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Файл:English for Doctoral Students. Study Guide
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Ex. 8. Describe in a few sentences what was expected from one
of your previous experiments.
Example: Some time ago we carried out a new plasma experiment.
It was expected that the new heating technique would give a better result than
in the previous experiments. It seemed likely that the plasma lifetime would
be increased. But soon it became evident that we would not be able to bring
our experiment to conclusion.
Ex. 9. Provide a brief summary of hypotheses, findings and data
of your research using sequence of tenses.
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U n i t 9 . W R I T I N G A R E S E A R C H P A P E R
In-depth
Глубокий
Engage (v)
Задействовать
Debate
Дискуссия
Gain (v)
Получать
Further
Дальнейший
Narrow (v)
Сужать
Note (v)
Заметить
Miss (v)
Пропустить
Trace (v)
Отследить
Revise (v)
Пересмотреть
Refine (v)
Доработать, улучшить
Guide (v)
Руководить
Heading
Заголовок
Focus (v)
Сфокусироваться
Smooth
Гладкий, ровный
Transition
Переход
Prove (v)
Доказать
Issue
Вопрос, тема
Cover (v)
Охватывать
Show (v)
Показывать
A c t i v e v o c a b u l a r y
A research paper is a piece of academic writing that provides analysis,
interpretation, and argument based on in-depth independent research. Writing
a research paper requires you to demonstrate strong knowledge of your topic,
engage with a variety of sources, and make an original contribution to the debate.
There are many ways to generate an idea for a research paper, from
brainstorming with pen and paper to talking it through with a fellow student
or professor. You can also gain inspiration from other research. The discussion or recommendations sections of research papers often include ideas for
other specific topics that require further examination.
Once you have a broad subject area, narrow it down to choose a topic
that interests you, meets the criteria of your assignment, and is possible to
research. Aim for ideas that are both original and specific.
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Note any discussions that seem important to the topic, and try to find
an issue that you can focus your paper around. Use a variety of sources, including journals, books and reliable websites, to ensure you do not miss anything glaring.
A thesis statement is a statement of your central argument – it estab-
lishes the purpose and position of your paper. If you started with a research
question, the thesis statement should answer it. It should also show what evidence and reasoning you’ll use to support that answer.
The thesis statement should be concise, contentious, and coherent.
That means it should briefly summarize your argument in a sentence or two;
make a claim that requires further evidence or analysis; and make a coherent
point that relates to every part of the paper.
You will probably revise and refine the thesis statement as you do
more research, but it can serve as a guide throughout the writing process.
Every paragraph should aim to support and develop this central claim.
A research paper outline is essentially a list of the key topics, arguments and evidence you want to include, divided into sections with headings
so that you know roughly what the paper will look like before you start writing. A structure outline can help make the writing process much more efficient, so it’s worth dedicating some time to create one.
Paragraphs are the basic building blocks of research papers. Each
one should focus on a single claim or idea that helps to establish the overall
argument or purpose of the paper. Be aware of paragraphs that seem to cover
the same things. If two paragraphs discuss something similar, they must approach that topic in different ways. Aim to create smooth transitions between
sentences, paragraphs, and sections. Trace the course of the paper, emphasizing how it all comes together to prove your thesis statement. Give the paper a sense of finality by making sure the reader understands how you’ve
settled the issues raised in the introduction.
The goal during the revision and proofreading process is to ensure
you have completed all the necessary tasks and that the paper is as wellarticulated as possible.
Next, think about sentence structure, grammatical errors and formatting. Check that you have correctly used transition words and phrases to show
the connections between your ideas. Look for typos, cut unnecessary words and
check for consistency in aspects such as heading formatting and spellings.
Finally, you need to make sure your paper is correctly formatted according to the rules of the citation style you are using. For example, you
might need to include an MLA heading or create an APA title page.
(https://www.scribbr.com/category/research-paper/)
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V o c a b u l a r y e x e r c i s e s
Ex. 1. Translate from English into Russian:
A piece of writing, requires to demonstrate, to provide analysis, independent research, strong knowledge of the topic, variety of sources, an
original contribution, to generate an idea, a fellow student, recommendations
section, further examination, to narrow down, to meet the criteria, possible
to research, summarize your argument, reliable websites, serve as a guide,
support the answer, revise the thesis statement, central claim, divided into
sections, dedicating time, to approach the topic, to prove the thesis statement,
transition words, consistency in aspects.
Ex. 2. Translate from Russian into English:
Продемонстрировать хорошие знания по теме, вклад в дискуссию, раздел обсуждения, широкая предметная область, нацелиться на
идеи, найти вопрос (тему), доказательства и аргументация, кратко резюмировать, высказать связную мысль, направлена на поддержку и развитие, список ключевых тем, план структуры, установить общий аргумент или цель статьи, сосредоточиться на одном утверждении или идее,
следить за ходом статьи, процесс вычитки, связь между идеями, ненужные слова, правильно оформлена, в соответствии с правилами, стиль
цитирования.
Ex. 3. Match the words from the columns to make up word combinations:
To show
Research
Paper
To summarize
Relevant
Argument
To help
Writing
Process
To support
Clear
Sources
To include
Central
Evidence
To require
Concise
Statement
To cite
Accurate
Claim
To complete
Key
Arguments
To serve
Different
Purpose
To structure
Strong
Thesis
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Ex. 4. Complete the sentences using the text above:
1) A research paper provides …
2) Writing a research paper requires …
3) The ways to generate an idea are …
4) Choose the topic that is …
5) Use a variety of sources…
6) A thesis statement may serve as …
7) Every paragraph should …
8) A paper outline is …
9) The paragraph should …
10) A goal of the revision process is …
Ex. 5. Answer the following questions:
1) What does the research paper writing include?
2) Where can you gain inspiration for a research writing?
3) Why is it necessary to narrow down a broad research area?
4) What kind of sources should you use?
5) What is a thesis statement?
6) Is it possible to revise and refine the thesis statement?
7) What can a structure outline help to do?
8) Why is it important to think about sentence structure?
9) What is the final step of a research paper writing?
10) Have you ever written a research paper? Speak about your
experience.
G r a m m a r r e v i e w
Conditional sentences
Conditional sentences are complex sentences that contain a condition in
the subordinate clause, and a consequence in the main clause that expresses
the result of this condition. Both the condition and the effect can refer to the present, the past, and the future. The relative clauses of the condition are most often
introduced by the conjunction if or whether. A comma in a complex sentence is
placed only if the subordinate clause is before the main one.
Usually, conditional sentences are divided into three types, depending
on what degree of probability the construction expresses. There are also conditional sentences of the zero type, which describe well-known facts, undeniable
truths, patterns of development of events, but not assumptions. In subordinate
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clauses of the condition, the predicate is in the indicative mood. The predicates
of both the main and the subordinate clauses are usually in the present tense.
Conditional sentences of the first type predict the possible development of events in the future. The condition is usually expressed by the form
of the verb in the present tense (which, according to the context, has
the meaning of the future and is translated into Russian by the verb in the future tense), and the consequences are described by the verb in the future tense
with the auxiliary verb will:
If you make a mistake, the calculations will go wrong. – Если Вы
сделаете ошибку, расчеты пойдут не так.
If he asks me, I will try to answer his question. – Если он спросит
меня, я постараюсь ответить на его вопрос.
Conditional sentences of the second type express hypothetical situations perceived by the speaker as unlikely, practically impossible. The verbpredicate of the subordinate clause is in the past tense (translated into Russian as a verb in the subjunctive mood with the particle бы), in the main –
the auxiliary verb would and the infinitive of the semantic verb are used:
If I had more spare time, I would repeat my experiment. – Если бы
у меня было больше свободного времени, я бы повторил свой эксперимент.
In such sentences, the subjunctive form of the verb to be – were (for
all persons and numbers) is used. The was form is sometimes used in colloquial speech. For the informal style, the phrase «If I were you …» is typical –
«на твоем месте …» (literally: «если бы я был тобой …»).
Conditional sentences of the third type express hypothetical situations in the past, unreal (according to the speaker). The subordinate clause
uses the verb in the Past Perfect form, and in the main clause the auxiliary
verb would and the main verb in the perfect infinitive form (coincides with
the Present Perfect):
If you had called me, I would have come. – Если бы Вы позвонили
мне, я бы пришел. (Но Вы не позвонили.)
Would he have succeeded if I had helped him? – Справился бы он,
если бы я ему помог? (Но я не помог.)
In the case of inversion (reverse word order), the if conjunction is
omitted:
Had you called me, I would have come.
Would he have succeeded had I helped him?
Conditional sentences of mixed type are combinations of the second
and third types. In such sentences, either the condition or the consequence refers to the past. If the condition refers to the past, and the consequence refers
to the present, the Past Perfect is used in the subordinate clause (conditions)
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(as in the 3rd type), and in the main clause the combination of the auxiliary
verb would with a regular or long (non-perfect) infinitive is used:
If you had done your job properly, we wouldn’t have so many errors
now. – Если бы Вы сделали свою работу как надо, у нас не было бы
столько ошибок сейчас.
If I hadn’t got this job, I wouldn’t be living in Scotland now. – Если
бы я не получил эту работу, я бы сейчас не жил в Шотландии.
If the consequence refers to the past, and the condition is not limited
to the past, the subordinate clause (condition) uses the past tense (but not
the Past Perfect), and in the main clause the combination of the auxiliary verb
would with the perfect infinitive (as in the 3rd type):
If we were physicists, we wouldn’t have done it like that. – Если бы
мы были физиками, мы бы тогда сделали все по-другому.
If the subordinate clause (conditions) comes before the main one,
then a comma is placed between them, but if the main clause precedes
the subordinate clause, then a comma is not needed.
G r a m m a r e x e r c i s e s
Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences (Present and Future
Situations):
1) If we increase the temperature, the pressure will drop.
2) If you attend this lecture, you will learn a lot about this new theme.
3) You will be able to get a job if you pass the English language test.
4) Will this method work if I change the variables?
5) This solution will boil if you heat it more.
6) It would be interesting to see if our method works in other cases.
7) t would be useful to learn where this error comes from.
8) It would be important to ask how the question of data validity is
solved in this case.
9) It would be important to remind you of the researchers who ad-
vanced in this field.
10) It would be difficult for us to choose between the two ap-
proaches, as they are both suitable.
Ex. 2. Answer the following questions:
1) What would you do to improve the results of your work?
2) What would you do to get deep knowledge in your field?
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3) What would you do to correct random errors in experimental work?
4) What would you do to find a solution to your problem?
5) What would you do to prove your idea?
6) What would you suggest for improving research in your area?
7) Would you take the risk of criticizing the authority?
8) Do you think you could make a discovery in science?
9) Do you think you could get a Nobel Prize?
10) Would you accept a failure?
Ex. 3. Complete the following sentences with conditional clauses
introduced by if or unless.
Example: We would be able to describe a very important point … –
We would be able to describe a very important point if our study proved
successful.
1) We would be able to have more data at our disposal …
2) We would be able to resolve some of our problems …
3) We would not be able to do so much …
4) We would be able to make a discovery in science …
5) This could be a fundamental contribution to science …
6) This might be the beginning of a new trend in science …
7) We would not be able to go on with our research …
8) Our task might be much simpler …
9) We would be able to report on our experiment …
10) We would be able to simplify the process …
Ex. 4. Work in groups. Ask each student in turn a few questions
about his/her research and science in general. Use conditional sentences
and phrases below:
1) Innovations he/she could introduce.
2) Methods he/she could use in further investigations
3) Results he/she could report on.
4) Benefits he/she can derive from the results obtained.
5) Current limitations in his/her field of research.
Ex. 5. Complete the following sentences by explaining that
the action was not done (Past Situations).
Example: I would have become a physicist … – I would have be-
come a physicist but I was interested in Chemistry very much.
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1) We would have solved our problem long ago …
2) I would have replied to Dr. Atkins’s letter before …
3) I would have looked through this journal last week …
4) I would have mentioned a great number of papers in my report …
5) We would have discussed this problem at the last meeting …
6) We would have had a solution of this problem long …
7) We would have started this experiment long ago …
8) He would have had his article published last month …
9) He would have found application to the results obtained …
10) He would have become a famous scientist …
Ex. 6. Change the following sentences into the past.
Example: He would receive you now if he had a spare minute. –
He would have received you earlier if he had a spare minute.
1) I would start this experiment if I knew how.
2) I would answer his question if I knew how.
3) You would be warned if anything went wrong.
4) If I went to the next seminar, I would present my paper.
5) We would make all the plans if the group came next week.
6) If this method proved wrong, we would try another one.
7) I would write a paper if I had reliable data.
8) If the conference were held in Kazan, I would attend it.
9) We would demonstrate the results of our experiment if they con-
firmed our hypothesis.
10) If I knew how to precede my research, I would do it.
Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences:
1) If I had not failed with my last report, I might have proved this fact.
2) If we had worked together with physicists, we could have had
more interesting results.
3) If we had known all the factors at that time, this might have
changed the experimental process.
4) If we had all the necessary equipment at that time, we could have
started this research long ago.
5) We could have obtained a better result if we had used this technique.
6) If I had been at the last conference, I would have presented my report.
7) If I had been informed about the seminar earlier, I could have at-
tended it.
8) If my friend had done a post-graduate course, he would have be-
come a prominent scientist.
9) If we had continued our experiment under the same conditions,
we could not have obtained good results.
10) If I had sent my paper to the editors in time, it could have already
been published.
Ex. 8. Speak about the opportunities that were missed (from your
own or other people’s experience). Use could or might in the main clause.
Examples:
1) If my friend had taken chemistry as his major subject at the uni-
versity, he could have become a prominent chemist by now.
2) If I had not travelled so much last year, I might have already fin-
ished my thesis.
Ex. 9. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1) Если бы мы и в дальнейшем продолжали пренебрегать этими
фактами, мы бы не получили достоверных результатов.
2) Если бы у нас была необходимая аппаратура, мы бы начали
работу раньше.
3) Что произошло бы, если бы условия эксперимента не были
удовлетворительными?
4) Смогли бы вы закончить работу сейчас, если бы у вас был
ассистент?
5) Если бы я поехал на конференцию в прошлом месяце, я бы
встретил там своих британских коллег.
6) Если у нас будет достаточно данных, мы сможем опублико-
вать статью в следующем номере журнала.
7) Сейчас было бы трудно решить, какой метод предпочтительнее.
8) Мне потребовалось бы полчаса, чтобы подробно описать ход
эксперимента.
9) Без прогресса в науке дальнейшее развитие технологий было
бы невозможным.
10) Применение данного метода позволило бы повысить точ-
ность результатов.
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