effects and increased treatment success. Biomimetic NPs (NPs) can be created using various techniques, each allowing precise control over size, drug loading, and surface properties. Techniques such as nanoprecipitation and extrusion enable the development of drug-loaded NPs, while self-assembly leverages biomolecules’ natural tendencies to form NPs with specic functions. By utilizing diverse biomol­ecule sources and fabrication methods, researchers can design effective and targeted drug delivery systems, advancing precise and efcient cancer treatments [67]. Although this is still in research, it’s full of promise and could change how we treat cancer, using smart ideas inspired by nature. The versatility of these biomimetic materials opens up new avenues for scientic advancement, addressing complex challenges across various disciplines. The study conducted by Chirivì etal. [68] focused on synthesizing biomimetic NPs for potential PTT applications in a 3D glioblastoma tumor model. First, the researchers used the Turkevich technique using sodium citrate as a reducing agent to create spherical gold NPs (AuNPs) with a diameter of around 25nm. These AuNPs were then combined with keratin in a 1:100 weight ratio, with extra keratin added to guarantee that binding sites were fully saturated. The resulting solution was shaken overnight, and unbound keratin was removed by centrifugation and resuspension. To identify Ker-AuNPs within the 3D constructs, they were labeled with FITC, which shows a clear emission at 542nm, conrming successful conjugation. The 3D constructs containing U87-MG cells and Ker-AuNPs demonstrated enhanced cell proliferation, with cells aligning along bioprinted bers over time. Importantly, cell proliferation occurred particu­larly in the presence of Ker-AuNPs, indicating that the NPs did not interfere with cell proliferation within the supporting biomaterial. Another study by Qin etal. [69] achieved bacterial outer membrane vesicle-templated biomimetic NPs by using outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 as nanoreactors to synthesize biomimetic copper sulde NPs (CuS-OMVs) by intro­ducing copper and sulfur compounds to the OMVs, leading to the growth of CuS nanocrystals on the OMV template for synergistic photothermo-immunotherapy. The researchers characterize the resulting CuS-OMVs through various techniques, such as DLS for size analysis, TEM for morphology observation, and spectroscopy for absorption measurements. Through this novel approach they overcome limita­tions associated with traditional PTT agents, such as suboptimal photothermal con­version efciency and inadequate tumor accumulation. Yang etal. [70] produced DC@BPBBT dots, which are bioinspired aggregation-induced emission (AIE) nanodots with hitchhiking capability, for improved cancer treatment. Dendritic cell membranes were applied to nanoaggregates of near-infrared (NIR) AIE polymeric photothermal agents (BPBBT dots) to form the nanodots, as shown in Fig.4.3a. These nanodots exhibited strong NIR-II uorescence and efcient photothermal conversion. The size of the nanodots was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering, revealing an average size of approximately 147.2nm for DC@BPBBT dots and 136nm for BPBBT dots as shown in Fig.4.3b. When the nanodots were kept at 4°C for 10days, it was discov- ered that they had high colloidal stability. The addition of DC membranes increased the nanodot size by around 10 nm due to the membrane wrapping. The zeta