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Appendix 6. Weights and Measures

101 US

SI UNIT

SYMBOL

length The Metric 10 millimetres (mm) 100 centimetres

1000 metres

surface

100 square metres (m2) 100 acres 100 hectares

= 1 centimetre (cm) = 1 metre (m)

= 1 kilometre (km)

= 1 are (a) = 1 hectare (ha) = 1 square kilometre (km2)

weight

10 milligrams (mg) 100 centigrams 1000 grams 1000 kilograms

= 1 centigram (cg) = 1 gram (g) = 1 kilogram (kg) = 1 tonne

capacity

1000 millilitres (ml)

10 litres

= 1 litre (1)

= 1 decalitre (dl)

Appendix 7. Quantities, Units and Symbols

QUANTITY SYMBOL

acceleration acceleration due to gravity amount of substance amplification factor angle —, of incidence

—, of refraction

—, Bragg —, critical

anode slope resistance area

a g

θ1,φ1,α1

A Z metres

atomic number

–2

m s

–2

m s

mole

a ratio

— degree or radian degree or radian number degree or radian ohm

square

— —

mol — — °

— °

m —

GB and US

= 03937 inches (in) = 3937 inches or

1094 yards (yd)

= 062137 miles or

about 5/8 mile

= 00247 acres = 2471 acres = 0386 square miles

= 01543 grains = 154323 grains = 22046 pounds = 19684 cwt

= 175 pints (2

pints)

= 21997 gallons (263

US gallons)

DERIVATION velocity/time velocity/time

mole fraction (n) used — — —

—

— —

Va/V

l x b

number of protons

121

QUANTITY SYMBOL

SI UNIT

SYMBOL

Avogadro constant breadth capacitance charge, electric —, on electron conductance current, electric decay constant density distance along path efficiency

electrochemical equivalent electromotive force electron energy —, kinetic —, potential Faraday constant field strength, electric magnetic flux, magnetic

flux density focal length forse free energy frequency gas constant half-life, radioactivity heat capacity

heat of reaction heat capacity, specific heat, quantity of height

L, N

b С Q

e G

E E E

H Ф

G

t С

H

q h

image distance

a number number metre farad coulomb coulomb

–1

ohm ampere

a ratio

–3

kg m metre

a ratio

-1

g C

volt

joule joule joule coulomb

-1

mol

-1

V m

ampereturns weber tesla metre newton joule hertz joule

second

-1

J K

joule

-1 kg-1

J K

joule metre metre

— m F С С

–1

Ω A

— —

—

J J J С mol —

— Wb Т M N J Hz J

s —

J —

J m m

DERIVATION

— fundamental unit charge/p.d. current x time

-19

1610 reciprocal of resistance fundamental unit

— m/V

fundamental unit work output/work input mass/charge

energy/charge N m N m. Ek = ½mv N m. Ep = mgh 96 500 C mol

-1

potential gradient: p.d./dist. current x no. of turns e.m.f./rate of change of flux flux/area —

-2

kg m s

oscillations/time energy

fundamental unit quantity of heat/temp. rise heat energy heat capacity/mass

energy fundamental unit fundamental unit

-1

122

QUANTITY SYMBOL

SI UNIT

SYMBOL

image distance inductance, mutual

—, self intensity of radiation latent heat —, specific —, molar length magnetizing force magnetic moment

H m

magnification, linear mass —, number

molar volume molar solution moment of force neutron number number —, of molecules —, of turns on coil —, order of spectrum object distance peak current peak e.m.f. period permeability —,of vacuum —, relative permittivity —,of vacuum —, relative potential, electric potential difference power pressure

—

N n N n p

и I

μ μ0 μ

metre henry

henry

a number

joule

-1

J kg joule mol

-1

metre ampereturns Wb m

a ratio

kilogramme

a number

(dm3)

a ratio

N m

a number — — a number a number

metre ampere volt second

-1

H m

-1

H m

a ratio

-1

F m

-1

F m

a ratio

volt volt watt pascal

H —

J — J m — —

—

— — — — —

m A V

s — — — — — —

V V W Pa

DERIVATION

induced e.m.f./rate of change of current —

quantity of heat quantity of heat quantity of heat fundamental unit — torque in unit magnetic field —

fundamental unit number of neutrons + protons volume of 1 mole moles/dm

force x perp. distance number of neutrons

— — — —

fundamental unit see current see e.m.f. fundamental unit henry/metre

—

μ = μ/ μ

farad/metre farad/metre εr = ε/ ε

energy/charge energy/charge

-1

J s

-2

N m

: force/area

123

QUANTITY SYMBOL

SI UNIT

SYMBOL

DERIVATION

radius r metre m fundamental unit reactance refractive index resistance resistivity, electrical relative density r.m.s. current r.m.s. voltage slit separation tension temperature, Celsius temp, interval temp, absolute thickness time torque turns ratio (unit of electricity) velocity —, angular —, of e.m. waves —, of sound volume wavelength work

weight

ρ d

rms

θ θ

t Т Т

—

u, v

с v

ohm

a ratio

ohm ohm-metre

a ratio

ampere volt metre newton degree С degree kelvin metre second N m

a ratio

k W h

–1

m s second m s m s

–1

metre cubed metre joule

newton

Ω — Ω — — A V m N °С ° or К K m s — — — — s -1 — — m3 m J

E0 / l

—

p.d./current resistance x length ρ

sub/ρwater

see current see e.m.f. fundamental unit see force from kelvin — fundamental unit fundamental unit fundamental unit see moment n

sec/nprim

kilowatt x hour distance/time angle/time — — l x b x h fundamental unit force x distance (N m) kg m s~2 or mg

Appendix 8. Letters Used as Symbols for Quantities

LETTER QUANTITY

A area, mass number a acceleration B magnetic flux density b breadth С capacitance, heat capacity с specific heat capacity, velocity of e.m. waves in vacuum,

critical angle

d relative density, thickness, distance apart

124

E energy, electric field strength, electromotive force.

Ek kinetic energy, Ep potential energy, E0 peak e.m.f.

e charge on electron (or proton), an electron F Faraday constant, force f frequency, focal length G free energy (“G), conductance g acceleration due to gravity H magnetic field strength, magnetizing force, heat of

reaction (“H) h height I intensity of radiation, electric current. I

peak current

i angle of incidence k a constant L self inductance, latent heat, Avogadro constant. L

molar latent heat

l length, specific latent heat M mutual inductance, molar solution т mass, electromagnetic moment, magnification N number of molecules, neutron number. N

Avogadro constant

N a number, refractive index, number of moles, a neutron P power p pressure, order of a spectrum, a proton Q electric charge q quantity of heat R resistance. RA anode slope resistance, molar gas constant r angle of refraction, gas constant (nR), radius

s distance along a path, slit separation Т period, thermodynamic (absolute) temperature, torque,

tension, turns ratio

t time. t½ half-life и initial velocity, velocity of molecules, object distance V volume, electrical potential, potential difference V

molar volume V velocity, image distance, velocity of sound W weight

125

w work X reactance

Z atomic number z charge on ion, electrochemical equivalent

 an angle  an increment (finite)  permittivity  efficiency  temperature (Celsius), temperature difference,

an angle, Bragg angle

 wavelength, decay constant  permeability, amplification factor  ratio of circumference to diameter of circle  density, resistivity

Ф magnetic flux

 an angle  angular velocity

Appendix 9. Important Values, Constants and Standards

1. s.t.p. = standard temperature and pressure, expressed as 1· 00 atm or 760 mmHg or 101 kPa (= kN m-2) (Pa = pascal) and 0°C or 273 · 15 К

2. Temperature of triple point of water, 273 · 16 К

-27

-19

-1

-31

-34

mol

-1

3. Gas constant, R, 8 · 314 JK-1 mol

4. Standard volume of a mole of gas at s.t.p., 22 · 4 dm

5. The Faraday constant, F, 9 · 65 x 104 С mol

6. The Avogadro constant, L, 6 · 02 x 10

8. Speed of light, c, 3 ·00 x 108 m s

9. Mass of proton,

mass of neutron, mass of electron,

H, 1 · 67 x 10

n, 1 · 67 x 10

e, 9 · 11 x 10

-1

electronic charge, e, -1· 60 x 10

10. 1 cal = 4 · 18 J

11. l eV = l · 60 x 10

12. Specific heat capacity of water, 4 · 18 J g-1 K

13. Ionic product of water, Kw = 1 · 008 x 10

-19

-1

-14

mol2 dm-6, at 289 К (25°C)

126

Capital

equivalent

small

                       

Appendix 10. Greek Alphabeth

Name English

alpha beta gamma delta epsilon (d)zeta eta theta jota kappa lambda mu [mju:] m ми (мю) nu [nju: US: nu:] n ни (ню) xi omicron pi [pai] p пи rho [r u] r ро sigma tau [tau] t тау upsilon phi [fai] ph фи chi [kai] ch хи psi [psai] ps пси omega

[ælf ] [bi:t US: beit ] [gæm ] [delt ] [epsail n US: epsil n] [zi:t US: zeit ] [i:t US: eit ] [θi:t US: θeit ] [ai ut ] [kæp ] [læmbd ]

[ksai] x кси [oumaikr n US: omikr n]

[sigm ]

[ju:psail n US: ju:psil n]

[oυmig US: umeg ]

a альфа b бета g гамма d дельта e (short) эпсилон z дзета e (long) эта th тэта i йота k каппа l лямбда

o (short) омикрон

s сигма

u ипсилон

o (long) омега

Russian equivalent

Ac – actinium [æktini m] актиний Al – aluminium (GB) [,æljuminj m] aлюминий

– aluminum (US)

Ag – argentum=silver [α: ent m] серебро Am – americium [æm risi m] америций Ar – argon [α: g n] аргон As – arsenic [α: snik] мышьяк At – astatine [ æst ti: n] астат Au – aurum=gold [ : r m], [gould] золотo B – boron [b : r n] бор

Appendix 11. List of Chemical Elements

127

Ba – barium [bε ri m] барий Be – beryllium [berilj m] бериллий Bh – bohrium [b : ri m] борий Bi – bismuth [bizm θ] висмут Bk – berkelium [b : kili m] беркелий Br – bromine [broumi: n] бром C – carbon [kα: b n] углерод Ca – calcium [kælsi m] кальций Ce – cerium [si: ri m] церий Cd – cadmium [kædmi m] кадмий Cf – californium [ kælif : ni m] калифорний Cl – chlorine [kl :ri:n] хлор Cm – curium [kju:ri m] кюрий Co – cobalt [k b :lt] кобальт Cc – chromium [kroumj m] хром Cs – caesium (GB) [si:zj m] цезий Cs – cesium (US) Cu – copper [k p ] медь Db – dubnium [d ubnj m] дубний Dy – dysprosium [disprousi m] диспрозий Er – erbium [ :bi m] эрбий Es – einsteinium [ainstaini m] эйнштейний Eu – europium [ju:roupi m] европий F – fluorine [flu ri:n] фтор Fe – ferrum=iron [fer m], [ai n] железо Fm – fermium [f :mi m] фермий Fr – francium [frænsi m] франций Ga – gallium [gæli m] галлий Ge – germanium [ :meini m] германий Gd – gadolinium [ gæd lini m] гадолиний H – hydrogen [haidri n] водород He – helium [hi:lj m] гелий Hf – hafnium [hæfni m] гафний Hg – hydrargyrum=merсury [haidrα: ir m], ртуть

[m :kjuri]

Ho – holmium [holmi m] гольмий Hs – hassium [hæsi m] хассий I – iodine [ai di:n] йод In – indium [indi m] индий Ir – iridium [airidi m] иридий

128

K – kalium=potassium [keili m], [p tæsj m] калий Kr – krypton [kript n] криптон

Ku – kurchatovium [ kurt t vi m] курчатовий La – lanthanum [lænθ n m] лантан Li – lithium [liθi m] литий Lr – lawrencium [,l :rensi m] лоуренсий

Lu – lutetium [lju:ti: m] лютеций Md – mendelevium [,mend levi m] менделевий

Mg – magnesium [mægni:zj m] магний Mn – manganese [mæg ni:z] марганец Mo – molybdenum [m libdin m] молибден Mt – meitnerium [maitneir m], мейтнерий N – nitrogen [naitri n] азот Na – natrium=sodium [neutri m], [soudj m] натрий Nb – niobium [naioubi m] ниобий Nd – neodymium [ni: dimi m] неодим Ne – neon [ni: n] неон Ni – nickel [nikl] никель No – nobelium [noubili m] нобелий Np – neptunium [neptju:nj m] нептуний Ns – nilsborium [nilzb ri m] нильсборий O – oxygen [ ksi n] кислород Os – osmium [ zmi m] осмий P – phosphorus [f sf r s] фосфор Pa – protactinium [ proutæktini m] протактиний Pb – plumbum=lead [plΛmb m], [led] свинец Pd – palladium [p leidi m] палладий Pm – promethium [pr mi: θj m] прометий Po – polonium [p louni m] полоний Pr – praseodymium [ preizi dimi m] празеодим Pt – platinum [plætin m] платина Pu – plutonium [plu:tounj m] плутоний Ra – radium [reidj m] радий Rb – rubidium [ru:bidi m] рубидий Re – rhenium [ri:ni m] рений Rf – rutherfordium [r vefodi m] резерфордий Rh – rhodium [roudj m] родий Rn – radon [reid n] радон Ru – ruthenium [ru: θ:ni m] рутений S – sulpher/sulfur(US) [sΛlf ] сера

129

Sb – antimony [æntim ni] сурьма

Zr – zirconium

[z:

kounj

m] цирконий



ei si: ou θ

ri:]

Sc – scandium [skændi m] скандий Se – selenium [sili:nj m] селен Sg – seaborgium [sibo: gi m] сиборгий Si – silicon [silik n] кремний Sm – samarium [s mε ri m] самарий Sn – stannum=tin [stæn m] олово Sr – strontium [str n j m] стронций Ta – tantalum [tænt l m] тантал Tb – terbium [t :bi m] тербий Tc – technetium [tekni: i m] технеций Te – tellurium [telju ri m] теллур Th – thorium [θ :ri m] торий Ti – titanium [titeinj m] титан Tl – thallium [θæli m] таллий Tm – thulium [tΛli m] туллий U – uranium [ju reinj n] уран V – vanadium [v neidj m] ванадий W – wolfram=tungsten [wulfr m], [tΛst n] вольфрам Xe – xenon [zen n] ксенон Y – yttrium [itri m] иттрий Yb – ytterbium [it :bj m] иттербий Zn – zinc [zik] цинк

Appendix 12. Reading Chemical Formulas

Буквы латинского алфавита, обозначающие названия элементов,

читаются как буквы английского алфавита, например:

O [ou], Al [ei el], Hg [eit dgi:] HCl [eit si: el] CO2 [si: ou tu:] 2KCl [tu: molikju:lz v kei si: el] Знак + читается: plus, and или together with Знак = читается: give или form (здесь знак = означает равенство) Знак  читается: give, pass over to или lead to



Знак читается: forms или is formed from, либо reversibly



CO CaO CaCO

  [si: ou tu: plΛs si: ei ou giv si:

2 3

130

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