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Файл:English for Doctoral Students. Study Guide
.pdf
21
Ex. 2. Translate from Russian into English:
Тема актуальна, сделать стоящий вклад, иметь социальную актуальность, понимать общество, быть одобренным, что возможно и что
нет, зависеть от дисциплины, заполнить пробел в существующих знаниях, много читать, что еще не изучено, улучшить определенные процессы, рекомендации для конкретной отрасли промышленности, предложить способы, добавить значимости (ценности), это может быть сделано, введение к диссертации, единственный критерий.
Ex. 3. Match the words from the columns to make up word combinations:
Practical
Topic
Important
Processes
In relation to
Industry
Particular
To improve
To fail
Subjects
To depend on
Criteria
Ways
Important
To fulfill
Relevance
May be
Value
To improve
Knowledge
Ex. 4. Decide if the statements are true or false:
1) The topic of your dissertation should be relevant.
2) Your research must be relevant only for you.
3) Your educational program should not be connected with the rele-
vance of your dissertation.
4) The relevance should fill the gap in the existing knowledge.
5) Extensive reading helps identifying what hasn’t been investi-
gated yet.
6) The research topic does not need to be stimulating.
7) Practical relevance adds value.
8) A research may make a recommendation for a certain industry or
suggest ways to improve certain processes within a company.
9) There is no need to transmit the relevance in the dissertation itself.
10) Relevance is the only one criterion that your topic must fulfill.
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Ex. 5. Answer the following questions:
1) What does relevance mean?
2) For whom must a research actually be relevant?
3) What kinds of relevance may your research need to have?
4) What will happen if you fail to connect your dissertation topic
with your educational program?
5) Is it important to have an open discussion with your supervisor?
6) Should your research fill a gap in the existing scientific
knowledge?
7) What kind of theses help us to better understand society?
8) What adds value to a research?
9) In what part of the dissertation can relevance be transmitted?
10) Can a research make a recommendation for a particular industry
or suggest ways to improve certain processes within an organization?
G r a m m a r r e v i e w
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are verbs that are not used independently, but only with
the infinitive of the main verb. They express the necessity, possibility, desirability, probability of the action described by the infinitive. The most commonly
used modals are: must, should, can, could, may, might, ought to, need.
Unlike other verbs, modal verbs do not have all forms, so they are
called defective verbs. In addition, there is a number of features that distinguish modal verbs from other verbs:
– Modal verbs do not change in person or number and do not end
ins in the third person singular in the Present Simple.
He can do it. He may take it. He must go there. He ought to help him.
Need he do it?
– Modal verbs do not have impersonal forms (infinitive, gerund, participles) and are not used in the imperative mood.
– After modal verbs, the infinitive is placed without the to particle.
He must understand it. I must be off as soon as I can.
– The negative form is formed with the particle not, which is placed
after the modal verb. With the verb can, it is written together (cannot).
He ought not to help him. He need not do it. They cannot solve it.
– The interrogative form is formed without an auxiliary verb, and
the modal verb is placed before the subject.
Can you do it? May I take it? Must he go there? Ought he to help him?
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– The verbs can, may, shall, will have the present and past tenses,
while the verbs must, ought have only the present tense. If necessary, they
are replaced by the equivalents of modal verbs.
The combination of a modal verb with an infinitive means an action
in the present or future tense or is associated with the moment of speech, but
a combination with a perfect infinitive either means an action in the past or
expresses the precedence of the action relative to the moment of speech:
I could do it. – Я мог бы сделать это (в настоящем или будущем).
I could have done it. – Я мог бы сделать это (но не сделал).
Instead of the missing forms of modal verbs, their equivalents are used:
to have, to be = must (I have to know it);
to be able = can (I was able to write this test correctly);
to be allowed, to be permitted = may (You’ll be allowed to go out).
Modal verbs differ according to the shades of meaning they express.
For example:
− The inevitability of an action due to objective reasons with the help
of the verb must.
He must understand it. – Он должен понять это.
– The need to perform an action caused by the subjective opinion of
the speaker with the verb should.
You shouldn’t have come here. – Тебе не следовало приходить сюда.
– The need to perform an action caused by objective reasons with
the help of the verb ought to.
Insulators ought to be kept very clean. – Изоляторы должны хра-
ниться в чистоте.
– The need to perform an action, caused by the subjective opinion of
the speaker using the verb shall.
Henry shall go home. – Генри должен пойти домой.
– The need to take action due to objective reasons.
The wire can also be made from any metal, although soft metals
should not be used. – Провод также может быть сделан из любого ме-
талла, хотя мягкие металлы не следует использовать.
G r a m m a r e x e r c i s e s
Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences:
1) If you are writing your dissertation about an organization where
you are working, it should also be relevant to that organization.
2) Can you explain the relevance of you research to us?
3) Working contacts with other laboratories should be developed.
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4) What conditions must be described during your experiment?
5) We must improve the processes at the plant.
6) Yesterday he had to repeat his experiment.
7) I haven’t finished writing my paper, so I’ll have to do this next week.
8) This research may have the practical relevance.
9) May a research contribute to the existing knowledge?
10) We might get interesting results with our new method but we
don’t know for sure.
Ex. 2. Express the same idea using an appropriate modal verb:
1) I am capable of formulating the aim of my research.
2) It is necessary for me to consult my supervisor.
3) It is necessary for me to go to the laboratory after classes.
4) Don’t make your talk too long.
5) It is possible that this factor plays a role in the process.
6) Perhaps I will collect the data.
7) It is unnecessary for you to attend our lectures.
8) He is not allowed to do the experiments.
9) I’m able to start my experiments.
10) It is necessary for us to consider the timescale.
Ex. 3. Fill in the gap using an appropriate modal verb:
1) I looked for this paper but I ____________find it anywhere.
2) We ___________arrive to the conference on time yesterday, be-
cause the flight was delayed four hours.
3) You __________smoke in the laboratory.
4) She________her work today, because she can do it tomorrow.
5) We________forget to lock all the doors before we leave.
6) We _______rush. We have plenty of time.
7) Our research group ________to work hard last month.
8) Keiko always does really well on exams. She______study a lot.
9) I ________go to the Tomsk conference next year but I’m not sure.
10) I ________ give a review of literature in my paper but I didn’t.
Ex. 4. Change the following sentences into the past tense interrogative and negative.
Example: I must explain this idea. – I had to explain this idea.
I didn’t have to explain this idea.
1) We must plan the research design.
2) I must change the method.
3) He must begin the experiments.
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4) I can compare these journals.
5) We cannot solve the problem.
6) These interactions can be studied carefully.
7) The structural changes may produce a marked effect.
8) This mechanism may involve an unknown factor.
9) I don’t have to work alone.
10) She doesn’t have to answer my question.
Ex. 5. Read and translate the text paying attention to
the modal verbs.
Most research textbooks represent research as a multi-stage process
that you must follow in order to undertake and complete your research project. You may suggest that the research process is rational and straightforward. Unfortunately, this cannot be always true, and the reality is considerably messier. In reality you may revisit each stage more than once. Each time
you revisit a stage you will have to reflect on the associated issues and refine
your ideas. A research problem is a puzzle that can’t be explained with available knowledge and needs solution.
The whole process of research can be divided into the following
steps: setting general area of research defining the object of research; analyzing problem situation and stating a problem specifying the subject of research formulating a research goal; setting objectives moving a hypothesis
developing research methods; collecting, describing, processing, interpreting
research data drawing conclusions, proving a hypothesis and resolving a research puzzle determining application areas; writing research project.
(http://tstu.ru/book/elib/pdf/2009/Nikulshina-l.pdf)
Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences into English:
1) Вы можете использовать разные способы, чтобы улучшить про-
цессы.
2) Я должен собрать данные и проанализировать их.
3) Тебе следует узнать больше о методах анализа.
4) Вам нужно решить, какие данные вы будете использовать.
5) Я должен написать план своего исследования.
6) Необходимо, чтобы исследование было актуальным.
7) Тема диссертации должна быть связана с образовательной про-
граммой.
8) Некоторые исследования могут иметь практическую значи-
мость (актуальность).
9) Мне придется провести литературный обзор.
10) Вам следует учитывать требования кафедры.
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U n i t 4 . L I T E R A T U R E R E V I E W
A c t i v e v o c a b u l a r y
A literature review
Литературный обзор
A survey
Опрос, исследование
A source
Источник
Provide (v)
Предоставлять, давать
An overview
Обзор
Current
Текущий
Summarize (v)
Подвести итог, суммировать
Analyze (v)
Анализировать
Synthesize (v)
Синтезировать
Evaluate (v)
Оценивать
The subject
Тема, предмет
Search
Поиск
Define (v)
Определить
A list
Список
Variables
Переменные
Abstract
Аннотация
Citation
Цитирование
Outline (v)
Представить в общих чертах
Pattern
Шаблон
Combine (v)
Комбинировать
Compare (v)
Сравнивать
Certain
Определенный
Argue for (v)
Аргументировать
Development
Разработка, развитие
Debates
Дебаты
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific
topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify
relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research. A good literature review doesn’t just list sources – it analyzes, synthesizes, and critically
evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.
When you write a thesis, dissertation, or research paper, you will
have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing
knowledge.
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There are five key steps to writing a literature review:
Step 1. Search for relevant literature. Before you begin searching for
literature, you need a clearly defined topic. Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or
variables you’re interested in and list any synonyms and related terms.
Search for relevant sources. Make sure to read the abstract to find
out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful
book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.
Step 2. Evaluate and select sources. Make sure the sources you use
are credible, and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories
in your field of research.
Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review. It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to
avoid plagiarism. It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography, where
you compile full citation information.
Step 3. Identify themes, debates, and gaps. To begin organizing your
literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. This step will
help you work out the structure of your literature review and show how your
own research will contribute to existing knowledge.
Step 4. Outline your literature review’s structure. There are various ap-
proaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length
of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies.
Chronological. The simplest approach is to trace the development of
the topic over time. Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates
that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how
and why certain developments occurred.
Thematic. You can organize your literature review into subsections
that address different aspects of the topic.
Methodological. If you draw your sources from different disciplines
or fields that use a variety of research methods, you might want to compare
the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches.
Theoretical. A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework. You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts. You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.
Step 5. Write your literature review. Like any other academic text, your
literature review should have an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion.
What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.
28
Be sure to show how your research addresses gaps and contributes
new knowledge or discuss how you have drawn on existing theories and
methods to build a framework for your research.
(https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/literature-review/)
V o c a b u l a r y e x e r c i s e s
Ex. 1. Translate from English into Russian:
To provide an overview, current knowledge, to identify relevant theories, the existing research, to critically evaluate, to give a clear picture,
on the subject, key steps, search for relevant literature, a clearly defined
topic, creating a list of keywords, related to your research question, the key
concepts or variables, related terms, evaluate and select sources, major theories, to take notes, to incorporate into the text, to keep track, to avoid plagiarism, to make an annotated bibliography, to compile full citation information,
argument and structure, the connections and relationships between
the sources, to work out the structure, to contribute to existing knowledge.
Ex. 2. Translate from Russian into English:
Различные подходы, перечислять источники, комбинировать
стратегии, определить актуальные методы, писать диссертацию, анализировать закономерности, поворотные моменты, сравнивать результаты, проследить развитие темы во времени, разбить обзор литературы
на подразделы, теоретическая основа, затрагивать различные аспекты
темы, различные модели, зависеть от цели, аргументировать актуальность конкретного теоретического подхода, вносить новые знания.
Ex. 3. Match the words from the columns to make up word combinations:
To depend on
Thesis
To argue for
Sources
To organize
Information
To write
Approaches
To compare
Literature review
To combine
The aim
To list
Methods
To analyze
Research question
To evaluate
Relevance
To determine
Theories
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Ex. 4. Decide if the statements are true or false:
1) A good literature review is just a list of sources.
2) A literature review gives a clear picture of the state of
knowledge on the subject through analysis, synthesis, and critically evaluation.
3) It is necessary to conduct a literature review when you write a thesis, disserttion, or research paper.
4) You need to define a research topic before you begin searching
for literature.
5) There is no need to create a list of keywords, synonyms and terms
related to your research question.
6) It is a good idea to include each of the key concepts or variables
you’re interested in into a list of key words.
7) It is important to select credible sources and avoid plagiarism.
8) You mustn’t combine different theoretical concepts to create
a framework for your research.
9) A literature review cannot be the foundation for a theoretical
framework.
10) A literature review does not need any structure.
Ex. 5. Answer the following questions:
1) What is a literature review?
2) What are the features of a good literature review?
3) Why is it necessary to conduct a literature review when you write
a thesis, dissertation, or research paper?
4) What is the first step in writing a literature review?
5) How can you find out whether an article is relevant to your
question?
6) Is it necessary to understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read?
7) Why is it good to take notes while reading?
8) What step will help you work out the structure of your literature
review and show how your own research will contribute to existing
knowledge?
9) What structure should a literature review have?
10) Have you already conducted a literature review?
30
G r a m m a r r e v i e w
The infinitive
The Infinitive is the impersonal form of a verb that names an action
It is the basic or first form of the verb and represents the verb in the dictionary.
A feature of the infinitive is the particle to: to assist – помогать, to report –
сообщать. The infinitive is used without the to particle in the following cases:
– After the verbs shall, will.
He will continue his experiment tomorrow. – Завтра он продолжит свой эксперимент.
– After modal verbs (except ought).
She can teach students. – Она может обучать студентов.
– After the verbs of sense perception (feel, see, hear, watch).
We saw him copy the text. – Мы видели, как он делал копии текста.
– After the verbs let (разрешать), have, make (заставлять).
What makes you think so? – Что заставляет тебя так думать?
Let me take this journal, please. – Пожалуйста, разрешите мне
взять этот журнал.
– After the phrases had better (лучше), would rather (лучше бы).
You had better do it now. – Лучше сделай это сейчас.
I must see him at once. – Мне надо увидеться с ним сейчас же.
In modern English, the infinitive has the following forms: Indefinite,
Continuous, Perfect in the Active and Passive voice, and Perfect Continuous
only in the Active voice.
The infinitive in the Active voice denotes an action performed by
the person expressed in the subject of the sentence, and in the Passive voice
– theaction aimed at this person.
I like to help. – Я люблю помогать.
I like to be helped. – Я люблю, когда мне помогают.
The infinitive in Indefinite Active denotes a simple action, the infinitive in Continuous Active denotes a continuous action.
She likes to write articles. – Она любит писать статьи.
She must be still writing. – Она, должно быть, все еще пишет.
The non-perfect infinitive expresses an action that is simultaneous
with the action of the predicate or follows it. The perfect infinitive expresses
an action that precedes the action expressed by the predicate.
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