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Файл:Master English in Science. Учебное пособие по изучению лингвистических особенностей иностранного языка естественнонаучных специальностей
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2. VOCABULARY SECTION
41
Ex. 3. Complete the sentences with the word from the box
obtain insight faults samples observations hazards decipher extractions
1. Geology gives______ into the history of the Earth by providing the primary
evidence for plate tectonics.
2. Geology is important for mineral exploration and exploitation, evaluating
water resources, understanding of natural_________.
3. The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for
many ____________of the solid Earth.
4. Geologists also use methods to determine the absolute age of rock______
and geological events.
5. Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and modeling methods to _______
Earth history and to understand the processes that occur on and inside the Earth.
6. Mining geology consists of the ________of mineral resources from the Earth.
7. Geologists also _____ data through stratigraphy, boreholes, core samples,
and ice cores.
8. Structural geologists plot and combine measurements of geological structures to understand the orientations of ______ and folds, to reconstruct the history
of rock deformation in the area.
Ex. 4. Give English equivalents to the following words and phrases from the text
1) всеобъемлющий термин; 2) физические свойства; 3) почва; 4) внешний
слой; 5) контролировать природные ресурсы Земли; 6) установить возраст
Земли; 7) кора Земли; 8) состоять из тектонических плит; 9) порода; 10) быть
в употреблении; 11) драгоценные камни; 12) оформлять составляющие Земли;
13) расходящиеся границы; 14) определять литосферу Земли.
Ex. 5. Complete the chart
42
3. GRAMMAR SECTION ACTIVE VOI CE
Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into English:
1. Я занимаюсь геологией уже 3 года.
2. Я заинтересовался геологией еще в школе и продолжил занятия в этой
области в университете.
3. Мне нравится заниматься исследовательской деятельностью в области
геологии.
4. Геология – это одна из древних естественных наук, которая изучает
состав, свойства, структуру Земли и все, что с ней связано.
5. Геологи занимаются поисками полезных ископаемых и исследова-
нием строения земной коры.
6. Знания, которые основаны на геологии, имеют большое значение
в строительстве и проектировании будущих зданий.
7. Я думаю, геология очень важна, потому что ее достижения широко ис-
пользуют во многих сферах жизни.
8. Геологи помогают предсказать и уменьшить такие риски как землетря-
сения и вулканы.
9. Больше всего мне нравится такая область геологии как …, которая за-
нимается проблемами … .
10. Я надеюсь, что моя исследовательская работа в области геологии бу-
дет успешной.
TE NSES (PASSIVES)
Ex. 2. Form the present perfect passive of the verbs in brackets.
Fighting Pollution
Great progress (to make) by industrialized countries in fighting pollution.
But other problems (to create). New harmful substances (to let out) into the atmosphere and waters. So new dangers (to recognize). The dangers of industrial
and agricultural waste and pollution (to make) evident as well as the dangers
of open-sea pollution.
From the point of view of the producer the easiest way of the disposal of the
waste is to let the air or water carry it. Regulations (to make) and firms (to expect)
to take them into account. The regulations make the producer install the equipment
3. GRAMMAR SECTION ACTIVE VOICE
43
for the treatment of waste “at the end of the pipe”. But very often it is not effective and difficult to control. But most difficult for control is the pollution that
crosses national borders. So countries have to protect the environment on their
own territory and in their own space. Many bilateral agreements (to sign).
An agreement (to sign) with the USA. It will limit the amount of salt introduced
into the Rio Grande. In Europe it (to agree) that Germany would accept responsibility for controlling the quality of the Rhine water where the river enters the
Netherlands.
But the most ominous current problems are the increasing concentration
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the decreasing ozone layer. Only the efforts on the international level can be helpful to the protection of the.
After “The Global Possible”
Ex. 3. Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice (give one variant).
1. We wrote him a note. 2. The baby-sitter sang the boy a song. 3. The butcher
sold us a pound of veal. 4. The teacher read the students the text for a reproduction.
5. Mother bought her son a new toy.
Ex. 4. Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice (give one variant).
1. I proved to her her mistake. 2. They described to us the beauty of the place.
3. The teacher dictated to us the sentences for translation. 4. She repeated to us the
story several times. 5. You never mentioned it to me. 6. He explained to me his
plan. 7. The director presented to us his new deputy.
Ex. 5. Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice (give one variant).
1. They looked at the picture with admiration. 2. They talked a lot about this
incident. 3. We never speak of her in his presence. 4. Why did you laugh at her?
5. They sent for him immediately, 6. I didn’t think the matter over. 7. They argued
about the possibility of his arrival.
Ex. 6. Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice.
1. They shook hands with him. 2. The man caught hold of the rope. 3. He put
an end to the unpleasant situation. 4. He takes good care of the dog. 5. They lost
sight of him in the coming twilight.
MODULE 2. Geology as a Science
44
Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Ему ничего не сказали, и он ушел. 2. Мне показали дорогу, и я бла-
гополучно дошел до деревни. 3. Им обещали принести билеты вчера.
4. Мальчика пропустили в музей без оплаты, он был еще маленький.
5. Нам дали несколько яблок, и мы с удовольствием их съели. 6. За билеты было заплачено, и у нас оставалось еще немного денег. 7. Нам расскажут об этом всё, я не сомневаюсь. 8. Когда ему предложили эту работу? 9. Им дают такую информацию ежедневно? 10. За мальчиком послали, и вскоре он появился в дверях. 11. Об этом событии будут много
говорить. 12. Над ней никогда не смеялись. 13. О детях в этой семье проявляется много заботы. 14. Бен схватился за край веревки, и скоро его
подняли из колодца. 15. Стоял густой (dense) туман, и мы скоро потеряли
его из виду.
Ex. 8. Change the following active constructions into passive construc-
tions. Do not mention the doer of the action.
1. We used this instrument for gardening. 2. They call these flowers forgetme-nots. 3. They use this needle for embroidery, 4. They often made such mistakes. 5. My son called the cat Kitty. 6. They look after children very well in this
crèche. 7. They dry-clean things here within only 3 hours. 8. They never perform
this operation with general anaesthetics. 9. They still use horses for transport
in these mountain parts quite a lot. 10. They picked the grapes in the autumn but
they are still quite fresh. 11. He introduced me to the lady in the corner. 12. They
keep his umbrella in the Lost-and-Found Department.
Ex. 9. Open the brackets using passive constructions.
1. In cities houses (to make) of bricks or ready-made plates. 2. The mail
(to bring) to my office in the morning. 3. First-time patients (usually, to examine) by Doctor Fraser. 4. Tea bushes (to grow) in warm parts. 5. English
(to teach) in quite a lot of Moscow schools. 6. Letters in their department (to
type) by two secretaries. 7. All the washing-up (to do) by John’s sister.
8. Oranges and tangerines (to grow) in Georgia and Armenia. 9. This programme (to watch) yesterday by million televiewers. 10. Much pop music (to
play) on the Moscow Radio. 11. The past election (to follow) with great interest.
3. GRAMMAR SECTION ACTIVE VOICE
45
Ex. 10. Put general, special, alternative and disjunctive questions to the
following sentences.
1. Caesar crossed the river there. 2. Kingston’s greatness was forgotten. 3. The
customer went up to the paper and tapped it. 4. The room looks cheerful now.
Ex. 11. Use the appropriate forms of “there is” or “it is” in the following
sentences.
1. … clear already in the first decade of the 19th century that Britain was becoming a great colonial power, … true that the American colonies were no longer
a part of the Empire but … no rivalry to Britain in Australia or South Africa.
2. By the end of the 18th century 8 million people on the territory of England but
only 160 thousand had the vote. The industrial bourgeoisie were not allowed
to vote, let alone the workers. … a system when lords sold seats in Parliament for
a very high price. 3. At the beginning of the 19th century … two wings in the Eng-
lish radical movement for reforms – left and right. The Tory party which was
in power took part in the peaceful demonstrations in England in 1819 but the government sent police troops against them. They rushed into the unarmed crowds
where … many old men, women and children. 4. A crisis hit all branches of the
English industry. … very severe. … a number of strikes against the masters but
they were lost. … described in E. Gaskell’s novel “Mary Barton”.
Ex. 12. Form complex sentences out of the two simple ones.
1. It will be warm. We shall go hiking. (if) 2. She will call you up. She will
come early enough. (if) 3. The lesson will start. The bell will ring. (when) 4. You
will go straight ahead. You will reach the corner of the street. (until) 5. Ann will
get a good mark for her composition. She will read a lot of literature. (if) 6. He will
learn to swim. They will take him for a sailing spree. (if) 7. I shall pick fresh flowers in the garden. I shall return to town. (before) 8. Nina will grind fresh coffee.
She will serve coffee to us. (before) 9. He will arrive in Moscow. He will give us
a cable. (before) 10. She will write the new words on the blackboard. She will
dictate the text to us. (before).
Ex. 13. Give positive and negative answers to the following questions
(short and full). Follow the pattern.
Pattern: – Will Mary go to the library tomorrow?
– Yes, she will. She will go to the
– No, she won’t. She won’t go to the library tomorrow.
MODULE 2. Geology as a Science
46
1. Will Susan win the first prize? 2. Will she play volley-ball in the evening?
3. Will the gardener trim the lawn today? 4. Will Jane polish her shoes herself?
5. Will the clock strike one in two minutes? 6. Will she type this letter quickly?
7. Will you send postcards with holiday greetings? 8. Will she go shopping now?
9. Will you follow the doctor’s prescriptions? 10. Will they observe all the rules
of the play? 11. Will you do it at once?
Ex. 14. Use active or passive forms of the past indefinite of the verbs
in brackets.
From the History of Britain
The battle of Hastings (to prove) in the long run to be enough for the conquest of the whole country. True, the central counties and the North (not to conquer) as yet. But William (to cross) the Thames. He (to mean) to cut off London
from the North. If London (to cut off) from the rest of England it had to fall.
Already at that time London (to be) a financial and commercial centre of Britain. The common sense (to prompt) the London businessmen to surrender. They
(to open) the gates and hastily (to declare) William King. The crown of the
Saxon kings (to put upon) his head in the Westminster Abbey. This (to end) the
eventful year of 1066. Three years later the earls of Mercia and Northumbria
(to manage) to get the support of the king of Denmark and (to raise) a rebellion.
But the uprising (to suppress) and William (to level) the rebellious counties
to the ground. It (to do) so thoroughly that the place (to remain) a desert for
nearly a century after.
Ex. 15. Fill in the blanks with articles.
More from the History of Britain
At … end of … nineteenth century … Britain was more economically and
politically powerful than at any other time in her history. But even as her citizens
boasted that their island was … world’s most powerful nation … Britain’s economic decline was beginning. … Germany and … United States were soon
to overtake her in industrial production, though … British empire now covered ten
million square kilometres. … race to acquire colonies had lost her … friendship
of many countries. When … Boer War started in 1899, … British were without
allies.
47
4. WRITING SE CTION
Ex. 1. Write an essay about the importance of geology. Write about
❖ What kind of science geology is;
❖ What it studies;
❖ If geology is vitally important for mankind (give reasons);
❖ Your interests in geology and future plans.
5. SPEAKING S ECTION
Ex. 1. Answer the following questions
1. What is geology?
2. How is geology subdivided?
3. When did the Earth appear?
4. What are the components of the Earth’s lithosphere?
5. How can geological phenomena be explained?
6. What minerals are mentioned in the text?
7. How can earthquakes be described?
8. What do additional economic interests of geologists include?
9. Who helps locate and manage the Earth's natural resources?
10. What is mantle?
11. What do geologists do?
12. What do their duties and responsibilities include?
13. What skills are necessary to have to work as geologists?
Ex. 2. Give a 2-minute-talk about duties and responsibilities of a geologist.
Use the following
- Your personal experience of working as a geologist;
- Practical training courses in geology you have taken;
- Duties and responsibilities of geologists;
- Qualifications and training required;
- Necessary skills for work;
- Typical employers;
- Your future plan and perspectives.
MODULE 2. Geology as a Science
48
Ex. 3. Divide into a group of 3 or 4 and discuss the following. Give reasons
− There would be no progress without Geosciences on the planet.
− Geology is vitally important for mankind.
− Geology is one of the ancient sciences in the world.
− Geology helps solve many problems in the modern world.
− Geology helps us understand both the past and the future of our planet.
Ex. 4. Answer the question, completing the chart
Scientists in geology
What do they do?
Engineer geologists
Paleontologists
Volcanologists
Marine geologists
Geologists
49
Biology as a Science
50
1. READING SECTION
Ex. 1. Read the text, paying attention to the words and word combinations.
Learn them by heart.
Air Pollution And Smog Are Тhе Problems Of Modern Cities
polluting gases – загрязняющие газы
to whip up [wɪp ʌp] – взбивать
ash [æʃ] – зола
coal [kəʊl] – уголь
to combine with – соединять с чем-либо
dense layer – густой слой
to generate [ˈdʒenəreɪt] – производить
a dome-like shape – куполообразная форма
to irritate [ˈɪrɪteɪt] – раздражать
cardiovascular [ˌkɑːdɪəʊˈvæskjʊlə] – сердечно-сосудистый
a stomach cancer – рак желудка
man-made [ˌmæn ˈmeɪd] – искусственный
moisture [ˈmɔɪstʃə] – влажность
lead compounds – соединение свинца
gasoline [ˈɡæsəliːn] – бензин
to stir up [stɜːr ʌp] – вызывать
particles – частицы
carbon [ˈkɑːb(ə)n] – углерод
The word smog comes from smoke and fog. Smog is а sort of fog with other
substances mixed in. Smog has been here а long time. Billions of years ago, volca-
noes sent millions of tons of ash and smoke into the air. Winds whipped uр dust
clouds. Animal and vegetable matter decayed, adding polluting gases [4, p. 21].
When people саmе along, they began to produce their оwn kind of air pollution.
They discovered fire. In the Middle Ages, people in cities such as London used
soft coal to heat their homes. The smoke from these fires, combined with moisture
in the air, produced dense layers of smog. The smog would blanket the city for
days, particularly in winter. The heat generated in large cities tends to circulate air
within а domelike shape. This traps the smog and holds it over the city.
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