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Файл:English for Doctoral Students. Study Guide
.pdf
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Ex. 5. Answer the following questions. Give the information related to your research:
1) What is of great importance in your field?
2) Why did you choose this field of science?
3) What is the aim of your present study?
4) Why are you studying this problem?
5) Have you already found relevant books and papers?
6) What scientific conferences have you participated in?
7) Did you present your research project at the conference?
8) What are you working at now?
9) What will you do next in your research?
10) What will you describe in your next paper?
Ex. 6. Ask various types of questions appropriate to the following
situations:
1) They have determined some changes in the process.
2) This paper is of great scientific importance.
3) He always discusses his work with his thesis supervisor.
4) I conducted my first experiment.
5) The aim of my research has changed.
6) I have checked all the departmental requirements.
7) We will determine the research problem.
8) They will minimize the experimental errors.
9) He is describing his research plan.
10) We are looking for the data on the topic of our research.
Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences into English:
1) Я уже выбрал тему исследования.
2) Моя тема имеет большую научную и практическую значимость.
3) Выбор темы диссертации – это первый шаг в моем исследовании.
4) Вчера я обсудил тему с научным руководителем.
5) Мы с научным руководителем уже определили актуаль-
ность темы.
6) Сейчас я делаю обзор литературы по теме исследования.
7) Я постоянно читаю статьи и книги.
8) Я делаю заметки и стараюсь выявлять проблемы, вопросы,
противоречия и пробелы.
9) Я учту количество времени, которое нужно для завершения
исследования.
10) Я надеюсь, что кафедра одобрит мою тему.
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U n i t 2 . A R E S E A R C H D E S I G N
A c t i v e v o c a b u l a r y
The research design
Дизайн исследования
Framework
Рамки
Involve (v)
Вовлечь
Make decisions (v)
Принимать решения
Collect (v)
Собирать
Analyze (v)
Анализировать
Priorities
Приоритеты
Causes and effects
Причины и следствия
Draw conclusions (v)
Делать выводы
Primary
Первичный
Secondary
Вторичный
Qualitative and quantitative
methods
Качественные и количественные
методы
Tool
Инструмент
Procedure
Процедура
Select (v)
Выбирать
Create (v)
Создавать
Approach
Подход
Sample
Образец
Ensure (v)
Обеспечить
Assignment
Задание
Proposal
Предложение
Appropriate
Инструмент
The research design is a practical framework for answering your research questions. It involves making decisions about the type of data you
need, the methods you’ll use to collect and analyze it, and the location and
timescale of your research.
There are often many possible paths you can take to answering your
questions. The decisions you make will partly be based on your priorities.
For example, do you want to determine causes and effects, draw generalizable conclusions, or understand the details of a specific context?
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You need to decide whether you will use primary or secondary data
and qualitative or quantitative methods. You also need to determine the specific tools, procedures, and materials you’ll use to collect and analyze your
data, as well as your criteria for selecting participants or sources.
A research design is a strategy for answering your research question using empirical data. Creating a research design means making decisions about:
– Your overall aims and approach.
– The type of research design you’ll use.
– Your sampling methods or criteria for selecting subjects.
– Your data collection methods.
– The procedures you’ll follow to collect data.
– Your data analysis methods.
A well-planned research design helps ensure that your methods match
your research aims and that you use the right kind of analysis for your data.
You might have to write up a research design as a standalone assignment, or it might be part of a larger research proposal or other project.
In either case, you should carefully consider which methods are most appropriate and feasible for answering your question. Follow these steps:
Step 1. Consider your aims and approach.
Step 2. Choose a type of research design.
Step 3. Identify your population and sampling method.
Step 4. Choose your data collection methods.
Step 5. Plan your data collection procedures.
Step 6. Decide on your data analysis strategies.
(https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/research-design/)
V o c a b u l a r y e x e r c i s e s
Ex. 1. Translate from English into Russian:
The research design, a practical framework, answering research
questions, making decisions, the type of data, to use methods, to collect
and analyze data, location and timescale of research, based on your priorities,
to determine causes and effects, to draw conclusions, to understand the details of a specific context, primary or secondary data, to determine the specific tools, procedures and materials, selecting sources, aims and approach,
sampling methods, to follow the procedures.
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Ex. 2. Translate from Russian into English:
План исследования, принимать решения, собирать и анализировать данные, исследовательский вопрос, тип данных, возможные пути,
обобщенные выводы, понимать детали, определять критерии, с использованием эмпирических данных, создание дизайна, общие цели и подход, тип дизайна исследования, методы выборки, методы сбора данных,
процедуры, которым вы будете следовать для сбора данных, методы
анализа данных.
Ex. 3. Match the words from the columns to make up word combinations:
Appropriate
Procedures
Primary
Data
Secondary
Methods
Qualitative
Design
Quantitative
Decisions
To create
Samples
To make
Tools
To select
Sources
To follow
Materials
To determine
Aims
Ex. 4. Decide if the statements are true or false:
1) The research design is a practical procedure to answer the research
questions.
2) The research design means making decisions about the data,
the methods, the location and timescale of your research.
3) The decisions you make should not be based on your priorities.
4) For answering your research question you may use only theoreti-
cal data.
5) You don’t need to decide what kind of methods you are going to use.
Ex. 5. Answer the following questions:
1) What is a research design?
2) What does a research design involve?
3) What will your decisions be based on?
4) Do you need to decide whether you will use primary or secondary
data and qualitative or quantitative methods?
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5) What else do you need to determine?
6) What kind of data will you use to answer for answering your re-
search question?
7) What should one consider while creating a research design?
8) Does a well-planned research design help ensure that your methods
match your research aims?
9) Have you already created a research design?
10) What approaches and methods are you going to use?
G r a m m a r r e v i e w
Passive voice
The meaning of the Active and Passive voices in English coincides
with the meaning of the corresponding voices in Russian. The verb in the Active Voice shows that the action is performed by a person or object expressed
by the subject:
Mark works in a laboratory. – Марк работает в лаборатории.
A verb in the Passive Voice means that the action is directed to
an object or person:
These conditions are maintained throughout the experiment. –
Эти условия поддерживаются в ходе эксперимента.
Plasma is studied by spectroscopical and other methods. – Плазму
исследуют спектроскопическим и другими методами.
The Passive Voice is used in cases where it is either unknown or it
does not matter who performed the action:
All the requirements are satisfied. – Все требования удовлетворены.
This method is based on the isoelectric properties of these materials. – Данный метод основан на изоэлектрических свойствах этих
материалов.
All forms of the Passive Voice in English are formed analytically, using
the auxiliary verb to be in the appropriate form and Participle II of the verb.
The number of tense forms in the Passive Voice is less than
in the Active voice. In the Passive Voice there are only two tenses of the
Continuous group: Present Continuous and Past Continuous. The Future
Continuous form, as well as all the tenses of the Perfect Continuous group,
are absent in the Passive Voice.
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The Passive Voice is used in indefinite personal sentences with
the formal subject it, which correspond to Russian indefinite personal sentences in the Active Voice: it is said, it is reported, it is believed.
Tenses
Non-perfect forms
Perfect forms
Present
Simple
It is translated
It has been translated
Continuous
It is being translated
−
Past
Simple
It was translated
It had been translated
Continuous
It was being translated
−
Future
Simple
It will be translated
It will have been
translated
Continuous − −
Future in
the past
Simple
It would be translated
It would have been
translated
Continuous − −
When making an interrogative form, the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. If there are two auxiliary verbs (as, for example, in the Future
forms), then the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative
form, the negation follows the first auxiliary verb. For example:
When was the research completed? – Когда выполнили исследование?
When will the research be completed? – Когда выполнят иссле-
дование?
Why has the research been completed? – Почему выполнили иссле-
дование?
The research has not been completed. – Исследование еще не вы-
полнили.
The person or thing performing the action is conveyed by a noun
in the common case or by a pronoun in the objective case with the preposition by; an addition expressing the tool with which the action was performed,
with the preposition with:
This article was written by me, not by my colleague. – Эту статью
написал я, а не мой коллега.
The reaction was induced by heating. – Реакция была вызвана
нагреванием.
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G r a m m a r e x e r c i s e s
Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the tenses:
1) All of these processes are described in the paper.
2) Much attention is being given at present to the development of
information technologies.
3) These changes are not observed under light microscope.
4) Intensive investigation is being carried on in the field of nano-
technology.
5) The situation in this field was carefully analyzed.
6) The theories were illustrated by experimental findings.
7) A research design was being written up as a standalone assignment.
8) A research design will be created in the nearest future.
9) There will be an introduction to the discussion of this experiment.
10) The methods of the research have been selected.
Ex. 2. Put the passive sentences in the correct order:
1) of plastic / made / are / these parts;
2) are / very quickly / the answers / calculated;
3) in a lot of schools / are / used / computers;
4) with a modem / are / sent / e-mails;
5) is / on a disk / information / stored;
6) sent / text messages / are / using mobile phones;
7) seen / the information / on a screen / is;
8) played / the game / is / on a computer;
9) to get information / used / is / the internet;
10) grammar rules / learnt / always / by heart / are.
Ex. 3. Put the following statements into the Passive Voice.
Example: We have carried out a few experiments this week. – A few
experiments have been carried out this week.
1) They have recently selected some new samples.
2) I will start my paper with a traditional introduction.
3) Paul gave a thorough analysis of the conducted experiment.
4) We have determined the research problem.
5) We consider all the departmental requirements.
6) We are using qualitative and quantitative methods.
7) I will choose data collection methods.
8) I am planning the data collection procedure.
9) I selected my data analysis strategies.
10) They have collected and analyzed the data.
Ex. 4. Make the sentences from ex. 1 negative.
Example: All of these processes are described in the paper. – All of
these processes are not described in the paper.
Ex. 5. Make the sentences from ex. 1 sentences interrogative.
Example: All of these processes are described in the paper. – Are all
of these processes described in the paper?
Ex. 6. Make up your own sentences related to your research.
Use Passive Voice and the words from the Active Vocabulary list.
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U n i t 3 . R E L E V A N C E O F Y O U R D I S S E R T A T I O N
T O P I C
A c t i v e v o c a b u l a r y
Relevance
Актуальность
Contribute (v)
Внести свой вклад
Involve (v)
Включать
Educational program
Образовательная программа
Connect (v)
Соединить
Fail (v)
Потерпеть неудачу
Broad
Широкий
Imply (v)
Подразумевать
Depend on (v)
Зависеть от
In relation to
В связи с
Make sure (v)
Убедиться
Fill a gap (v)
Заполнить пробел
Add (v)
Добавить
Value
Ценность
Particular
Особый, конкретный
Industry
Промышленность
Way
Путь, способ
Transmit (v)
Передавать
Introduction
Введение
Improve (v)
Улучшить
Fulfill (v)
Выполнить
It’s important that your dissertation topic is relevant. Relevance
means that your research can contribute something worthwhile. But for
whom must it actually be relevant?
The answer is simple: the topic should be relevant for all of the parties that are involved in your dissertation. You and your educational program
are just the starting point.
If you are writing your dissertation about an organization where you
are working, it should also be relevant to that organization. Finally, your
dissertation may also need to have scientific, social or practical relevance.
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It’s also important that you connect your dissertation topic with your
educational program. If you fail to do so, your topic is not likely to be approved. However, some fields are very broad, which implies that many different subjects are possible. It really depends on the discipline.
Make sure to have an open discussion with your supervisor about
what is and is not possible in relation to a dissertation topic.
If you are studying a scientific discipline, the scientific relevance of your
dissertation is also very important. This means that your research should fill
a gap in the existing scientific knowledge. You can ensure that it does by reading
extensively on your topic and identifying what hasn’t been investigated yet.
It’s important that you also find the research topic stimulating.
Most theses are required to have social relevance, which basically
means that they help us to better understand society.
However, in some disciplines it may be more important that a dissertation has practical relevance. Research that has practical relevance adds
value; for instance, it could make a recommendation for a particular industry
or suggest ways to improve certain processes within an organization.
Once you’ve made sure that your research is relevant, it’s important
that you subsequently transmit this relevance in the dissertation itself.
This can be done in the introduction to your dissertation, where you should
discuss how your research contributes to society and/or the theory.
Remember, too, that relevance is only one of the criteria that your
topic must fulfill.
(https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/relevance-dissertation-topic/)
V o c a b u l a r y e x e r c i s e s
Ex. 1. Translate from English into Russian:
Dissertation topic, to contribute something, the parties that are involved, the starting point, scientific relevance, if you fail to do so, is not
likely to be approved, some fields are very broad, many different subjects,
a discussion with your supervisor, in relation to a topic, are required to have,
practical relevance, to add value, to make recommendation, depends on
the discipline, a particular industry, ways to improve, to subsequently transmit the relevance, the introduction to your dissertation.
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