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Файл:Master English in Science. Учебное пособие по изучению лингвистических особенностей иностранного языка естественнонаучных специальностей
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3. GRAMMAR SECTION
61
2. If the weather is windy and rainy, hill sheep and cattle (have to) stop grazing
to look for higher grounds and a shelter.
3. Yesterday you (may) take a day off, you was very tired.
4. I’m sorry, I can’t come tomorrow. I (must) work late.
5. We (can’t) treat our pet ourselves. We (must) take it to the vet.
Ex. 3. Choose the right grammar forms. Translate the sentences.
1. He … to become a good specialist.
a) are going
b) is going
c) am going
2. I have a day off. I … this moment.
a) doesn’t work
b) am not working
c) am working
3. It was … to cultivate this new field than the farmer had thought.
a) difficult
b) the most difficult
c) more difficult
4. A farmer … to milk his cows twice a day.
a) is
b) must
c) have
5. Are there … birds in your garden?
a) some
b) any
c) no
6. There is … snow here in winter.
a) few
b) many
c) little
7. No, we … lunch yet. We’re starving!
a) didn’t have
b) hadn’t
c) haven’t
3. GRAMMAR SECTION
62
8. The train was almost empty … if arrived at last station.
a) after
b) while
c) by the time.
9. Moudy’s dogs are … going for a walk first thing in the morning.
a) used to
b) get used to
c) being used to
10. The snow was falling heavily and … houses in the village were white.
a) all of
b) all
c) all the
11. My mother is very … pink roses.
a) fond about
b) fond of
c) fond with
12. I hope we … park in the road behind the club.
a) need
b) can
c) must
Ex. 4. Choose the right grammar forms. Translate the sentences.
1. They … to buy new equipment for this experiment.
a) are going b) is going c) am going
2. What … now?
a) are you do b) do you doing c) are you doing.
3. Mother’s milk is the … feed for calves and lamb.
a) better b) good c) best
4. A large commercial company … to start producing nutritive supplements
for poultry.
a) is b) must c) can
5. I want to show you… pictures of these animals.
a) some b) any c) no
6. There is … snow in winter.
a) few b) many c) much
3. GRAMMAR SECTION
63
7. I … that there is a bird nesting in that tree.
a) have noticed just b) have just noticed c) just have noticed
8. Did May always … feed the horses, or did you do it sometimes?
a) would b) used to c) use to
9. … time Emma comes into the room, Joshua blushes!
a) all the b) every c) each of the
10. Sarah hasn’t been feeling very well … . I hope she’s OK.
a) later b) lately c) late
11. The little dog used to … when he went for a bike ride.
a) run him after b) after him run c) run after him
12. To … keep calm in a crisis is a very valuable ability.
a) succeed in b) can c) be able to
Ex. 5. Use either the past indefinite or the present perfect.
1. She (to take, already) two exams. 2. He (not to hear, yet) the news. 3. Jack
(to work) for the company for 10 years. 4. We (to go) for a hike yesterday but the
weather was nasty and the day (to be) actually spoiled. 5. They (not to see) each
other for a couple of dozens of years. She (to change) strikingly. 6. Since the 60ies
they (to work) in the same building. 7. Yesterday (to be) a hard day. But today she
(to rest) and is again as fit as a fiddle and as gay as a lark. 8. It (to rain) yesterday
all day but today there (not to be) a single drop of rain though the sky is overcast.
9. You (to be) careful enough? The contents of the crate are very fragile. 10. Two
years (to pass) since you arrived at the place. How do you find the community?
11. I’ll never forget what (to happen). 12. Last year she (look) youthful and vigor-
ous. Only a year (to pass) and she is a different person. 13. They (to advertize)
sunny weather in Florida and so you find crowds upon crowds of people there.
14. What has come upon you? You (to be, always) such a cheerful little girl.
Ex. 6. Put the following sentences in the negative form.
1. Your parcel has arrived. 2. She has gone out. 3. Her figure has become
fuller. 4. I have been in the country for two months. 5. The guests have been led
into the hall. 6. Joe has worked here for 2 years. 7. The suitcase has been left
at the railway station. 8. The children watched this TV programme for 3 nights.
9. It has been cold recently. 10. This dispatch has come with the first mail.
11. Jane has finished reading the book. 12. The water and the heat have been
turned off. 13. The girl has graduated with honours.
3. GRAMMAR SECTION
64
Ex. 7. Form interrogative sentences (general questions) in the present perfect.
1. He (to smoke, already) five cigarettes. 2. The school student (to finish) writ-
ing the composition. 3. They (to hear) the news. 4. You (to travel) down South.
5. He (to settle) the hotel bill. 6. The secretary (to type) all the letters in no time
at all. 7. The doctor (to send) an important message to his colleague. 8. Lena (to
prepare) for the recital. 9. His hair (to grow) thinner. 10. She (to play) a game
of tennis. 11. I (to put) the money in the usual place.
Ex. 8. Put the verbs in the present perfect and choose “for” or “since”
to complete the sentences.
1. He (not to see) her … at least a month. 2. She (to till) (обрабатывать) the
soil on her parent’s farm … she was 12, so she would know all about farming.
3. They (to lose) a lot of friends … they moved to a distant area. 4. She (not
to sing) that song … her last concert which was long ago. 5. Smith (to know) about
this … last weekend. 6. She (to sleep) … 10 hours. 7. He (to be) a deputy …
5 years now. 8. He (to behave) like this … I can remember him. 9. The boy
(to grow) a lot … I saw him last. 10. Jane (to grow) her hair very long … last year.
Ex. 9. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Сегодня 15 ноября. 2. – Сколько стоит эта книга? – Она стоит 2 дол-
лара. 3. Французская революция произошла в 1789 году. Английская революция произошла в 1640 году, почти на сто пятьдесят лет раньше, т.е. за полтора века до Французской революции. 4. Своей высшей точки Английская
революция достигла в 1640 году, когда был казнен король Чарльз I, уничтожена Палата лордов, и Англия стала республикой, управляемой парламентом. 5. Я всегда буду помнить 10 июля и то, что произошло тогда. 6. Прошло
сто лет, и страна неузнаваемо изменилась. 7. Эта поездка вокруг Земли заняла 251 дней. 8. Тысячи людей хотели увидеть парад. 9. В Англии яйца продают дюжинами. 10. Кило яблок в сезон стоит около … руб. 11. Он придет
через полчаса. 12. В нашем доме живут сотни людей. 13. В соревновании
приняли участие сто человек. 14. Он посадил десятки сортов яблонь.
Ex. 10. Write the numerals in letters.
1. Today there are about 9,000,000 inhabitants in London. 2. During the day
the City has a population of nearly 500,000 but at night its population is not over
3. GRAMMAR SECTION
65
6,000 or 7,000. 3. (Tысячи) office clerks, businessmen and service people daily
come to London to leave it after their working hours. 4. For more than 200 years
Downing Street, 10 has been the official residence of British Prime Ministers.
5. Some parts of the Westminster Cathedral were built in the 90-ies of the 14th
century. It has been renovated quite a number of times – at least 3 times in the
current century. It preserves its ancient spirit and tells the history which is over
600 years old. 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral took almost 35 years to build. 7. The Tower
of London was substantially enlarged in the 12th century and so it spread beyond
the ancient Roman city walls. 8. 100 years in the history of England from 1500 to
1600 were packed with adventure, intrigue and aggression.
Ex. 11. Fill in the blanks with articles.
At “No. 10”
… severe looking house known as No. 10, Downing Street, London, which is the
prime-minister’s residence, is over 200 years old. Its interrior has been brought up-
to-date. It has electric light, central heating, several bathrooms and what … house
agents call “all modern conveniences”. But … Cabinet which meets there, and …
instruments which that Cabinet controls have not been modernised. As “No. 10” two
hundred years ago served … rich man, so does … Executive of British Government,
and its main administrative organs, today tend to serve … rich man above all.
Ex. 12. Use the adjectives in the comparative or superlative degree.
1. There can be (many) answers to the question … you think. 2. It is (odd) story
I have ever heard. 3. Chicago is one of (big) cities in the USA. 4. New York has
(great) number of sky-scrapers on the American continent. 5. The car will not take
(many) … four people. 6. Tom’s house is (far) from ours … Jane's. 7. Our family
has subscribed this year to (many) newspapers … last year. 8. You are (keen) on lit-
erature … mathematics, aren’t you? 9. When shall I pick you up, at 9 or a little
(late)? 10. The traffic in the city gets (dense) towards the lunch hour. 11. She has
(loud) voice in our class. It can be heard from another room. 12. This girl dresses
(quick) … the rest of the children. 13. People in this country pay (high) taxes now
after the devaluation. 14. It was (amazing) scene when the two pretended they did
not know each other. 15. Is there (much) room … for one on the front seat of your
car? 16. It is of (little) importance to us … to her. That’s why she is so worried. 17. All
of a sudden the quiet of the night was interrupted by voices. One of them was (loud).
I thought I knew it. 18. Tom has got (few) pencil … Jill. Let her give him one.
3. GRAMMAR SECTION
66
Ex. 13. Insert the proper degrees of “good” and “bad”. Mind the articles.
1. The weather today is … as it was yesterday. 2. I guess the girl will become … student in the class. 3. “This is … composition,” said the teacher. “I’ll
read it before the class.” 4. … time for fruit is autumn. 5. Walking is … exercise
possible. It invigorates the whole system. 6. It was … day of our voyage. Everyone felt sick. 7. His English pronunciation is … in class, so he will recite a couple
of poems at the party. 8. All the summer the weather has been … imaginable and
we felt a little tired of all this sun and light. 9. This habit is … I can think of.
10. This picture although … praised in papers seems to me … at the exhibition.
Ex. 14. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Эта книга менее интересна, чем та, которую ты мне давала раньше.
2. Погода в этих местах намного лучше, чем на Балтике. Тут больше дожд-
ливых дней, но меньше, чем у моря. 3. Этот свитер больше, чем тот, и лучшей расцветки. 4. – Кто из них работает упорней? – Я думаю, Елена. Она
приходит домой раньше, чем ее сестра, и работает допоздна. 5. Она ищет
лучшую работу, где ей будут платить больше. Она самая трудолюбивая девушка, которую я знаю. 6. Лекция была очень хорошая. Это, пожалуй, лучшая лекция в этом году. 7. Фильм был хуже, чем я думала. 8. Ее комната
шире и светлее, чем гостиная. 9. Студенты стали учиться лучше, так как полюбили свою профессию. 10. Джек прибежал к финишу быстрее других
спортсменов. 11. Я вас скорее отвезу на вокзал, чем вы доедете туда
на метро. 12. Он ездит очень быстро, гораздо быстрее, чем его отец. 13. Некоторые вещи в этом магазине лучше, чем в других, но они стоят гораздо дороже. 14. Он покупает себе костюм не чаще, чем один раз в два года. 15. Эта
роза не такая красная, как та. Та гораздо краснее. 16. Она лучшая теннисистка нашего университета. Она тренируется не менее пяти раз в неделю.
17. Этот цвет недостаточно яркий для меня. Мне нужно что-нибудь поярче.
Ex. 15. Use the required article.
1. The weather in … England is very different from that of … Near East.
2. They say … British have not got many topics to discuss except weather and
politics. 3. … Spaniard is a person who comes from Spain. 4. … Spanish language
is used in many countries outside Europe. 5. … Americans is a nation which con-
sists of a great number of nationalities. 6. … Welsh carefully keep their traditions.
5. SPEAKING SECTION
67
7. Welsh language is very different from … English language. 8. … Scots pride
themselves on their history. 9. The Stuarts, Kings of England, were … Scottish.
10. … Scots who live in the Scottish Highlands have their own hunting and fishing
traditions. 11. Mary Stuart became Queen of … France but her husband died and
she returned to … Scotland. She was the Catholic Queen and … English who were
Catholics wanted to wrestle the throne from Elizabeth and give it to Mary. Meanwhile … Spanish instigated the rivalry between the religious communities. A fleet
of English ships and an army were sent to help … Scots who were protestants and
by 1560 … Scotland was freed from the domination of … French.
4. WRITING SECTION
Ex. 1. Make written reports on the following topics:
1. The origin of life on earth.
2. The interaction of nature and society.
3. Viruses.
4. Vitamins: types and their role in the human body.
5. The process of cell structure and division.
6. Structural features of houseplants.
7. Types of soil bacteria.
8. Biologically active substances.
9. Biological eras and their characteristic features.
10. The process of biological oxidation.
5. SPEAKING SECTION
Ex. 1. Make oral reports on the following topics:
1. The origin of life on earth.
2. The interaction of nature and society.
3. Viruses.
4. Vitamins: types and their role in the human body.
5. The process of cell structure and division.
6. Structural features of houseplants.
7. Types of soil bacteria.
8. Biologically active substances.
9. Biological eras and their characteristic features.
10. The process of biological oxidation.
68
GRAMMAR R EFERENCE
МОРФОЛОГИЯ
ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ (THE NOUN)
Классификация существительных
Таблица 1
Собственные
Proper
Нарицательные
Common
Исчисляемые
Countable
Неисчисляемые
Uncountable
Tom Jones
Mr Smith
Russia
Moscow
London
Europe
the Thames
Oxford Street
the British
Museum
ед.ч. – мн.ч.
a table – tables
an idea – ideas
a worker – workers
a man – men
a child – children
с глаголом в ед.ч.
advice
furniture
hair
information
money
news
knowledge
success
progress
weather
work
с глаголом во мн.ч.
police
clothes
glasses (spectacles)
scissors
jeans
[2, p. 12]
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
69
Функции существительных в предложении
Таблица 2
Подлежащее
Subject
The girl likes dancing.
Water is a liquid.
Дополнение
Object
Children like sweets.
Tell me this story.
Именная часть составного именного
сказуемого
Predictive
The Earth is a planet.
They are doctors.
We have always been good friends.
Определение
Attribute
Children like toy animals.
He is Tom’s brother.
Обстоятельство
Adverbial modifier
There is a nice park behind the house.
[2, p. 13]
Образование множественного числа существительных
Таблица 3
Варианты окончаний
Ед. число
Мн. число
Основная группа
-s
book
game
books
games
После
-s, -x, -ch, -sh, -ss, -o
-es
bus
box
watch
dress
potato
buses
boxes
watches
dresses
potatoes
-f
-ves
leaf
wife
leaves
wives
Согласная +у
-ies
baby
babies
но: photos roofs
pianos chiefs
discos cuffs
cliffs radios
scarfs (scarves) handkerchiefs
zoos videos
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
70
Особые случаи
Таблица 4
Ед. число
Мн. число
Ед. число
Мн. число
Существительные,
сохранившие древние формы образования множественного числа
child
children
mouse
mice
brother
brothren
sheep
sheep
ox
oxen
swine
swine
man
men
deer
deer
woman
women
fish
fish
foot
feet
fruit
fruit
goose
geese
person
people
tooth
teeth
carp
carp
Существительные, заимствованные из латинского и греческого языков
datum ['deɪtəm]
данная величина
data ['deɪtə]
данные
phenomenon
[fɪ'nɒmɪnən]
явление
phenomena
[fɪ'nɒmɪnə]
явления
axis ['æksɪs] ось
axes ['æksi:z] оси
radius ['reɪdɪəs]
радиус
radii ['reɪdɪaɪ]
радиусы
nucleus ['njuːklɪəs]
ядро
nuclei ['njuːklɪaɪ]
ядра
basis ['beɪsɪs]
основа
bases ['beɪsɪ:z]
основы
crisis ['kraɪsɪs]
кризис
crises ['kraɪsɪ:z]
кризисы
bacterium
[bækˈtɪərɪəm]
бактерия
bacteria
[bækˈtɪərɪə]
бактерии
[2, p. 14]
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