Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Introduction into Business
.pdf
It is difficult and expensive to organize a corporation. The process of obtaining a charter usually requires the services of a lawyer. Most small firms prefer to
avoid these expenses by forming proprietorships or partnerships.
Corporations are subject to special taxes. The federal government, along with
many state and local governments, taxes corporate income in addition to the taxes
paid by shareholders on their dividends. (Dividends are the proportion of a corporation’s profits that are distributed to the stockholders.)
Corporations whose stock shares are sold to the public give up their right to
privacy. The law requires that these large, open (or public) corporations disclose
information about their finances and operations to anyone interested reading about
them. The purpose of this legislation is to give people information about companies
in which they might invest. But information that helps investors may also be of
value to the competition. For that reason, some corporations have chosen to remain
closed (or private) corporations rather than disclose information they would prefer
to keep secret.
Explain in details each of the advantages and disadvantages of corporation.
V
Special types of business organizations
Not all business organizations fall neatly into the categories that we have described. Other types of business organizations are described below.
The S corporation – the corporation for a small business. A small business
can enjoy many of the advantages of the corporation without being subject to corporate taxes if it is organized as an S corporation. S corporations take their name
from a Congressional addition to the income tax law known as Subchapter S.
Unlike a regular corporation whose profits are subject to the corporation income tax and the individual income tax, S corporations are taxed like a partnership.
That is, profits or losses are allocated to the stockholders in proportion to the number of shares they hold and are reported on their regular tax return.
Hurley Burleigh owns 25% of the shares of Blye’s Barley, Inc.. Blye’s is an S
corporation. Last year the firm earned a profit of $60000. Since his share of the
profits came to $15000, Burleigh reported that amount as income on his tax return.
In order to qualify for S corporation status, a firm must not have more than 35
stockholders and cannot own more than 80% of another corporation. As with regular corporations, the services of a lawyer are usually needed to organize an S corporation.
Non-for-profit corporations. As the name suggests, non-for-profit corporations do not seek to earn profit. Rather, they serve particular educational, social,
charitable or religious purposes. Since they earn no profits, they are not subject to
income taxes.
51
Government-owned corporations. Federal, state or local governments own
and operate corporations. In most instances these were created to provide services
that private enterprise was unable or unwilling to offer. The U.S. Postal Service, the
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, some metropolitan rapid transit services and
other publicity owned utilities are examples of government-owned corporations.
Explain the advantages of special types of business organizations.
VI
Cooperatives. Cooperatives (or co-ops) are associations of individuals or
companies organized to perform business functions for their members. You may
already be familiar with:
Housing co-ops, multiple dwelling units owned by their tenants.
Consumer co-ops, retail businesses owned by members who share in the
profit and/or purchase goods or services at lower cost.
Producer co-ops, companies that manufacture and market products on behalf
of their members. One of the largest of these is Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. this
cooperative of neatly a thousand cranberry and citrus growers from around the
country has annual sales of neatly $500 million.
Franchises. A franchise is a license to operate an individually owned business as if it were part of a large chain. Many clothing, real estate, fast food and motel chains are franchise operations.
Franchises provide advantages. Since the money to pay for a new franchise is
provided by the franchisee (those who purchase the franchise), franchisors (corporations that sell their franchises to others) are able to expand their operations at little
cost to themselves. Franchisors also benefit because franchisees are owners rather
than employees of the business. This provides the kind of incentive that can lead to
increased sales and profits.
Those who buy franchises also benefit. Many firms provide training programs, financial assistance and other kinds of help in operating and managing the
business. Franchisees also benefit from the sales and name recognition generated by
the company’s advertising campaign and reputation.
Franchises do have some disadvantages. Franchisors retain a great deal of
control over their franchisees. They may dictate how the business is to be operated,
the building decorated, even types of uniforms and signs. In addition, many franchisors require that the products must be purchased from the parent company at whatever price it chooses.
Explain the essence of franchises with all their advantages and disadvantages.
52
UNIT 3
HOW TO START YOUR OWN BUSINESS
The best reason for starting a business is to earn money, to travel, to get more
knowledge of the world, to get business experience or to be independent. If you
choose a business based on your special knowledge, skills, experience or interests,
your chances of success increase greatly.
There are three ways you can serve consumer needs: making a product (manufacturing), selling a product (wholesaling or retailing) or providing a service.
If you want your business to be developed successfully, you should do
enough planning and minimize the risk of failure during the first years of operation.
You must estimate costs or money you spend to run the business. There are four
types of costs: material costs, labour costs, overheads and your own salary.
Material costs include the money you spend when you buy materials and
equipment you need. Labour costs include the money you pay to the people who
work for you. Overheads include the money you pay for rent, telephone calls, advertising, traveling and so on. Your own salary is not the maximum money you get
from your business. It is the minimum money that is enough for living.
If you want to expand your business you need financing. You can borrow
money from a bank. Bank managers will make you a loan if they are sure that your
business is a good investment. That’s why you should provide them with your financial statements showing the financial situation in your firm.
If you want to attract customers you should keep in mind that success of your
business depends on a good promotional campaign, a convenient location, good
selling methods and reasonable prices.
If you want to hire an employee you can use employment agencies, consulting
firms and professional societies. You can also advertise in a newspaper or in a magazine.
Language abilities would allow you to communicate more easily and increase
the number of business contacts.
Active Vocabulary
оwn – собственный
to earn – зарабатывать
experience – опыт
skill – навык
to choose – выбирать
success – успех
to manufacture – производить
to wholesale – продавать оптом
to retail – продавать в розницу
to provide – обеспечивать
to develop – развивать
53
failure – неудача
to estimate – оценивать
costs – расходы, издержки
to run the business – управлять бизнесом
material costs – материальные издержки
labour costs – трудовые расходы
overheads – накладные расходы
salary – заработная плата
to expand a business – расширить дело
to borrow from – занимать у
loan – займ
to attract – привлекать
to depend on – зависеть от
promotional campaign – компания по продвижению товара на рынок
convenient location – удобное месторасположение
reasonable price – разумная цена
society – общество, объединение
to advertise – рекламировать
ability – способность
to allow
Tasks
1. Translate the following combinations into Russian.
to start a business
to earn money
to travel around the world
to get more knowledge of the world
to get business experience
to be independent from anybody
to choose a business
to be based on skills and experience
chance of success
to increase greatly
to serve consumer needs
to manufacture a product
to retail a product
to wholesale goods
to provide a service
to develop successfully
to minimize the risk of failure
to estimate costs
to spend money to run the business
to include the money
54
to buy materials and equipment
to pay for rent
to work for smb.
to pay for advertising
enough for living
to expand your business
to borrow money from a bank
to make you a loan
a good investment
to provide them with your financial statements
to show the financial situation in your firm
to attract customers
to depend on a good promotional campaign
to provide a convenient location
to use good selling methods
to offer reasonable prices
to hire an employee
to use employment agencies
to address to consulting firms
to choose professional societies
to advertise in a newspaper or in a magazine
to have language abilities
to allow you to communicate more easily
to increase the number of business contacts
2. Translate into English using the expressions from the previous task.
Способность зарабатывать деньги
Выбирать собственный бизнес
Позволять продавать оптом
Зависеть от опыта
Оценить навыки
Рекламировать с успехом
Продавать в розницу по разумной цене
Обеспечивать компанию по продвижению товара на рынок
Производить продукцию
Общество с развитой системой производства
Неудача в управлении бизнесом
Зависеть от зарплаты
Материальные издержки для расширения бизнеса
Делать займ в банке
Привлекать удобным месторасположением
55
3. Study the new words and make your own sentences with them.
4. Translate into English using the expressions from the previous tasks.
1. Я хочу начать собственное дело, чтобы быть независимым.
2. Мой друг заработал хорошие деньги, начав собственное дело.
3. Я выбрал дело, основанное на моих навыках, знаниях и опыте.
4. Производство этого товара увеличит шансы на успех.
5. Лучше выбирать оптовую торговлю, чем розничную.
6. Риск неудачи не позволил нам развиваться успешно.
7. Главный бухгалтер оценил все издержки управления компанией.
8. Я потратил много денег на покупку сырья и оборудования.
9. На эту компанию работает много людей.
10. Накладные расходы включают деньги на рекламу.
11. Моя зарплата – это минимум, достаточный для жизни.
12. Мне нужно финансирование, чтобы расширить свой бизнес.
13. Я занял деньги в банке, и банковские менеджеры сделали мне займ.
14. Я обеспечил их всеми финансовыми документами.
15. Этот магазин привлекает клиентов хорошим расположением.
16. Наша компания предлагает разумные цены.
17. Это агентство по трудоустройству поможет вам нанять служащих.
18. Мы рекламируем свою компанию в местной газете.
19. Языковые способности помогают мне общаться с зарубежными
партнерами.
20. Знание иностранного языка позволило мне увеличить число деловых
контактов.
5. Answer the questions.
1 Why do people start their own business?
2 What provides success in business?
3 In what way would you like to serve consumer needs?
4 What should you do to develop your business successfully?
5 What do material costs include?
6 What do labour costs include?
7 What do overheads include?
8 What salary do you expect to have?
9 What should you do to expand your business?
10 In what case would you get a loan?
11 What will help you to attract customers?
12 How can you hire your employees?
13 What special knowledge and abilities can help you in your business?
*6. What must you keep in mind when you start a new business?
56
*7. What advice will you give to your friend who starts his own business?
GRAMMAR REVIEW
Passive Voice
Remember: we form the passive with the verb to be and the participle II.
To be + participle II
1 Choose the suitable form of the verb.
1. These documents … by fax as a rule.
1) send 2) are sent 3) will be sent 4) had been sent
2. Employment … only in the services last year.
1) grow 2) was grown 3) grew 4) was growing
3. The price … by the buyers when we met last time.
1) is accepted 2) was accepted 3) will be accepted 4) are accepted
4. The contract … in three days.
1) was signed 2) is signed 3) will be signed 4) has been signed
5. The card number and the amount of credit … by an operator.
1) are typed 2) has typed 3) will be typing 4) was typed
6. Many different products … at the market.
1) were sold 2) are sold 3) have sold 4) was sold
7. The price … on supply and demand.
1) depend 2) depends 3) is depending 4) have depended
8. Manufacturing industries … strong foreign competition in the 1970s.
1) faces 2) faced 3) was facing 4) has faced
9. Banks … already … with deregulation of the 1980s.
1) has dealt 2) have been dealt 3) are dealing 4) have dealt
10. Inflation … the economic world less predictable.
1) made 2) makes 3) is made 4) has been made
57
2. Change the active sentences into passive.
1. The goods of the company attracted the attention of many customers.
2. We have concluded a lot of profitable deals this month.
3. We will contact the clients next week.
4. How many orders have they placed with our factory this year?
5. We have established a lot of new contacts at the fair.
6. They have made several offers, but have received no replies yet.
7. How many loans do they allow every year?
8. They will grant us a 3% discount for cash payment within 10 days.
9. We sent you our contract last week, but have received no reply yet.
10. They will arrange the visit of our engineers to their factory next month.
11. Why did they withdraw their offer?
SOCIAL AND BUSINESS SKILLS
Making a proposal
The Godfather. The Godfather is a film about the New York Mafia. In the
film, Sollazo, a gangster, makes a business proposal to the man they call “The Godfather”, Don Corleone.
SOLLAZO Don Corleone, I need a man who has powerful friends. I need a
million dollars in cash. I need Don Corleone, those politicians that you carry in your
pocket like so many nickels and dimes.
DON CORLEONE What is the interest for my family?
SOLLAZO 30%. In the first year, your income should be 3…4 million dol-
lars. And then it would go up.
DON CORLEONE What is the interest for Tattaglia family?
SOLLAZO I’ll take care of the Tattaglias … out of my share.
DON CORLEONE So I receive 30% for finance, political influence and
legal protection. That’s what you are telling me?
SOLLAZO That’s right.
DON CORLEONE Why did you come to me? Why do I deserve this generosity?
SOLLAZO If you consider a million dollars in cash just finance … ti salute,
Don Corleone.
1. Make a summary of the script.
WHAT DOES SOLLAZO WANT? WHAT IS HE OFFERING?
58
2. Look at the script again and notice how the meeting is structured. In
which order do these stages occur?
Don Corleone summarises. Sollazo says what he wants.
Don Corleone asks what is in it for him. Sollazo explains what he is
offering.
3. Here us some of the language you can use for each of those four stages.
I need… Let’s sum up… I am offering… I’m looking for…
What is the interest for me? I’d like you to consider…
So this is the position… What’s in it for me?
Write the sentences and phrases in the appropriate boxes. Add any other
appropriate phrases that you know.
If you are making an offer…
HOW TO SAY WHAT YOU WANT
HOW TO SAY WHAT YOU’RE OFFERING
And if you’re listening to an offer…
HOW TO ASK ABOUT YOUR INTERESTS
HOW TO SUMMARISE THE DEAL
Refusing and accepting
Saying no
1. Look again at the script from The Godfather. In Don Corleone’s posi-
tion, if you want to refuse Sollazo’s proposal? Which of these phrases would
you use?
1. I’m sorry, but that’s out of the question.
2. I must say no to you and I’ll give you my reasons.
3. I’m afraid we can’t agree to that, but I hope to do business with you some
other time.
4. I need some time to think about that.
2. Which of the above phrases is the strongest form of refusal?
3. Which phrase suggests the possibility of compromise?
4. Think of other phrases that Don Corleone could use to refuse the of-
fer?
59
A refusal
1. Read what Don Corleone actually says in the script below.
DON CORLEONE I said that I would see you because I heard you were the
serious man, to be treated with respect. But must say no to you and I’ll give you my
reasons. It’s true I have a lot of friends in politics, but they wouldn’t be friendly
very long if they knew my business were drugs and not gambling – which they con-
sider as a harmless vice. But drugs is a dirty business…
SOLLAZO Don Corleone…
DON CORLEONE It doesn’t make a difference to me what a man does for a
living, you understand. But your business is a little dangerous.
2. Underline the phrases that he uses to refuse the offer.
3. How does he ‘soften’ this refusal? Find at least two ways.
Saying yes
1. Some negotiators say that you should never accept the other person’s
first offer? Discuss. Why do you think they give this advice? Do you agree?
2. Here are four ways of accepting a proposal. Which ones are uncondi-
tional acceptances and which allow space for a negotiation to develop?
1. I like the sound of the idea.
2. I think we have the basis of an understanding.
3. That seems like a reasonable offer.
4. OK, it’s a deal.
3. How else can you accept a proposal?
Four acceptances. You will hear for different ways of accepting an offer in the
style of the Godfather. Which of these are definite acceptances and which leave room
to negotiate?
DEFFINITE ACCEPTANCE ROOM TO NEGOTIATE
Acceptance 1
Acceptance 2
Acceptance 3
Acceptance 4
60
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]