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Файл:Materials Processing Technology Part 2. Coursebook
.pdf
fields. It takes 20 seconds to calculate each step. Slow processing speeds
STUDY SKILL Modal verbs
Modal Verbs are Auxiliary Verbs that provide additional and specific meaning to
the main verb of the sentence. Modal Verbs are sometimes referred to as Modal
Auxiliary Verbs because they help other verbs.
CAN Ability, doubt, astonishment, permission, polite, request
MAY/MIGHT Permission, supposition
MUST Obligation, firm necessity, logical, conclusion, probability
SHALL Intension, supposition
WILL Wish, desire, will , confidence, in the future
OUGHT TO Moral duty, insistent advice, strict recommendation
NEED Necessity
HAVE TO Unwillingness, forced circumstances
WOULD Wish, polite request, a habit of the past
______________4 Comet III from moving quickly, but faster processing chips
should _______________5 Comet III to reach human walking speeds in future.
Comet III has stereo vision provided by two digital cameras. This
________________6 it navigate by itself without the help of remote control.
Comet III has metal detectors and ground-penetrating radar, ____________7 it to
detect different types of mine. A reflected signal from a mine ______________8
Comet III to probe gently to uncover the mine. Vibration or pressure can
_________________9 a mine explode, so the work must be done with care.
Sometimes the ground is very hard, which __________________10 the probe
uncovering mines. Newer models fitted with drills and an air hose will
___________________11 the robot do this safely. A robotic hand will
____________________12 the robot to pick up rocks.
GRAMMAR DEVELOPMENT
71
Read the text below and find all the examples of modal verbs in the
text. Underline them and explain their use in each case.
ROBOTS, SOCIETY AND THE FUTURE
We are now at the beginning of the age of robots. The robots that now exist
are by no means the seeing, speaking, thinking humanoid objects that we find
in science fiction. So far they are only computerized levers equipped to do a
particular single task over and over. Though they will rapidly be more
complex, versatile and able, they have a long time to go before they even
appear to be human beings.
Apart from taking on dangerous tasks, which human beings would much
prefer to avoid, robots can do work which is so repetitive and dull that
it stultifies and debases any human mind that must engage in it for long
periods of time. This is the kind of work robots can even do more reliably and
correctly. As a result human beings, liberated from such subhuman work, will
be free to turn to more creative endeavours.
And yet, before we grow too happy over this prospect, let us remember that to
be 'liberated from an undesirable job' might well be translated into 'thrown out
of work'. A job might seem undesirable to someone viewing it from outside,
but to the person working at it, it is a livelihood. The robot brings with it the
threat of technological unemployment and, with that, the loss of economic
security and the disappearance of self-respect.
One might argue that technological advance produces many more jobs than it
destroys. The coming of the automobile put a number of blacksmiths out of
business. It created, however, a far greater number of automobile-related jobs
and vastly expanded and broadened the need for gasoline, rubber and
highways. There will be more work, more jobs by far, in a robotized society
than in a nonrobotized one.
Nevertheless, this is an overall, long-range viewpoint that does not take into
account the individual tragedies that take place while society slowly settles
into some new mode. When one job disappears, a new job may not have
appeared, or most likely, may be totally different in nature. An assembly-line
worker, who has been tightening bolts, cannot simply abandon his work
and at a moment's notice take a new job and become, say, a robot repairman.
The jobs that are lost to robots are precisely those mechanical, repetitive,
noncreative ones that a robot can do. The new jobs will require considerable
specialized knowledge and power of thought - or they will be lost to robots,
too. What's more, technological change has been steadily accelerating over the
millennia of human history so that the dislocation produced by the 'robot
revolution' will come upon us much more rapidly and over a far greater
portion of the world than similar dislocations such as those of the Industrial
Revolution in its beginnings two centuries ago. Clearly, we cannot wait for
these dislocations to heal themselves.
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If society is to be kept stable, there must be serious efforts to minimize the
STUDY SKILL Summarizing
version of written or spoken material, stating the main
points and leaving out everything that is not essential.
Summarizing is more than retelling; it involves analyzing
information, distinguishing important from unimportant
elements and translating large chunks of information into a
few short cohesive sentences.
In summarizing texts, introduce these steps:
Skim the text to get a general idea of the topic
Delete unnecessary or redundant material
Find the main ideas in the text
Find or create a topic sentence
Substitute general or "umbrella" terms when
appropriate
pain and trauma of the transition period. With a proper revolution on
education, a new generation should arise that will fit into a computerized and
robotized world, one that will from childhood be trained into creativity to do
the kind of work robots cannot do.
Assignments:
1. Summarize the text in your own words (no more than 120 words).
2. Describe a humanoid robot and say if you would like such a robot become
reality.
3. What text type is this, point out its typical features, and say where you
would expect such a text to be published.
4. Discuss the value of paid work. Do people only work for the money's sake?
Substantiate your opinion.
5. As to the last paragraph, do you have the feeling as if the proper
revolution is taking place?
LISTENING "Industrial Robots have Transformed the Manufacturing
Industry”
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_____ 1 Watch the video https://youtu.be/Cndodc3X50s and complete
Occupation of user
Name of robot
Function of robot
Frequency of use
Specifications of robot
How it works
Strength(s)
Weakness(es)
Suggested improvement(s)
the sentences:
1. Industrial robots are…
2. Some common forms of industrial robotic automation include…
3. Robots are being used in many aspects of manufacturing to help…
4. The robots actions are directed by…
5. Robotic technology also increases…
6. Despite high initial costs industrial robots…
_____ 2 Important vocabulary. Study the words and phrases and make
sentences to activate them in context.
capable of–- able or ready to.
equipped – provided with equipment.
tailored – made or designed for a particular person or purpose.
welding – the activity of uniting metal or plastic by softening with heat
and hammering, or by fusion.
collaborate with – when one person or group collaborates with another,
they work together, especially on a book or on some research.
precision – if you do something with precision, you do it exactly as it
should be done.
hazardous material - harmful materials.
eliminate – to remove completely.
consistency – the quality or condition of being consistent.
_____ 3 Make a 10-sentence summary of the video.
WEBQUEST
Use a search engine such as Google to find information about robots which are used
in manufacturing. List their strengths and weaknesses and complete the form.
74
SPEAKING
STUDY SKILL Summarizing a written text
You may be required to write a summary of a text. The purpose of a
summary is to convey to others an understanding of a text you have
read.
Here are some hints for summarizing a text:
Read the original text thoroughly to make sure you understand
its overall meaning.
Be aware that sometimes you might have to “read between the
lines” to pick up “hidden” information.
Use a dictionary to find the meaning of any unfamiliar words.
Underline or highlight the main points of the text, ignoring any
unnecessary facts, descriptions or opinions. Make a note of the
most important details – you could even draw a diagram or use
pictures if this helps.
Link together the key points using sentences or paragraphs, as
appropriate. If images provide additional meaning then these can
Project: I’m a robotics engineer!
Identity
You are a robotics engineer. You work for a company which produces robots.
Your mission
Create an unprecedented industrial robot.
Steps to follow
1 – Think of your robot’s skills (what it can do / what it can’t do)
2 – Define the type of robot (mobile / static / interactive/ screen / talking /
silent / etc.)
3 – Write a description of your project in which you will explain your choice
4 – Draw a prototype of your robot with indications (use arrows and words,
not sentences)
5 – Prepare a slide show (using Power Point)
And finally
6 – Make an oral visual presentation to the group in order to defend your
project
WRITING SKILLS
75
also be included in your summary.
Use headings or sub-headings.
Read your draft to make sure you haven’t lost the overall point
of the original information. Make amendments to your draft, as
necessary.
Remember:
A written summary should be a brief, “easy to read” version of
a longer piece of writing.
A summary must contain the main points of the original text
and should be written in your own words. Don’t just copy out
chunks of the original version.
Write your summary using correct grammar, punctuation and
sentences.
A summary does not need to contain information, description
or opinion that do not support the general meaning of the text.
THE STRUCTURE
PHRASES
Introduction
The article is headlined…
The article is titled…
The author of the article…
It is (was) published in…
The text deals with (the problem of)
The main idea of the article is…
The article is concerned with…
The article is devoted to…
The purpose of the text is to give the
reader some information (data) on…
The contents
It is clear from the text that…
The author states (stresses, points out)
that…
The article describes…
According to the text…
The article further says that…
One of the main problems to be
singles out is…
It should be noted that…
It must be mentioned that…
Among the other problems the text
raises the problem of…
___1 Read and learn the following phrases that are useful for summarizing
a text (an article).
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Conclusion
In conclusion…
To sum up…
Summing the text up…
On the whole…
Having analysed the information it is
possible to say…
___2 Read the information about some specific features of writing a
summary of a text.
A summary essay should be organised so that others can understand the
text or evaluate your comprehension of it. The following format works well:
1. The introduction (usually one paragraph) provides:
(i) the title of the text;
(ii) the name of the author of the text;
(iii) the title of the journal/book in which the text was published;
(iv) the place and year of publication;
(v) a one-sentence thesis statement expressing the main idea of the source.
The introduction should not offer your own opinions or evaluation of the
text you are summarizing.
2. The body of a summary essay (one or more paragraphs).
This paraphrases and condenses the original piece. In your summary essay,
be sure that you:
(i) include important data but omit minor points;
(ii) include one or more of the author’s examples or illustrations (these will
bring your summary to life);
(iii) do not include your own ideas, illustrations, metaphors, or
interpretations: you are simply repeating what the source text says, in fewer
words and in your own words. But the fact that you are using your own words
does not mean that you are including your own ideas.
3. The conclusion gives:
(i) a one-sentence summary of the entire text;
(ii) your opinion of the text.
___3 Using the phrases given in exercise 1 and following the above
instructions, practice writing summaries of the texts given here:
https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/main/robotics
https://www.newscientist.com/article-topic/robots/
https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/robots/
Present the summaries to the group and discuss them.
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Unit 7
Mathematical modeling and intelligent control in technological processes
A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical
concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is
termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in the natural
sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, chemistry) and engineering
disciplines (such as computer science, electrical engineering), as well as in the
social sciences (such as economics, psychology, sociology, political science). A
model may help to explain a system and to study the effects of different
components, and to make predictions about behavior.
Mathematical models are of great importance in the natural sciences,
particularly in physics. Physical theories are almost invariably expressed using
mathematical models.
Often when engineers analyze a system to be controlled or optimized, they
use a mathematical model. In analysis, engineers can build a descriptive model of
the system as a hypothesis of how the system could work, or try to estimate how
an unforeseeable event could affect the system. Similarly, in control of a system,
engineers can try out different control approaches in simulations.
READING Mathematical modeling and intelligent control in technological
processes
→ Read Study Skill
___1 Read the texts from Unit 15 of the Textbook.
___2 Survey the texts from Section 15.2 and underline the information
which answers the questions.
1) What is a neural network?
2) What are the main modes in the operation of the neural network?
3) Explain the use of neural networks for electron beam welding.
4) What is ANN architecture optimization?
___3 Survey the texts from Section 15.3 and underline the information
which answers the questions.
1) Which methods are used for the most effective management of the process
of arc welding?
2) Which steps are crucial in the development of the fuzzy logic
methodology?
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____ 4 Survey the texts from Section 15.4 and Section 15.5 and underline
adjusted
a level of material, such as a type of rock or gas, that is
different from the material above or below it, or
a thin sheet of a substance
implementation
a way of considering or doing something
iteration
the ability to bend or to be bent easily without breaking
coating
materials with a periodic dielectric profile, which can prevent light
of certain frequencies or wavelengths from propagating in one,
two or any number of polarisation directions within the materials
layer
an act or instance of implementing something : the process
of making something active or effective
approach
a layer of a particular substance that covers a surface
flexibility
the action or a process of iterating or repeating
photonic band
gaps
necessary correctness
artificial
intelligence
accommodated to suit a particular set of circumstances or
requirements
robustness
the quality of being strong,
and healthy or unlikely to break or fail
urgent task
a way in which something can be used for a particular purpose
pruning
technique
the study of how to produce machines that have some of
the qualities that the human mind has, such as
the ability to understand language, recognizepictures, solve pr
oblems, and learn
estimate
to prove that something exists or is true, or to
make certain that something is correct
application
to guess or calculate the cost, size, value, etc. of something
required accuracy
the activity of reducing the number or amount of something
verify
needing attention very soon, especially before anything else,
because important
prediction error
a position on the controls of a piece of equipment
setting
Possible mistake
the information which answers the questions.
1) What is the practical application of gas-dynamic bearings?
2) Give the definition of photonic crystal fiber and describe its
manufacturing.
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
___1 Match the following words and phrases with their definitions and
characteristics.
79
___ 2 Fill the gaps with the words from Ex. 1.
1. The weights are _________________to reduce the prediction errors through a
back propagation algorithm where the error is back distributed to the previous
layers across the network.
2. The flexibility along with ____________ of this methodology permits to consider
its implementation as on-line control tool.
3. This section provides an analytical description of the functions for
modeling the screw surfaces of tools and demonstrates how to use the
computing and graphics capabilities of modern computers to simulate this
process with the ___________________.
4. The _________________of the optimization process is to retrain each of the
intermediate networks and to calculate the training error each time when a weight
has been eliminated, then to select the network with the smallest training error as
the final network.
5. Improvements of ______________ are achieved by optimizing the
technological modes of materials spraying.
6. The quality of the welding process (Fig.15-8, right) with the device for
electron beam welding was ___________by using an atomic force
microscope SMM 2000.
7. By increasing the diameter of the hollow core and surrounding air channels
in the ______________, it is possible to shift peak of maximum
transmission.
8. Therefore, the development of algorithms and control of electron beam
welding is a necessary and ________________.
9. The advantage of this program is that we can specify an arbitrary number
of input parameters of plasma spraying in the training and network
___________, and as the output we will obtain the quality of welding.
10. The design of fuzzy controllers is one of the largest ____________ areas
of fuzzy logic.
11. The left side of the window shows the process of training the neural
network with each ___________. The number of ___________is specified
in the «number of epochs».
12. ANN architecture optimization ____________ is based on network pruning,
where from large network architecture with an adequate performance, the net is
pruned by removing non-useful connections during the training.
13. After the network training step, the model is tested by using of the remaining data
sets to ___________ whether the network acquires source dynamics – i.e.,
generalization.
14. This iterative process is repeated until the _________________ decreases to
defined criteria.
15. For the most effective management of this process, we used methods and
tools of ________________: fuzzy logic and expert systems.
16. The hydraulic pump offers complete ____________ for water jet cutting
and cleaning applications.
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