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Файл:English for Doctoral Students. Study Guide
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10) We heard him many times. He told us about his experiments.
11) She noticed the change of the solution. Its colour changed suddenly.
12) I heard somebody. He mentioned my name.
Ex. 6. Change complex sentences into sentences with the Com-
plex Object:
1) I did not expect that she would forget about our discussion.
2) She saw how the liquids were mixing in the flask.
3) Do you know that he reported on his discovery two days ago?
4) I like to watch how she gives her presentation.
5) She could hardly believe that he was awarded.
6) He expects that everybody will be ready to do this work.
7) I don’t like when the students are late for lectures.
8) Don’t consider that he is a genius. He is an ordinary man.
9) I’ve heard how he was arguing with his colleague.
10) I suspect that he has taken my report.
11) She likes to watch how the reaction goes.
12) I hate when the papers I read, lack reliable data.
13) They suppose that he will cope with this work.
14) I consider that our purpose will be achieved.
15) We expect that he will solve this problem soon.
Ex. 7. Complete the sentences using Complex Object:
1) «My student will go to a conference», – said the professor. –
The professor wanted ...
2) «Be careful, or else you will spill the acid», – said my supervisor
to me. – My supervisor did not want ...
3) The lecturer said to the students: «Learn the rule». – The lecturer
wanted ...
4) The group leader said: «My group will study the production of
graphene layers». – The group leader wanted ...
5) «Oh, Larry, write a paragraph for this paper, please», – said
Max. – Max wanted ...
6) «Wait for me after the coffee break», – said Dan to me. – Dan
wanted ...
7) «Fix the apparatus on slope surface», – my colleague said to
me. – My colleague wanted ...
8) «It will be very good if you mention new data», – said the senior
researcher to me. – The senior researcher wanted ...
9) «Think about an experiment you have been working on», – said
our teacher. – Our teacher wanted ...
10) «Don’t use too many words for the title», – said Florence to
us. – Florence did not want ...
Ex. 8. Translate into English using the Complex Object:
1) Я не ожидал, что этот эксперимент будет так трудно вы-
полнить.
2) Мы хотели бы, чтобы вы доставили (deliver) реактивы
к концу июня.
3) Я ожидал, что ее пригласят на конференцию.
4) Они не ожидали, что его спросят об этом.
5) Я слышал, как его имя несколько раз упоминалось на собрании.
6) Он не заметил, как мы подошли к нему.
7) Вы видели, как они что-то обсуждали?
8) Мы не ожидали, что об этом объявят (announce) по радио.
9) Мне хотелось бы, чтобы она сказала нам, что она будет де-
лать сегодня в лаборатории.
10) Я думаю, что сегодня вы услышите, как она выступает.
11) Когда он услышал, что ассистент зовет его, он встал и пошел
в лабораторию.
12) Я хотел бы, чтобы никто не брал мои записи.
Ex. 9. Provide a brief summary of aims, methods, hypothesis and
experimental part of your research using Complex Object.
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U n i t 7 . R E S U L T S
Report (v)
Докладывать, сообщать
Findings
Результаты, находки
Concisely
Сжато, кратко
Order
Порядок
Meaning
Значение
Clear idea
Четкая мысль, идея
Graph
График
Chart
Схема
Table
Таблица
Deal with (v)
Иметь дело с
Means
Средства
Variability
Вариативность, изменчивость
Chapter
Глава
Assess (v)
Оценивать
Support (v)
Поддерживать, помогать
Value
Ценность
Figure
Рисунок, цифра
Reflect (v)
Отражать
Accurately
Точно
Avoid (v)
Избегать
A c t i v e v o c a b u l a r y
Once you’ve finished collecting and analyzing your data, you can
begin writing up the results. This is where you report the main findings of
your research. All relevant results should be reported concisely and objectively in a logical order. You may use tables and graphs to illustrate specific
findings. Don’t include subjective interpretations of why you found these results
or what they mean – your evaluation should be saved for the discussion.
If you’re doing empirical research, it’s important to report the results
of your study before you start discussing their meaning. This gives the reader
a clear idea of exactly what you found and keeps the data itself separate from
your interpretation of it.
53
54
The results should be written in the past tense. The length of this
chapter depends on how much data you collected and analyzed, but it should
be written as concisely as possible. Only include results that are relevant to
answering your research questions.
For quantitative research, you’ll usually be dealing with the results
of statistical analysis. You can report descriptive statistics to describe things
like means, proportions, and the variability of your data.
You’ll also report the results of any statistical tests you used to compare groups or assess relationships between variables, stating whether or not
your hypotheses were supported. The most logical way to structure quantitative results is to frame them around your research questions or hypotheses.
In quantitative research, it’s helpful to include visual elements such
as graphs, charts and tables, but only if they accurately reflect your results
and add value for the reader. Tables are used to communicate exact values,
giving a concise overview of various results. Graphs and charts are used to
visualize trends and relationships, giving an at-a-glance illustration of key
findings. You must refer to all tables and figures in the text, but don’t repeat
information. The text should summarize or elaborate on specific aspects of
your tables and figures, not just re-state the same numbers that you’ve already presented. Give your tables and figures clear, descriptive titles and labels so the reader can easily understand what is being shown.
In qualitative research, the results might not all be directly related to
specific hypotheses. In this case, you can structure your results section
around key themes or topics that emerged from your analysis of the data.
For each theme, make general observations about what the data showed.
The results chapter should objectively report the findings, presenting only brief observations in relation to each question, hypothesis or
theme. It should not give an overall answer to the main research question
or speculate on the meaning of the results. Avoid subjective and interpretive words like «appears» or «implies». These are more suitable for
the discussion section, where you will interpret the results in detail and
draw out their implications.
In the conclusion, you synthesize your interpretation of the results
into an overall answer to your main research question. The conclusion is
sometimes integrated into the discussion, but it is often a separate chapter at
the very end.
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/results/
55
V o c a b u l a r y e x e r c i s e s
Ex. 1. Translate from English into Russian:
To write up the results, to report the main findings, to use tables and
graphs, a logical order, specific findings, to report the results of your study,
a clear idea, the results should be written in the past tense, to collect and
analyze data, to answer your research questions, to deal with the results, to
report descriptive statistics, to compare groups, to assess relationships between
variables, to structure quantitative results, to include visual elements, to accurately reflect your results, to communicate exact values, to visualize trends and
relationships, key findings, the same numbers, to be directly related to specific
hypotheses, key themes or topics, make general observations, the discussion
section, in detail, in the conclusion, a separate chapter.
Ex. 2. Translate from Russian into English:
Значимые результаты, докладывать кратко и объективно, таблицы и графики, субъективные интерпретации, оценка, эмпирическое
исследование, средства, пропорции, изменчивость, поддержать гипотезу, структурировать количественные результаты, добавить ценности,
краткий обзор различных результатов, ссылаться на таблицы и рисунки
в тексте, подводить итог, уточнить отдельные аспекты, заголовки
и обозначения, в этом случае, краткое наблюдение, размышлять о значении результатов, избегать, подходящий, синтезировать свою интерпретацию, общий ответ на главный вопрос исследования.
Ex. 3. Match the words from the columns to make up word combinations:
To integrate
Findings
To report
Observation
To include
Interpretation
To interpret
Answer
Overall
Data
Discussion
Hypothesis
Key
Themes
Specific
Results
To present
Relationship
Experimental
Research
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Ex. 4. Decide if the statements are true or false:
1) You can start writing up the results when you’ve finished collecting
and analyzing your data.
2) There is no need to use tables and graphs to illustrate your findings.
3) You may include subjective interpretations of why you found
these results.
4) In empirical research, one should report the results of the study
before discussing their meaning.
5) The results should be written in the present tense.
6) The result chapter should be written concisely and objec-
tively.
7) You should include only relevant results that answer your re-
search questions.
8) For qualitative research, you’ll usually be dealing with the results
of statistical analysis.
9) In quantitative research, it’s good to include graphs, charts and
tables, but only if they accurately reflect your results and add value for
the reader.
10) Your text should not repeat the same numbers that you’ve already presented.
Ex. 5. Answer the following questions:
1) What kind of findings should one include in a results chapter?
2) What are tables, graphs and charts supposed to show?
3) When should you use statistical tests?
4) What is the most logical way to structure quantitative results?
5) What titles and labels should tables and figures have?
6) In what kind of research might not all be directly related to specific hypotheses?
7) What should the result chapter objectively report?
8) Should the result chapter give an overall answer to the main research question?
9) In what section will you interpret the results in detail and draw out
their implications?
10) In what section do you synthesize your interpretation of the results into an overall answer to your main research question?
57
G r a m m a r r e v i e w
Complex subject
Complex Subject or the Subjective Infinitive Construction is widely
used in English, particularly in academic writing. This construction consists of
a noun (in the common case) or a pronoun (in the nominative case) and an infinitive. Using this construction, you can make the following sentences:
It is known that oil is a fossil fuel. – Известно, что нефть – это
ископаемое топливо.
He is said to have completed his dissertation. – Говорят, он закончил свою диссертацию.
In such sentences, the action performed by the person or object is
expressed by the subject of the sentence (noun or pronoun in the nominative
case) and is indicated by the infinitive. Sentences with this construction are
usually translated into Russian as complex sentences in which the main
clause is indefinitely personal:
Doctor Smith is known to solve such problems more successfully. –
Известно, что доктор Смит решает такие проблемы более успешно.
The Сomplex Subject is used with all forms of the active and passive
infinitive. Most often it is used with the following verbs in the passive voice:
to report, to say, to state, to suppose, to consider, to think, to expect, to know,
to believe.
The conference is expected to take place in Tomsk. – Ожидается,
что конференция пройдет в Томске.
A sentence containing a complex subject is translated starting from
a predicate of an English sentence, and it must be translated with an indefinite personal sentence. Sometimes you may need the conjunction что.
The subject of the English sentence becomes the subject of the Russian subordinate clause. In addition, sentences with a complex subject can also be
translated into a simple sentence, in which an indefinite personal construction is used as a parenthetic clause.
It is said that they synthesize new compounds. – Говорят, что они
синтезируют новые соединения.
They are known to synthesize new compounds. – Они, как известно,
синтезируют новые соединения.
The infinitive in the complex subject can be in all forms.
58
Indefinite Infinitive (in active and passive voices) – the action occurs
simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb in the personal form.
She is said to work in a laboratory. – Говорят, что она работает
в лаборатории.
She was thought to work in a laboratory. – Думали, что она работала в лаборатории.
Continuous Infinitive – expresses a long action that occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb in the personal form.
She is said to be working in a laboratory. – Говорят, что она работает в лаборатории (в данный момент).
Perfect Infinitive (in active and passive voices) – expresses an action that occurred before the start of the action expressed by the verb in
personal form.
She is said to have worked in a laboratory. – Говорят, что она
работала в лаборатории.
They are thought to have worked in a laboratory. – Думают, что
они работали в лаборатории.
Perfect Continuous Infinitive – expresses a long action that took
place during a certain period of time and preceded the action expressed by
the verb in a personal form. Perfect Continuous Infinitive can express both
an action that is still happening at the moment of the action, which is expressed by the verb in a personal form, and an action that has already ended
before that moment.
She is said to have been working in a laboratory. – Говорят, что
она (раньше) работала в лаборатории.
They are reported to have been waiting for the publication for several months. – Сообщают, что они уже в течение нескольких месяцев
ожидают публикации.
Complex Subject often includes Be expressions:
Be likely/unlikely to is used to show the probability of the action:
He is likely to start a new research. – Вероятно, он начнет новое
исследование.
Be supposed to is used to speak about arrangements, duties and ob-
ligations:
You are supposed to start working at 8 a.m. – Вы должны начать
работу в 8 часов утра.
59
G r a m m a r e x e r c i s e s
Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
1) You are supposed to have finished collecting and analyzing your data.
2) I know him to begin writing up the results.
3) A century ago the atom was considered to be a solid ball.
4) All relevant results are expected to be reported concisely and ob-
jectively in a logical order.
5) He is said to be doing an empirical research.
6) The results are supposed to be written in the past tense.
7) Statistical analysis is known to be used in quantitative research.
8) The variables were observed to have changed.
9) This phenomenon has been proved to exist.
10) In the 19th century the electron was thought to be the only particle
smaller than the atom.
11) Some cosmic bodies have been observed to emit radiation.
Ex. 2. Open the brackets and use the Complex Subject.
Example: He is thought (study) now. – He is thought to be studying now.
1) She is considered (be) a brilliant researcher.
2) They are thought (go to the conference) some days ago.
3) Alan is expected (make) a report next Monday.
4) Terry is known (help) them to solve a problem when they were
in trouble.
5) She is supposed (work) in the laboratory from 2 to 6 p. m. tomorrow.
6) They are known (make) a new discovery a month ago.
7) He is expected (conduct) the study himself.
8) He is said (control) the process of oxidation now.
9) The delegation is reported (leave) Kazan tonight at 5 o’clock.
10) He is believed (work) at an urgent problem now.
Ex. 3. Change these sentences using be likely, be unlikely, be sure.
Example: He may come on Sunday. – He is likely to come on Sun-
day. She may not allow us to go there. – She is unlikely to allow us to go
there. They will certainly help us. – They are sure to help us.
1) He will certainly win the Noble prize.
2) The plane may not reach the place of destination on time.
3) You may fail an exam unless you study hard.
60
4) She may not use this method.
5) He may not be invited to the conference.
6) They will certainly try new equipment soon.
7) They may not follow my recommendations.
8) They may go on a world tour.
9) This report will certainly be the best at the conference.
10) They may have a good consultation with two professors tonight.
Ex. 4. Open the brackets and use the Complex Subject. Make
sentences less definite and express your uncertainty of the following.
Example: Do you remember his name? – Unfortunately, I don’t re-
member his name. – I don’t seem/appear to remember his name.
1) They finished their experiment a month ago. Are they satisfied? –
No, they are not satisfied.
2) Does he know a parameter to change the reaction? – No, he hasn’t
defined it.
3) We are so late. I am sure he has gone. – No, he is waiting for us.
4) The paper looks nice. – Yes, but the conclusion is underdeveloped.
5) I want to be introduced to Professor Smith. – Peter will help you.
He knows him well.
6) I have much trouble with my new database. – No problem. I can
help you.
7) Does he work at the same laboratory? – No, he changed his job.
8) Is she still abroad? – No, she returned two months ago and now is
working at her new paper.
9) Look, your introduction should provide background informa-
tion. – Should I add more facts?
10) The Professor has left his laboratory and is returning to the de-
partment. – We are waiting for him.
Ex. 5. Change your sentences using verbs turn out or prove.
Example: He knows Mr. Brown. – He turned out/proved to know
Mr. Brown.
1) The interview with the young researcher was rather interesting.
2) The arguments in the paper are reasonable.
3) The conversation with them was rather informative.
4) The young man was a post-graduate student.
5) He is a qualified engineer.
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