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N H
ou
3
2 2
23NH
[en tu: plΛs θri: molikju:lz v
eittu:
fo:m nd α: f :md fr m tu:
m likju:lz v en eitθri:]
[si: tu: eitf : plΛs si: el tu: give
ClHCClHC
242242
si: tu: eit f : si: el tu:]
4 2 2
HCl O Cl H O [f : m likju:lz v eit si: el plΛs
2 2 2
tu: giv tu: m likju:lz v si: el tu:
nd tu: m likju:lz v eit tu:ou]
AcOH AcO H
[ei si: ou eit f :mz nd iz f :md
fr d ei si: ksi n ai n plΛs
haidri n ai n]
AcO
- acyloxy ion (acetate anion)
H
- hydrogen ion [haidri n ai n] или univalent positive hydrogen
ion или protone
Cl - negative chlorine ion или negative univalent chlorine ion или
chloride
Знак “ - “ или “ : ” обозначает одну связь, не читается
4
:
Cl
::C
::::
ClCClCCl или Cl - C - Cl [si: si: elf :]
:C Cl
Знак “=” или “::” обозначает две связи, не читается
:::::
2
OCOCO или O=C=O [si: ou tu]
H O
C C C C OH
H C OH
O
[si: θri: eit tu:] [si: tu: ou tu: oueit tu:]
131
Appendix 13. Thermal Expansion, Temperature
temperature (n.) A property of an object that indicates in
which direction heat energy will flow if the
object is placed in thermal contact with
another object. Heat energy flows from
places of higher temperature to places of
lower temperature.
Zeroth law of If two bodies X and Y are each separately in
thermodynamics (n.) thermal equilibrium with another body Z,
then they are in thermal equilibrium with
one another. In the most common case the
body Z is a thermometer.
temperature scale (n.) A sequence of values which represent
temperature. Such a sequence is usually
obtained by choosing two fixed points
(identified by specified properties of stated
substances) between which there are
subdivisions made on a chosen basis. The
Celsius scale has 99 divisions between the
melting point of pure water and the boiling
point of pure water.
Celsius scale (n.) A temperature scale for which the ice point
is at 0° and the steam point is at 100°. One
Celsius degree is defined as 1/
of the
100
temperature interval between the ice point and
the steam point.
Centigrade scale (n.) The name formerly used for the Celsius
scale. The name is not now used in SI units
but is often used by meteorologists.
Fahrenheit scale (n.) A temperature scale for which the ice point
is at 32° F and the steam point at 212°F.
132
Originally the zero was obtained in a freezing
mixture and another point was fixed at
96° for blood temperature.
Reaumur scale (n.) A temperature scale in which the ice
point is at 0° and the steam point at 80°.
ideal gas scale (n.) A scale in which changes of temperature
are measured either by changes of pressure,
or changes of volume, for gases operating
at pressure low enough for the gases to
behave as ideal gases.
thermodynamic scale (n.) A temperature scale which does not depend
upon the working properties of any substance.
The ideal gas scale is identical with this
scale.
absolute scale (n.) A thermodynamic temperature scale in
which the lower fixed point is absolute zero
of temperature and the interval is identic with
that on the Celsius scale. The temperature
on the absolute scale is obtained by adding
to и, the Celsius temperature, 1/ a where a is
the coefficient of expansion of a gas at
constant pressure. This gives a scale on which
the ice point is 273·15°; i.e. °A = °C +
+ 273·15.
The absolute scale was often called the
Kelvin scale and temperatures measured in
°A or °K. In SI units temperature is measured
in kelvins (K) by defining thetriple point of
water as 273·16 K. The ice point is then
273·15 K. The kelvin has the same size as
the degree absolute.
133
fixed points (n.pl.) Those points on a temperature scale which
are fixed and which can be referred to a
given property of a substance. The two main
fixed points are the ice point and the steam
point.
ice point (n.) That fixed point on a temperature scale at
which pure solid water (ice) and pure liquid
water are in equilibrium at 101 325
N m-2 (760 mm Hg). It may be more simply
described as the melting point of pure ice
at standard pressure (101 325 N m-2 or
760 mm Hg).
steam point (n.) That fixed point on a temperature scale at
which pure water boils at standard pressure
(101 325 N m-2; 760 mm Hg). This is 100°
on the Celsius scale.
zinc point (n.) A fixed point on an international temperature
scale, fixed at the temperature at which
zinc changes from liquid to solid (the freezing
point of zinc) at standard pressure (101 325
N m-2). This corresponds to 419·58 °C.
international A practical scale which is as near as possible
temperature scale (n.) to the thermodynamic scale but easily
referable to a series of fixed points.
Triple point of hydrogen – 259·34 °C
Boiling point of neon – 246·048 °C
Triple point of oxygen – 218·789 °C
Boiling point of oxygen – 182·962 °C
Triple point of water– 0·01°C
Boiling point of water – 100·0 °C
Freezing point of zinc oil – 419·58 °C
Free/ing point of silver – 961·93 °C
Freezing point of gold –1064·43 °C
134
Below 630°C platinum resistance thermometer
up to 1064 °C a thermocouple or special
platinum resistance thermometer;
above 1064 °C a radiation pyrometer.
135
KEYS:
MODULE 1. READING AND SUMMARIZING INFORMATION
PROGRESS TEST
TASK 1
1) j; 2) k; 3) i; 4) g; 5) h; 6) n; 7) o; 8) c; 9) m; 10) f; 11) e; 12) e; 13) d;
14) b;15) a
TASK 2
Sample review
The article under review is entitled “The bionic age begins”. It was published
in the “Discover” magazine in 2005.
The article deals with the problem of using computer chips that can
compensate for memory loss. The purpose of the research is to make a
reliable, long-term connection between the hardware and the wetware, i.e.
to create devices that employ electrodes to receive signals from and transmit
them to the brain. It is shown that several groups of researchers have begun
experiments on patients and even on animals. Special emphasis is placed on
the fact that similar devices may be used to treat blindness, epilepsy, and
Parkinson’s disease. A detailed description is given to the design of such
devices as well as to the way they work.
For me this article is of general interest but of no professional significance,
because I do research in the field of computer simulation. In my opinion it
may be of interest to research teams engaged in studying bionic brain.
MODULE 4. WRITING LETTERS
COMMUNICATIVE PRACTICE
Unit 1
136
Assoc. Prof. Smirnov
Department of Physics
Southern Federal University
5 Zorge St.
Rostov-on-Don, 344090
Russia
February 21, 2010
Dear Dr. Johnson,
I wish to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of April 6 and to thank
you for sending me the reprints.
I am now completing my experimental investigation and as soon as I
obtain final results I will prepare another contribution and send it to you for
publication.
Looking forward to further cooperation.
Yours sincerely,
(signature)
V. Smirnov
Unit 2
Dear Professor…,
I’m writing to you in my capacity as Program Committee Co-Chair for
the International Scientific Conference “Modern Problems of Microbiology
and Biotechnology” to be held in Hamburg from October 1-8, 2010. I am
writing to ask whether you would be willing to present a talk at the conference
as an invited speaker. Invited talks will be one hour long, including a
10 minute question-answer session.
We have not yet established on which day your talk will be scheduled; should
you accept this invitation, there is some flexibility we can use to accommodate
your own scheduling preferences (although it would be on one of the main
conference session days, Tuesday, October 3 through Friday, October 6.
In appreciation of your agreement to provide an invited talk, the
Organizing Committee of the ISC would provide the cost of an economy
class airfare from your home institution to the conference, hotel
accommodations during the conference and free registration to the
conference.
Unfortunately I will be away for an extended period of time and will
not be able to read my email on a regular basis during this time. So, please,
contact Professor Martha Palmer, an area chair and member of the ISC-2008
program committee, in your response. She has kindly agreed to coordinate
the invited speaker sessions during my absence.
I do very much hope that you will be able to accept this invitation.
Sincerely yours,
(Signature)
Program Committee Chairman
137
Unit 3
Dear James Smith,
I’m sorry I have not replied earlier to your letter and must apologize for
not sending you the reprint you asked about until now. Unfortunately, I
could not give proper consideration to your letter as I had to leave Russia
on business for a month.
It gives me great pleasure to send you the reprint. I hope you will find
the reprint helpful in your experiment. As soon as you get the final results
of your experimental work, I would be grateful if you could send them to
me as I wish to use them for plotting curves.
I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely,
Name
Unit 4
Dear Sir,
I am a long-time reader of the “Physical Review” and enjoy reading
your papers. In the October issue of the journal of I’ve read your paper
entitled… The investigation you are carrying out is of great interest for me
and the methods you employ are excellent. I am writing to you to inquire
whether it would be possible to get further information on your research
from you personally.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely,
Name
Unit 5
Dear Sir,
I wish to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of April 6 informing
about the deadline for the publication of the papers. I am most grateful to
you for sending me your kind suggestion to collaborate with your journal
and from the list of topics enclosed I have chosen … and will present a
paper under the title … on time.
Sincerely yours,
Name
138
MODULE 6. GRAMMAR SECTION
PROGRESS TESTS
Unit 1
1. Мощность – это скорость, с которой расходуется энергия, или
скорость с которой выполняется работа.
2. Преимущество этого метода признавалось многими учеными.
3. В этой главе рассматриваются некоторые свойства металлов.
4. Все силы принято считать активными и реактивными, если о них
говорят, как о силах, действующих одновременно.
5. Были приняты определенные меры, для того чтобы уменьшить вес
механической части.
6. На результаты оказало влияние наличие примесей.
7. Для того чтобы преодолеть эти трудности была выполнена огромная
экспериментальная работа нашими учеными.
8. За анализом последует обзор экспериментальных данных.
9. Эти смеси относят к газам.
10. На солнечную радиацию воздействует магнитное поле Земли.
Unit 2
1. Понять это явление это значит понять свойства атомов.
2. В этой статье, по-видимому, существует путаница в терминах.
3. Пытаясь преодолеть эти трудности, специалисты провели большую
экспериментальную работу.
4. Этот метод был такой точный, что дал надежные результаты.
5. Считалось, что он испытывал острый интерес как к химии, так и к
математике.
6. Потребовалось еще несколько опытов, чтобы ученый мог доказать
правильность полученных результатов.
7. Этот метод был такой точный, что дал надежные результаты.
8. Существует много примеров, которые поясняют (поясняющих) это
правило. (Многие примеры поясняют…)
9. Наука, как известно, влияет на жизни людей.
10. Условия, на которых надо настаивать, заключаются в следующем.
Unit 3
1. Таяние льда начинается при 0 С.
139
2. За последнее время человеку удалось добиться контроля над
химическими реакциями (человек научился управлять).
3. Проводя эксперимент, они заметили изменение в свойствах
вещества. При проведении…..
4. Маловероятно, чтобы у той планеты была атмосфера.
5. Нельзя не признать важность этого исследования.
6. Эти вещества сходны тем, что имеют высокие точки плавления.
7. Несмотря на то, что у Фарадея не было университетского образования, он сделал свои великие открытия. (Несмотря на отсутствие
университетского образования, Фарадей…)
8. Это явление зависит от того, что удельные веса этих веществ
одинаковы.
9. Компьютеры получают все более широкое применение благодаря
тому, что их непрерывно совершенствуют.
10. То, что Рентген открыл рентгеновские лучи, было большим вкладом
в мировую науку.
Unit 4
1. После того как опыты были закончены, мы начали новые исследования.
2. Проведя измерения, экспериментатор затем обработал данные.
(После того как экспериментатор провел измерения, он обработал
данные.)
3. Работа, выполненная этим ученым, дала хорошие результаты.
4. Это вещество было более ценно, чем вещество, полученное
предшествующими авторами.
5. Исследованное вещество содержало примеси.
6. Поскольку (так как) вещество было взвешено недостаточно точно,
его нельзя было использовать в количественном анализе.
7. Оборудование, необходимое (которое необходимо) для проведения
эксперимента, было тщательно проверено.
8. Так как скорость света очень велика, мы не можем измерить ее
обычными методами.
9. Статья, обсужденная вчера на уроке, имеет отношение к проблеме
геологии.
10. Энергия, расходуемая за одну секунду, пропорциональна частоте.
140
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