steels contain ___0.4 ___1.5 per cent carbon, are hard and brittle
and are used in cutting tools, surgical instruments, and springs.
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3. Blast furnace-produced iron contains ___3 ___4 per cent of carbon and smaller
during until within for over
throughout
percentage of impurities.
4. The carbon and silicon contents of gray cast irons vary ___2.5 ___4.0 % and
3.0 %, respectively.
5. Regarding cast iron, there is virtually no plastic deformation or elasticity; it
just suddenly fractures across a plane ___55º.
6. Heating white iron ___temperatures ___800º C ___900º C for a prolonged
time period causes a decomposition of the cementite.
7. The oscillating tool, ___amplitudes ranging 40 µm, imposes a static pressure
on the abrasive grains and feeds down as the material is removed to form the
required tool shape.
8. The magnetostrictor is energized ___the ultrasonic frequency and produces
small-amplitude vibrations.
9. The abrasive slurry is pumped ___the oscillating tool ___the brittle workpiece.
10. The intensifier accepts the water ___low pressure and expels it ___higher
pressures of 3800 bar.
11. A limit switch, located ___each end of the piston travel, signals the electric
controls to shift the directional control valve and reverses the piston direction.
c)
1. Slower cooling rates ___solidification favour graphitization.
2. A heat treatment is often used in low- and medium-carbon steels that will be
machined, or will experience plastic deformation ___a forming operation.
3. The removal rate rises at greater grain sizes ___the size reaches the vibration
amplitude.
4. According to the range of grain sizes used in practice, the amplitude of
oscillation varies ___ the limits of 0.04 to 0.08 mm.
5. A change in concentration occurs ___machining as a result of the abrasive dust
settling on the machine table.
6. The area between the tool and the workpiece varies ___0.01 cm and 0.1 cm.
7. There is no tool wear ___electrochemical machining.
8. The electrons maintain the velocity imparted by the acceleration voltage
___they strike the workpiece, over a well-defined area, typically 0.25 mm in
diameter.
9. If the heat intensity is great enough and applied ___long enough, the part will
gradually change to a red colour.
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10. Heating white iron at high temperatures ___a prolonged time period causes a
by in of
within
with
within
decomposition of the cementite.
11. The tests took place ___a three-year period, and ___the initial stages the
results were disappointing.
12. ___these peak monsoon months there are fluctuations in the location and the
intensity of rainfall, however flights operate ____the season.
13. Our estimate of this risk ___time might be considered too low if other
external factors are taken into account.
d)
1. The stock market has risen ___213 points.
2. There has been an increase ___inflation.
3. Attendance has fallen ___16%.
4. The addition of tin, zinc, or aluminum to copper will result ___an alloy with
increased strength.
5. Ordinary cast iron is produced ___melting pig iron and pouring it into moulds
made of sand to set into complex shapes.
6. A fall ___unemployment is predicted.
7. There has been an increase in inflation ___5%.
8. We must receive your manuscript by January 21 or at the latest ___the end of
the month.
9. Manuscripts will be reviewed ____six weeks of receipt.
10. This was affected by variations ___16% and more.
e)
1. The applications are determined within a time frame.
2. With the purpose of performing a general overview, we trace advances in this
technology since 2010.
3. A key problem with much of the literature is that cost id not considered
relevant.
4. Our equipment is in line with that used by Kirk [2009], with some minor
modifications, and it comes equipped with its own automatic calculator.
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5. The apparatus was customized for use with young patients and all tests were
STUDY SKILL Zero and First Conditionals
Sample sentence:
If the network output for each test pattern is almost close to the respective target,
the network is considered to have acquired the underlying dynamics from the
training patterns.
The conditionals, sometimes called ‘if clauses’, are constructions in English used
to discuss something that could happen in the future, or was possible but did not
happen in the past. They can be difficult to learn because they are so similar but
have very specific, different uses. Their specific uses are:
The Zero Conditional:
For general rules and principles.
(If + present simple, present simple)
If you heat water, it boils.
The First Conditional:
For future possibilities and more specific rules.
(if + present simple, will + bare infinitive)
If it rains at the weekend, the game will be cancelled.
If you teach them English, they will learn.
carries out in compliance with EU regulations.
6. The results from such analyses should be treated with considerable caution.
7. This work was performed within the framework of an EU project.
8. These changes should be implemented within the next 3 years.
9. Such activities fall within the realm of hackers and should not be encouraged.
10. This can only be done within certain limits.
GRAMMAR DEVELOPMENT
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Grammar practice
_____ 1 Match the sentence beginnings a to j with endings 1 to 10.
a) If you cool water to zero degrees, it
b) Most things expand
c) When magnesium burns in oxygen,
d) If x times y is six and x is three,
e) If you touch a live wire,
f) Green plants can’t survive
g) When a bicycle speeds up
h) If you put food in a fridge,
i) If you rub a balloon with a cloth,
j) If you fill a balloon with hydrogen,
1) it produces magnesium oxide.
2) it lasts longer.
3) forms ice.
4) you get static electricity.
5) you get an electric shock.
6) if you heat them.
7) it is more difficult to stop.
8) when there is no light.
9) then y is two.
10) it floats in the air.
_____2 Read the text and then complete the sentences using the prompts.
Global warming: what are the consequences?
What are the consequences of global warming? There are some predictions.
A rise of only a degree or two in the temperature of the planet will cause
floods in many parts of the world. This is because the melting of the ice caps
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will cause a big rise in sea level. We will lose a lot of important farmland, and
people will have to leave some of the world’s biggest cities.
Some deserts are growing so fast that we can see and measure the changes.
Some scientists believe this is because of human activity (mainly cutting
down trees), but others think that it is an effect of global warming. Good
agricultural land is being changed into desert.
Animals adapt to survive in the climate of the area where they live. If the
climate changes, it will become too hot for some animals and too cold for
others. Insects like mosquitoes will move to new areas and take malaria with
them. Some crops won’t grow and many people will starve.
Some scientists believe that nature will absorb the effect of greenhouse gases.
For example, carbon dioxide dissolves easily in sea water. Shellfish use it to
produce their shells. One theory is the shellfish will be able to absorb the extra
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Plants also absorb carbon dioxide. We know that the rainforests use carbon
dioxide to photosynthesize and produce oxygen. This is why the rainforests
are so important. If we don’t protect them, the level of carbon dioxide will
increase.
a) If temperatures go up by a degree,…………………………………….
b) If the polar ice caps melt, the level…………………………………….
c) We will lose a lot of farmland if the level……………………………..
d) If mosquitoes move to new areas, they………………………………..
e) Many people will starve if……………………………………….…….
f) If there is extra carbon dioxide in sea water, shellfish…………………
g) The level of carbon dioxide will increase unless………………………
LISTENING "What is Math Modelling”
_____ 1 Watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHtsuOBTPw and complete the sentences:
1. These are real-world scenarios for which…
2. Modelling is a process that…
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3. Here is how it works. Start with…
4. To simplify the scope of the problem…
5. Now it’s time to use the Math…
6. Next, you’ll analyze you model to…
7. Finally, you’ll…
8. Math modelling can help us…
_____ 2 Important vocabulary. Study the words and phrases and make
sentences to activate them in context.
turn out – to be known or discovered finally and surprisingly
recycling – the process of collecting and changing old paper, glass, plastic,
etc. so that it can be used again
roller coaster – an exciting entertainment in an amusement park, like a fast
train that goes up and down very steep slopes and around very sudden bends
real–world – happening in the world or in someone's life rather than in a
book, in the imagination, on the internet, etc.
to make predictions – to make a statement about what you think will
happen in the future
to apply – to make use of something or use it for a practical purpose
to simplify – to make something less complicated and therefore easier to
do or understand
equation – a mathematical statement in which you show that two amounts
are equal using mathematical symbols
to incorporate – to include something as part of something larger
variable – a letter or symbol that represents any of a set of values
look for – to try to notice someone or something
calculus – an area of advanced mathematics in which continuously
changing values are studied
to correlate with – if two or more facts, numbers, etc. correlate or are
correlated, there is a relationship between them
_____ 3 Make a 10-sentence summary of the video.
SPEAKING
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Discuss the following topic with your groupmates: “Mathematical modelling
STUDY SKILL How to write a scientific article?
Today’s scientific articles are written both by people with academic degree and
students. Science is constantly evolving and attracting pupils who deals with
complex works, works hard to find the original sources, contribute their
innovative proposals.
There should be a definite plan during the creation of scientific text. It’s
necessary to determine the features of the text which will lead it to the forefront
among the same scientists or collaborators. The article should be innovative,
consist of authentic ideas, conclusions and remarks. The structure should be
demarcated as reference system must be theoretically underpinned. Such kind of
work will be interesting for scientists of different countries, as well useful for
studying.
and its applications”.
1) What different areas of mathematical modelling applications are there
(artificial intelligence, Biology, Chemical engineering, Computer science,
Economics, etc.)? How is it used in all these areas?
2) Discuss the possible applications of mathematical models in the future.
Remember to:
Outline what you will say
Make your points clearly
Let the audience know you have finished
Speaking tips
Speak from notes.
Choose simple examples.
Make eye contact with your audience.
WRITING SKILLS
Write a scientific article for a magazine with the title: “Applications and
Mathematical Modeling in Technological Processes”
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Use the following links to learn more about writing a scientific research article:
http://european-science.org/en/nkcpage/how-to/
https://studfiles.net/preview/4339499/
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/ug/research/paper.html
http://en.fel.zcu.cz/AE%20III%20Guidelines%20for%20Academic%20Writing/
How%20to%20write%20a%20paper/Useful%20phrases.pdf
Write about 3000-5000 words.
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