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Файл:Master English in Science. Учебное пособие по изучению лингвистических особенностей иностранного языка естественнонаучных специальностей
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1. READING SECTION
11
Living creatures have had tinges of ginger for ten million years, a study re-
veals.
Scientists found fragments of the pigment molecule that causes the colouration
in fossilised frogs. The discovery of phaeomelanin will enable palaeontologists
to better reconstruct the original colours from the fossils of extinct organisms.
It followed lab tests on black, ginger and white feathers to track how pigments
degrade during fossilisation.
The find means some ancient humans were redheads – such as Fred Flintstone’s cartoon wife Wilma and daughter Pebbles. The work was led by University
College Cork working with Swedish, Japanese and Chinese scientists.
Dr. Tiffany Slater, of UCC, said: “This finding is so exciting because it puts
palaeontologists in a better place to detect different melanin pigments in many
more fossils.
“This will paint a more accurate picture of ancient animal colour and will
answer important questions about the evolution of colours in animals. “Scientists
still don’t know how, or why, phaeomelanin evolved because it’s toxic to ani-
mals, but the fossil record might just unlock the mystery.” Her colleague Prof
Maria McNamara said the tests were key to understanding fossil chemistry and
proved traces of biomolecule “can survive being cooked during the fossilization
process” [7].
10. Answer the questions
1. What did the scientists found?
2. What will the discovery of phaeomelanin make?
3. What was the work led by?
Ex. 11. Read the article and retell it.
a pattern [ˈpæt(ə)n] – образец, пример
a species [ˈspiːʃiːz] – вид, род, порода
a fungi [ˈfʌŋɡiː] – гриб, грибок
to relay[ˌriːˈleɪ] – передавать
a root [ruːt] – корень
a mycelium [maɪˈsiːlɪəm] – мицелий, грибница
an average [ˈæv(ə)rɪdʒ] – среднее число
MODULE 1. Geography as a Science
12
a spike [spaɪk] – всплеск
complex [ˈkɒmpleks] – сложный, трудный
mind [maɪnd] – ум, разум, взгляд, внимание
consciousness [ˈkɒnʃəsnɪs] – сознание, понимание, память
a distribution [dɪstrɪˈbjuːʃ(ə)n] – распределение, раздача
a vocabulary [və(ʊ)ˈkæbjʊlərɪ] – словарный запас; словарь
frequently [ˈfriːkw(ə)ntlɪ] – часто, зачастую
Mushrooms can talk to each other and have a vocabulary of up to 50 words,
fungi boffins say.
And they are thought most likely to be chatting about the weather and potential
dangers.
They could even be letting other mushrooms know they are about and warning
them off their patch.
Researchers analysed patterns of electrical activity of four species. They say
spikes of activity were where the fungi were “chatting”. It is thought the info is re-
layed along fungal roots called mycelium. Prof Andrew Adamatzky, from the University of the West of England, found the average “word” length was 5.97 letters.
It makes their language more complex than English, with 4.8, but simpler than
Russian’s six-letter average [7].
Prof Adamatzky said the findings showed fungi had minds and consciousness. Writing in the journal Royal Society Open Science, he added: “Assuming
that spikes of electrical activity are used by fungi to communicate, we demonstrate that distributions of fungal word lengths match that of human languages.
“We found that the size of fungal vocabulary can be up to 50 words, however,
the core vocabulary of most frequently used words does not exceed 15 to 20
words.”
12. Answer the questions
1. What can mushrooms do?
2. What is the topic of mushrooms chat?
3. What did the researches analyse?
4. What did the fungi have?
5. How many words can the size of fungal vocabulary?
13
2. VOCABULA RY SECTION
Ex. 1. Match the science in column A with the definition in column B
A
B
1) Soil science
A) investigate the figure of the Earth, its reaction to forces and its magnetic and gravity
fields
2) Oceanography
B) covers the outermost layer of the Earth’s
crust that is subject to soil formation processes
(or pedosphere)
3) Geology studies
C) the application of geologic principles
to other bodies of the solar system
4) Geophysics and Geodesy
D) describe the marine and freshwater domains
of the watery parts of the Earth
5) Planetary geology studies
E) rocks, soil, and gemstones, solid matter that
cоnstitutes the Earth
6) Atmospheric sciences
F) cover the icy parts of the Earth (or cryosphere)
7) Biology
G) covers the gaseous parts of the Earth
8) Glaciology
H) studies all forms of life, from single-celled
organisms to pine trees and people
MODULE 1. Geography as a Science
14
Ex. 2. Match environmental problems with the countries killing the world
1 Water pollution
A Mexico holds more species of plants and animals than
just about any other country: 450 mammals (Brazil,
which is more than twice Mexico’s size has only 394
mammals); about 1000 birds, 693 reptiles; 285 amphibians, and more than 2000 fish. As of the mid-1990s,
many species were known to be already threatened: 64
mammals, 36 birds, 18 reptiles, 3 amphibians, and about
85 fish.
2 Soil pollution
B China’s coastal waters are increasingly polluted
by everything from oil to pesticides to sewage. In China,
20 million people lack access to clean drinking water;
over 70 percent of lakes and rivers are polluted.
3 Loss of biodiversity
C According to the Wall Street Journal, in an effort
to boost food production, win farmer votes and encourage the domestic fertilizer industry, the Indian government has increased its subsidy of urea fertilizer over the
years, and now pays about half of the domestic industry’s cost of production.
4 Deforestation
D You’d think with all of the smarts and resources this
country has, the USA would rank a bit better than Number 2 –afraid not. Although it did rank a respectable 211
for natural habitat conversion, it ranks in 1st place for
CO2 emissions.
5 Air pollution
E A large portion of it in Brazil can be attributed to the
expansive Amazon rain forest (pictured above) land
clearing for pastureland by commercial and speculative
interests, misguided government policies, inappropriate
World Bank projects, and commercial exploitation
of forest resources.
2. VOCABULARY SECTION
15
Ex. 3. Complete the table. Form nouns and adjectives from the words
in the table. Use a dictionary if necessary.
NOUN (SCIENCE)
ADJECTIVE
NOUN (JOB)
1)
scientific
2) geography
3)
chemical
4)
biologic
5) oceanographer
6) physics
7)
meteorologic
8) economics
9)
philosophic(al)
Ex. 4. Look through the text again. Match adjectives with the nouns
adjective
noun
1
A PLANET
2 HOLISTIC
B 3 C UNDERSTANDING
4
D FIELD
5 VARIOUS
E
6 PHYSICAL
F 7 G MAPS
8 MOMENTOUS
H
9 INDISPENSABLE
I
10
G POINT OF VIEW
MODULE 1. Geography as a Science
16
Ex. 5. Complete the sentences with the word from the box
approach framework properties phenomena impact
research understanding movements
1) Geography puts _______ of social and physical processes within the context
of places and regions – recognizing the great differences in cultures, political systems, economies.
2) Geography provides an ideal ________ for relating other fields
of knowledge.
3) Geographers study the space and the temporal database distribution
of__________, processes, and features as well as the interaction of humans and
their environment.
4) The interdisciplinary nature of the geographical ______ depends on inattentiveness to the relationship between physical and human phenomena and its
spatial patterns.
5) Geographers explore both the physical_________ of Earth’s surface and the
human societies spread across it.
6) Geomorphologists investigate the nature and ________ of wind, ice, rivers,
erosion, earthquakes, volcanoes, living things, and other forces.
7) Hydrologists are especially concerned with the_______ of water as it cycles
from the ocean to the atmosphere.
8) Oceanographers conduct ________ on the impacts of water pollution, track
tsunamis, design offshore oil rigs, investigate underwater eruptions of lava, and
study all types of marine organisms.
Ex. 6. Give English equivalents to the following words and phrases from the text
1) всеобъемлющий термин; 2) физические свойства; 3) увлекательный
предмет; 4) взаимодействие; 5) разъяснять; 6) включать; 7) придумывать
(о термине); 8) поразительный; 9) неотъемлемый; 10) погодные условия;
11) пресноводный водоем; 12) пространственный; 13) укрупнение; 14) попытка; 15) предсказывать;16)огромный всплеск; 17) средства к существованию в настоящее время; 18) сложные проблемы; 19) быть обеспокоенным
чем-то; 20) планетная катастрофа; 21) компенсировать; 22) приводить к (заканчиваться чем-то); 23) лишать; 24) вызывать хаос; 25) эродированный осадок; 26) сырая нефть; 27) мышьяк; 28) соединяться с; 29) вредный.
2. VOCABULARY SECTION
17
Ex. 7. Match the words with their definitions
1) Environment ______; 5) Emission________;
2) Depletion ________; 6) Ecosystem ______;
3) Livelihood________; 7) Contamination____;
4) Poisoning ________; 8) Extinction _____.
Definitions
A – A system or a group of interconnected elements, formed by the interaction
of a community of organisms with their environment.
B – an illness caused by eating, drinking, or breathing a dangerous substance.
C – a situation in which something no longer exists.
D – the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an or-
ganism or an ecological community .
E – the act of sending out gas, heat, light, etc.
F – reduction in the number or quantity of something .
G – the action or state of making or being made impure by polluting or poisoning.
H – A means of securing the necessities of life.
Ex. 8. Complete the chart
MODULE 1. Geography as a Science
18
Ex. 9. Complete the sentences using the right word written in capital letters:
1)__________ geologists work outside part of the time, collecting data on site or overseeing remediation operations.
The products and 2) __________ we use in our daily lives
sometimes make their way into our soil and water and can adversely affect the health of people and wildlife.
Your community may have a disaster response plan for
3) _________, volcanic eruptions, floods, tsunamis, or hazardous chemical spills.
Millions of investigations, the 4) ______ number of outstanding discoveries have been made for the last century.
Technological progress is the key to a country’s 5) _______
increase in its material well-being.
Technological progress is widely 6) ______ as the main
driver of economic growth.
With new advances in the field of robotics, it has been estimated that nearly half of all US jobs will be vulnerable to
7)_______ within the next 20 years.
Satellites are crucial for communications yet they have a finite
life 8)_______, and can fragment into thousands of high
speed components that will destroy other satellites.
ENVIRON
CHEMISTRY
EARTH
END
LONG
KNOW
COMPUTER
EXPECT
19
3. GRAMMAR SECTION ACTIVE VOI CE
Ex. 1. Match the following
1 studies
A изучает (сейчас)
2 study
B изучают (5 лет)
3 is studying
C изучал (когда-то)
4 has studied
D изучали (в тот момент)
5 have been studying
E изучает
6 studied
F изучал (ранее)
7 were studying
G будут изучать
8 will study
H изучаю(т)
Ex. 2. Choose the correct verb form
1) By now many scientists ...to this conclusion.
a) had come b) have come c) come
2) In industrialized nations carbon dioxide emissions ... an increasing problem.
a) have become b) are becoming c) had become
3) Last year he... holistic approach in geosciences.
a) dealt with b) deal with c) is dealing with
4) They ... this problem yet.
a) solved b) have solved c) haven’t solved
5) The scientists came back to the energy problem which they ….before.
a) had discussed b) discussed c) would discuss
6) These basic concepts... the part of a new hypothesis nowadays.
a) have become b) has become c) are becoming
7) People... geology since ancient times.
a) have studied b) have been studying c) had studied
8) They ... a lot of research work at the beginning of the next year.
a) carry out b) are carrying out c) will carry out
9) They ... a lot of experiments of that kind in the early 90s.
a) make b) made c) is making
10) Geologists ... found some more economic minerals.
a) will have found b) will find c) are studying
MODULE 1. Geography as a Science
20
Ex. 3. Translate the sentences into English
1. Я занимаюсь географией уже 3 года.
2. Я заинтересовалась географией еще в школе и продолжил занятия
в этой области в университете.
3. Мне нравится заниматься исследовательской деятельностью в области
географии.
4. География – это одна из древних естественных наук, которая изучает
физические черты, экосистемы, водные бассейны Земли и их взаимодействие с человеком.
5. Географы занимаются исследованием материков, стран, океанов, рек,
выпадения осадков.
6. Благодаря географам людям известны часовые пояса.
7. Я думаю, география очень важна, потому что ее достижения широко
используют во многих сферах жизни.
8. Географы составляют карты и облегчают жизнь путешественникам.
9. Больше всего мне нравится такая область географии как …, которая
занимается проблемами … .
10. Я надеюсь, что моя исследовательская работа в области географии
будет успешной.
ARTICLES
Ex. 4. Fill in the blanks with articles
Trips Around the World
In 1872, Jules Verne wrote … novel about … man whose name was Fogg.
… remarkable Mr. Fogg made … trip around … world in order towin … bet.
He travelled by … boat, by … coach, by … elephant and by many other means.
He won … bet, by making … trip in eighty days. All of that was … story, but
there are real facts about trips around … world.
Magellan’s ships were … first to circle … globe. They started out in Portuguese
navigator in … 1519 and returned in 1522. Magellan was … service of Spain.
In 1926, … record was set by two men who made … trip in … little less than twenty-
nine days. They went by … train, by … motor car, by … plane, and by … steamship.
The German dirigable, Zeppelin, went around … world in 1922. … trip re-
quired twenty days.
On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin made … complete orbit of … earth by … space-
craft. … complete flight lasted 108 minutes. It took eighty-nine minutes to make one orbit.
(After “English Conversation Practices” by M. Phinney)
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