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Файл:English for Doctoral Students. Study Guide
.pdf
91
12. I know him … writing up the results.
a) to begin;
b) begin;
c) beginning;
d) began.
13. Experiments … carefully devised plans and procedures.
a) is;
b) was;
c) are;
d) has.
14. An educated guess, based on observed facts, is called a ...
a) hypothesis;
b) method;
c) hypotheses;
d) problem.
15. A theory provides a general explanation for the observations …
by many scientists.
a) make;
b) made;
c) are made;
d) been made.
16. A theory … never be established beyond all the necessary steps.
a) can’t;
b) may;
c) can;
d) has.
17. When gas … heated, the heat fluid enters the gas, thus causing it
to take up more space.
a) was;
b) are;
c) is;
d) have.
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18. If you understand how and why they work you should … to use
them reasonably and accurately.
a) to be able;
b) be able;
c) been able;
d) able.
19. Some of the material that you need … in periodicals rather than
in book form.
a) has probably published;
b) has probably been published;
c) have probably been published;
d) have published.
20. According to Democritus all bodies in nature … of minute indi-
visible particles – atoms.
a) built up;
b) are built up;
c) are build up;
d) are being built up.
21. Atoms are so small that they … be seen.
a) must not;
b) can;
c) cannot;
d) should not.
22. Atoms … be different in size and shape.
a) must;
b) may;
c) should;
d) may not.
23. I know the experiments need … context-dependent.
a) to be;
b) be;
c) were;
d) have been.
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24. If I … about the seminar earlier, I could have attended it.
a) had been informed;
b) am informed;
c) was informed;
d) informed.
25. She knew that Tom … his exam yet.
a) doesn’t pass;
b) won’t pass;
c) hasn’t passed;
d) hadn’t passed.
Test 2
1. A literature review is a survey of scholarly … on a specific topic.
a) resources;
b) sources;
c) questions;
d) aims.
2. The general … of a chemical plant is to create new material wealth
via the chemical or biological transformation and or separation of materials.
a) objective;
b) important;
c) subjective;
d) system.
3. Chemical plants use … equipment, units, and technology in
the proceses.
a) especial;
b) especially;
c) special;
d) specially.
4. Experimental design means creating a set of procedures to sys-
tematically … a hypothesis..
a) create;
b) discuss;
c) test;
d) develop.
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5. … is a testable prediction which designates the relationship
between two or more variables.
a) goal;
b) method;
c) hypothesis;
d) observation.
6. Generally, a hypothesis is used to make … that can be tested by
observing the outcome of an experiment.
a) predictions;
b) conclusion;
c) definition;
d) analysis.
7. Most established academic fields have their own scientific … and
other outlets for publication.
a) magazines;
b) journals;
c) newspapers;
d) radioprogrammes.
8. Engineers apply mathematics and sciences such as physics to find
suitable … to problems or to make improvements to the status quo.
a) decisions;
b) solutions;
c) definitions;
d) descriptions.
9. … is the application of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineer-
ing principles in order to carry out chemical processes on a commercial scale.
a) Chemical engineering;
b) Electrical engineering;
c) Mechanical engineering;
d) Civil engineering.
10. An … is a short summary of a longer work, such as a dissertation
or research paper.
a) abstract;
b) introduction;
c) conclusion;
d) article.
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11. There are … between engineering and art; they are direct in some
fields, for example, architecture, landscape architecture and industrial
design; and indirect in others.
a) connections;
b) contradictions;
c) conclusions;
d) collisions.
12. Business Engineering … with the relationship between
professional engineering, IT systems, business administration and change
management.
a) copes;
b) overcomes;
c) deals;
d) works.
13. A thesis statement is … of your central argument – it establishes
the purpose and position of your paper.
a) an argument;
b) a research;
c) a decision;
d) a statement.
14. Computers … to generate models of fundamental physical
processes, which can be solved using numerical methods.
a) can use;
b) cannot be used;
c) can be used;
d) could use.
15. One who practices engineering … an engineer, and those
licensed to do so may have more formal designations.
a) were called;
b) called;
c) isn’t called;
d) is called.
16. Many engineering societies … codes of practice and codes of
ethics to guide members and inform the public at large.
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a) have established;
b) has established;
c) will establish;
d) establishes
17. Two hundred sites where 95 per cent of the world’s wildlife
could be conserved … by scientists.
a) has been identified;
b) have been identified;
c) has identified;
d) have identified.
18. Oxygen is so important in many ways that it … in large quantities
in industry.
a) is made;
b) be made;
c) is make;
d) made.
19. Manufacturers have an abundant free supply of oxygen in the air,
and it … by coolingthe air until it becomes a liquid.
a) was obtained;
b) is obtained;
c) obtained;
d) be obtained.
20. In 1961 gold … in New Zealand and many foreigners came to
live there.
a) has been found;
b) were found;
c) is found;
d) was found.
21. The splitting of the atom … to Man a new and enormous source
of energy.
a) has opened;
b) have opened;
c) has been opened;
d) open.
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22. A short course for engineers organized by the IMechE … at the
Centre of Engineering, Design, Cranfield Institute of Technology.
a) should held;
b) is to be held;
c) held;
d) be held.
23. If you … this lecture, you … a lot about this new theme.
a) attend, will learn;
b) attend, learned;
c) attended, will learn;
d) will attend, will learn.
24. Our supervisor wanted us … the error.
a) minimize;
b) minimized;
c) to minimize;
d) minimizing.
25. The results … to be written in the past tense.
a) suppose;
b) are supposed;
c) is supposed;
d) to be supposed.
Test 3
1. The research … often begins with a very broad idea for a topic
you’d like to know more about.
a) process;
b) method;
c) aim;
d) student.
2. The use of the … technology has changed significantly over
the last 200 years.
a) term;
b) science;
c) study;
d) sense.
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3. A … is a strategy for answering your research question using em-
pirical data.
a) method;
b) a research design;
c) literature review;
d) relevance.
4. … means that your research should fill a gap in the existing scien-
tific knowledge.
a) Relevance;
b) Aim;
c) A research design;
d) A research question.
5. Once you’ve finished collecting and analyzing your data, you can
begin writing up the …
a) aim;
b) literature review;
c) plan;
d) results.
6. Research … are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data.
a) methods;
b) aims;
c) questions;
d) answers.
7. You should start your abstract clearly defining the … of your re-
search.
a) conclusions;
b) results;
c) purpose;
d) paper.
8. During the Renaissance chemistry began to progress, and chem-
ists started … practical problems.
a) to decide;
b) to count;
c) to solve;
d) to set.
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9. In … research, you systematically intervene in a process and
measure the outcome.
a) experimental;
b) theoretical;
c) descriptive;
d) future.
10. Quantitative … uses numbers and statistics to understand fre-
quencies, averages and correlations.
a) aim;
b) analysis;
c) result;
d) plan.
11. In quantitative research, it’s helpful to include … elements such
as graphs, charts and tables, but only if they accurately reflect your results
and add value for the reader.
a) invisible;
b) literature;
c) visual;
d) logical.
12. There are many ways to … an idea for a research paper, from
brainstorming with pen and paper to talking it through with a fellow student
or professor.
a) include;
b) submit;
c) generate;
d) exclude.
13. The project of the law about the use of the metric system in Rus-
sia … out by D. Mendeleev.
a) was worked;
b) is worked;
c) worked;
d) had worked.
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14. … the pressure is the best thing in this case.
a) To maintain;
b) To maintained;
c) To have maintained;
d) Being maintained.
15. The senior researcher said that the experiment …
a) is redesigned;
b) will be redesigned;
c) has been redesigned;
d) had been redesigned.
16. The conference is expected … in Kazan.
a) take place;
b) to take place;
c) taking place;
d) took place.
17. The results of an experiment, which often include a collection of
measurements, … observations, or data.
a) are called;
b) called;
c) is called;
d) have called.
18. If you … to make a third attempt, how would you proceed?
a) should;
b) had;
c) mus;
d) can.
19. Research can … in a laboratory, by a field investigation, or in
many other ways.
a) be conducted;
b) be conduct;
c) conduct;
d) conducted.
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