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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5579_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
40. Which of the following drug is not from
Apocyanaceae?
A. Nux-vomica B. Strophanthus
C. Vinca D. Rauwolfia
41. p-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde is a chemical
composition of:
A. Van urk’s reagent B. Mayer reagent
C. Hager’s reagent D. Wagner’s reagent
42. Picricacidisachemicalcompositionof:
A. Van urk’s reagent B. Mayer reagent
C. Hager’s reagent D. Wagner’s reagent
43. Which of the following is a steroidal alkaloid?
A. Caffine B. Solanidine
C. Ephedrine D. Morphine
44. Which of the following is diterpene class alkaloid?
A. Aconite B. Hygrine
C. Ephedrine D. Morphine
45. Which of the following is steroidal glycoalkaloids?
A. Solanum B. Brahmi
C. Gingko D. Chirata
46. Thalleoquin test is used to identify:
A. Cinchona B. Strychnin
C. Datura D. Rhubarb
47. VanUrk’stestisusedtoidentify:
A. Ephedra B. Strychnin
C. Ergot D. Rhubarb
48. Indole alkaloids are synthesized from:
A. Tryptophan B. Tyrosine
C. Lysine D. Phenyl alanine
49. Quinoline alkaloids are synthesized from:
A. Tryptophan B. Tyrosine
C. Caratenoids D. Antranillic acid
50. Atropine is biosynthesized from ______ amino
acids.
A. Phenyl alanine, tryptophan, leucine
B. Phenyl alanine, glycine, ornithine
C. Ornithine, phenyl alanine, methionine
D. None of the above
51. Morphine is biogenetically derived from
__________ .
A. Tryptophan B. Phenyl alanine
C. Tyrosine D. Both A and B
52. Ephedrine is derived from __________.
A. Ornithine B. Phenylalanine
C. Tyrosine D. Tryptophan
53. Tropane alkaloids are biosynthesized from
________.
A. Ornithine B. Phenylalanine
C. Lysine D. Tryptophan
54. Nicotine is biosynthesized from __________.
A. Lysine B. Leucine
C. Methionine D. Ornithine
55. Papaverineis biogeneticallyderived from
_________.
A. Phenylalanine B. Ornithine
C. Tyrosine D. Lysine
56. Anomocytic or Ranunculaceous type of stomata
are present in:
A. Digitalis B. Buchu
C. Lobelia D. All the above
57. Ligniedtrichomesareidentifyingcharacteristic
of ____.
A. Strophanthus B. Lobelia
C. Nux-vomica D. Both A and B
58. Cruciferous stomata are characteristic of _________.
A. Belladonna B. Speramint
C. Senna D. Digitalis
59. Hygrine is biogenetically derived from _________.
A. Phenylalanine B. Lysine
C. Isoleucine D. Ornithine
60. Caryophyllaceous stomata are present in
__________.
A. Vinca B. Datura
C. Lobelia D. Vasaka
61. Whichofthefollowingshowsbrousfracture?
A. Cassia B. Wild cherry
C. Cinchona D. Kurchi
62. Which alkaloids give positive murexide test?
A. Tropane alkaloids
B. Pyridine alkaloids
C. Imidazole alkaloids
D. Purine alkaloids
63. Which of the following possess amino alkaloids?
A. Tea B. Datura
C. Ephedra D. Opium
64. All are steroidal alkaloid except:
A. Verartrum B. Aconite
C. Kurchi D. Diosgenin
65. Choose the right combination:
A. Quinine, antimalarial, isoquinoline alkaloid
B. Reserpine, antihypertensive, indole alkaloid
C. Quantitative microscopy, stomatal number,
myrrh
D. Palmitic acid, salicylic acid, fatty acid
66. In the life cycle of ergot ascospores are:
A. Sexual spores B. Asexual spores
C. Candida spores D. All of the above
67. Which of the alkaloid is liquid in nature?
A. Quinine B. Catechol
C. Nicotine D. Berberine
68. The precursor for the biogenesis of tropane
alkaloid is:
A. Ornithine B. Phenyl alanine
C. Tryptophan D. Tyrosine
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
199
69. Reserpine and deserpidine differ each other in
respect of:
A. Methoxy group at C-3 position
B. Acetyl group at C-16 position
C. Methylation at C-10 position
D. Methylation at C-17 position
70. Idioblasts of crystal layer of calcium oxalate is a
diagnostic feature of:
A. Deadly nightshade leaves
B. Cinchona bark
C. Senna leaves
D. Hyoscyamus niger leaves
71. Alkaloids in cinchona bark are determine by:
A. Nessler’s reagent B. Iodine test
C. Thalloiquine test D. Wagner’s test
72. Strychnine act by:
A. Inhibiting cholinesterase
B. Depressing inhibitory centre in spinal cord
C. Stimulating ach production
D. None of the above
73. Which of the following alkaloids has steroidal
structure?
A. Connesine B. Atropine
C. Caffiene D. Ephedrine
74. Cinchona alkaloids with Br2 water and dilute
ammonia gives:
A. Violet colour B. Emerald green colour
C. Red colour D. White colour
75. Which one of the following is true for alkaloidal
bases?
A. Water solubility and organic solvent insolubility
B. Water insolubility and organic solvent
insolubility
C. Water insolubility and organic solvent solubility
D. Water solubility and organic solvent solubility
76. Plasmodesmaispresentin:
A. Nux-vomica B. Ergot
C. Physostigma D. Both A and C
77. Stratified cork and scattered sieve tissues are
present in:
A. Datura B. Coca leaves
C. Rauwolfia D. Kurchi
78. Anabasine is biogenetically derived from:
A. Lysine B. Ornithine
C. Tryptophan D. Leucine
79. The best known chemical to cause polyploidy is
A. Methanol B. Colchicine
C. Kerosene D. Aconite
ANSWER KEY
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. A 14. D
15. A 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. A 21. D 22. A 23. A 24. A 25. D 26. D 27. D 28. D
29. A 30. C 31. B 32. C 33. D 34. D 35. A 36. C 37. B 38. A 39. D 40. A 41. A 42. C
43. B 44. A 45. A 46. A 47. C 48. A 49. D 50. C 51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. C 56. D
57. D 58. A 59. D 60. D 61. C 62. D 63. C 64. D 65. A 66. A 67. C 68. A 69. A 70. B
71. C 72. B 73. A 74. B 75. C 76. A 77. C 78. A 79. B
8. Terpenoids, Volatile Oils and Resins
TERPENOIDS
Terpenes are unique, widespread and chemically
diversegroups of hydrocarbon-based natural products
whosestructure may be derived from combinations
ofseveral 5-carbon- base (C5) unitscalled isoprene,
giving rise tostructures which maybe divided into
isopentane(2-methylbutane) units. The terpenes areof
a biogenetic origin, in which isopentenyl pyrophosphate
and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate combine to yield
geranyl pyrophosphate, leading to monoterpenes.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
Similarly,sesquiterpenes,andtriterpenesareformedfrom
twoequivalents of farnesyl pyrophosphate. A terpene
200
containing oxygen is called a terpenoids.
Terpenesare thus classied by thenumber of 5-carbon
units they contain:
1. Hemiterpenes C5
2. Monoterpene C10
3. Sesquiterpene C15
4. DiterpeneC20
5. SesterterpeneC25(veryrare)
6. Triterpene C30
7. Tetraterpenes C40
Thefunctionofterpenesinplantsisasfollows,itisgenerally
considered to be both ecological and physiological:
It inhibits the growth of competing plants
(allelopathy).
Itshowsinsecticidalactivityaswellasfoundtoattractinsectpollinators.
Theplanthormone,abscissicacid,isoneofthesesquiterpenes.
Gibberellicacidisatypeofterpene,andismajorplanthormones.
Types of Terpenes
The monoterpenes are formed from the coupling of two isoprene units (c10). They are the most representative molecules
constituting 90% of the essential oils and allow a great variety of structures. They consist of several functions:
1 Carbures Acyclic: Myrcene, ocimene, etc.
Monocyclic: Terpinenes, p-cimene, phellandrenes, etc.
bicyclic: Pinenes, -3-carene, camphene, sabinene, etc.
2 Alcohols Acyclic: Geraniol, linalol, citronellol, lavandulol, nerol, etc.
Monocyclic: Menthol, a-terpineol, carveol bicyclic: Borneol, fenchol, chrysanthenol, thuyan-3ol, etc.
3 Aldehydes Acyclic: Geranial, neral, citronellal, etc
4. Ketone Acyclic: Tegetone, etc.
Monocyclic: Menthones, carvone, pulegone, piperitone, etc.
Bicyclic: Camphor, fenchone, thuyone, ombellulone, pinocamphone, pinocarvone, etc.
5 Esters Acyclic: Linalyl acetate or propionate, citronellyl acetate, etc.
Monocyclic: Menthyl or a-terpinyl acetate, etc.
Bicyclic: Isobornyl acetate, etc.
6 Ethers 1,8-cineole, menthofurane, etc.
Peroxydes: Ascaridole, etc.
7 Phenols Thymol, carvacrol, etc.
Examples of plants containing monoterpeniods are (+)-α-pinene from Pinus palustris, (-)-β-pinene from Pinus caribaea,
(-)linalol from coriander, (+)-linalol from some camphor trees, (±)-citronellol is widespread, the form (+) is characteristic of
Eucalyptus citriodora
The sesquiterpenes are formed from the assembly of three isoprene units (c15). the extension of the chain increases the
number of cyclisations which allows a great variety of structures. the Structure and function of the sesquiterpenes are
similar to those of the monoterpenes:
1 Carbures Bzulene, β-bisabolene, cadinenes, β-caryophyllene, logifolene, curcumenes, elemenes,
farnesenes, zingiberene, etc.
2 Alcohols Bisabol, cedrol, β-nerolidol, farnesol, carotol, β-santalol, patchoulol, viridiflorol, etc.
3 Ketones
Germacrone, nootkatone, cis-longipinan-2,7-dione, b-vetinone, turmerones, etc.
4 Epoxide Caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxides, etc
Examples of plants containing these compounds are angelica, bergamot, caraway, celery, citronella, coriander, eucalyptus,
geranium, juniper, lavandin, lavander, lemon, lemongrass, mandarin, mint, orange, peppermint, petitgrain, pine, rosemary,
sage, thyme.
Aromatic compounds are derived from phenylpropane, the aromatic compounds occur less frequently than the terpenes.
1 Aldehyde Cinnamaldehyde
2 Alcohol Cinnamic alcohol
3 Phenols Chavicol, Eugenol
4 Methoxy derivatives Anethole, elemicine, estragole, methyleugenols
5 Methylene dioxy
Apiole, myristicine, safrole
compounds
The principal plant sources for these compounds are anise, cinnamon, clove, fennel, nutmeg, parsley, sassafras, star anise,
tarragon, and some botanical families (Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae).
ClassicationofTerpenoids
Classification
Functional group Important constituents Examples Properties
(suffix)
Terpenoids
-C=C- Cadinene, camphene,
Hydrocarbons(-ene)
pinene, lemonene
Turpentine, junipes,
cade
Stimulant, antiviral,
antitumoral
Contd...
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
201
Classification
(suffix)
Alcohol (-OH) C-OH Linalol, menthol,
Aldehyde (-al) CHO Cinnamaldehyde,
Esters (-ate)
Functional group Important constituents Examples Properties
santalol, geraniol
citral, citonellal
Linalyl acetate, bornyl
acetate
Coriander,
peppermint, sandal
wood.
Cinnamon, clove,
lemon peel
Ceaultheria, lavender,
rosemary
Antimicrobial,
antiseptic, spasmodic
Spasmodic, sedative,
antiviral
Spasmodic,
antifungal, sedative
Ketones (-one)
Ethers -C-O-C- Chavical methyl ether
Peroxides
Non-terpenoids
Phenol (-ol) Ar-OH Eugenol, thymol,
Phenolic ether Ring-O-C Safrol, anetol,
Glycoside derived Sugar and non sugar
-O-O- Ascaridole Chenopodium Insect repellant.
group
Carvone, camphor,
menthone
cineol, mepisticin,
ascaridol
carvacrol
miristicine
Methyl salicylate
allyl isothiocynate
benzaldehyde
DRUG CONTAINING TERPENOIDS
Camphor Oil Wood of Cinnamonuum camphora (Family
Lauraceae
Eucalyptus oil Leaves of Eucalyptus globules (Family
myrtaceae)
Chenopodium Oil
(American worm seed oil)
Geranium oil Leaves and stem of Pelargonium graveolens
Turpentine Oil Oleo-resin of Pinus roxburghii or Pinus
Lemon Grass oil Leaves and aerial parts of Cymbopogon
Peppermint Oil
(Mentha oil)
Lemon oil Pericarp of fruit of Citrus limonis (Family
Bitter Orange oil Pericarp of fruit of Citrus aurantium (Family
Hops (Humulus) Female flower of Humulus lupulus (Family
Rasna(Galanga) Rhizome of Alpinia officinarum
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
Garlic Bulb of Allium sativum (Family Liliaceae)
202
Flowering and fruiting part of Chenopodium
ambrosioides Var. Anthelminticum (Family
Chenopodiaceae)
(Family Geraniaceae)
palustris or Pinus longifolia (family –
Pinaceae)
flexuous or C. Citratis (Family Graminae)
Flowering tops of Mentha piperita
(Famlabiatae)
Rutaceae
Rutaceae)
Cannabinaceae) α and β acid as resinous matter
(Family Zingeberaceae)
Note – Anti diabetic action of garlic is due to
s-allyl cysteine sulforidae.
Caraway,dill,
Camphor
Arise, eucalyptus,
nutmeg
Clove, cinnamon leaf,
thyme
Sassafras, anise seed Flavouring agent,
Wintergreen, mustard,
bitter almond.
Camphor (Bicyclic mono terpenoid ketone)
Eucalyptol (Cineole)
Ascaridole (unsaturated terpene peroxide)
70 to 80%
20% of cymene, myrcene, limonene and
camphor.
Alcohol type – Citronellol and Geraniol
α and β Pinene, Camphere
Aldehyde type – Citral
(–) menthol
D-limonene (major) Citral (minor)
D-limonene, Hesperidin
Methyl Cinnamate and Cineol Pungent oil –
Galangol, Alpinol
Allyl propyl disulphide, Diallyl disulphide,
Alliin and Allicin (Diallyl sulphide oxide)
Mucolitic, neurotoxic,
Regenator cellular
Expectorant and
stimulant
increase digestion
Antimicrobial,
stimulant, irritant
carminative,
expectorant
Flavouring agent
Tulsi Leaves of Ocimum sanctum (Family
Labiatae
Acorus (Vaj or Calamus) Rhizome of Acorus calamus (Family
Araceae)
Annatto Seed of Bix orellana (Family Bixaceae) Bixin Pigment (Carotenoid Carboxylic Acid) It
Crocus (Saffron, Kesar)
Stigma and upper part of Style of Crocus
sativus (Family Iridaceae
Taxus (Yew) Stem bark of Taxus baccata, T. Cuspidate,
T.brevifolia, T.canadensis (FamTaxaceae)
Artemisia (Santonica) Flower bud of Artemisia cina, A. Brevifolia,
A.maritima (Family Compositae)
Artemisinin Leaves of Artemisia annua /Quinghao
(FamCompositae)
Black Pipper Fruit of Piper nigrum (Family Piperaceae) Alkaloid – Piperine Volatile Oil –
Rosemary Oil Flowering tops of Rosmarium officinalis
(labiate)
Gaultheria Oil
(Oil of Wintergreen or
Betula oil
Palmarosa Leaves and tops of Cymbopogon maritini
Citronella Oil Leaves of Cymbopogon nardus (Family
Sandal Wood Oil Heart wood of Santalum album
Cardamom
(Chhoti-Ilaychi)
Clove (Lavang) Flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllus or
Nutmeg Kernel of seed of Myristica fragrans Houtt
Cassia –Cinnamon
(Cassia bark or Chinese
cinnamon)
Cinnamom
(Cinnamon bark or Ceylon
cinnamon or KalmiDalchini)
Fennel (Sauf) Fruit of Fructus foeniculum Var. vulgare
Coriander (Dhania) Fruit of Coriander sativum (Family
Dill (European Dill) Fruit of Anethum graveolens (Family
Caraway Fruit of Carum carvi (Family Umbelliferae) Volatile oil should NLT 3.5% w/v 45–65%
Anise Fruit of Pimpinella anisum (Family
Cummin(Jira) Fruit of Cuminum cyminum (Family
Celery Fruit of Apium gravolens (Family
Leaves of Gaultheria procumbens
(FamEricaceae
(Family Graminae)
Graminae)
(FamSantalaceae) α and β Santalol (Both are isomeric
Fruit of Eleteria cardamomum Var.
Minuscula (Family Zingiberaceae)
Syzygium aromaticum (Family Myretaceae)
(Family Myristicaceae)
Stem bark of Cinnamomum cassia (Family
Lauraceae) Volatile Oil should NLT 1% w/v 85%
Inner bark of shoot of coppicied tree
of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Family
Lauraceae)
(Family Umbelliferae)
Umbelliferae)
Umbelliferae
Umbelliferae)
Umbelliferae
Umbelliferae)
Eugenol
Asaraldehyde, Asarone (sesquiterpenoids)
Bitter principle – Acorine
is responsible for yellow colour.
Red colouring matter – Crocin and Crocetin
Bitter principle – Picrocrosin Odor – Safranol
Proto crocin (carotenoid Glycoside)
Taxol (Diterpenoid containing Oxetane ring
Santonin (Sesquiterpene lactone)
Artemisinin (Sesquiterpene lactone with
internal peroxide linkage)
l-Phellandrene and Caryophyllene
Alcohol type –Borneol
Glycoside – Gaultherin yields methyl
salicylate upon hydrolysis. Characteristic
Odor – Enanthic alcohol (n-Heptyl alcohol
Geraniol
Geraniol(major) and Citronellal (minor)
sesquiterpene alcohol)
Cineol (2–8%), Carvone Volatile oil should
NLT 4%
Volatile oil should NLT 15% w/v of Clove oil
Eugenol (Main) Vanillin (upon oxidation)
Volatile Oil should NLT 5% w/v Myristicin,
Saffrole and Elimicin
Cinnamic Aldehyde and small amount of
Eugenol
Volatile oil should NLT 1% w/v 60–70%
Cinnamaldehyde and 5–10% Eugenol
Volatile oil should NLT 1.4% w/v Ketone
– Fenchone 20% (Pungent odor) Phenolic
ether – Anethole 50% (Sweet odor and taste)
Volatile oil should NLT 0.3% w/v 90%
D-linalool (Coriandrol)
Volatile oil should NLT 2.5 w/v% 43–63%
Carvone Dill Apiole (Minor)
Carvone Limonene-Terpene
Anethol 90%
Cumin aldehyde
D-limonene
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
203
VOLATILE OILS
Volatileoils are volatile, natural, complex compounds
characterized by a strong odour and are formedby
aromatic plants as secondary metabolites. They can be
synthesizedbyallplantorgans,i.e.buds,owers,leaves,
stems,twigs,seeds,fruits,roots,wood or bark, and are
storedinsecretorycells,cavities, canals, epidermic cells
orglandulartrichomes. Theyareliquid,volatile,limpid
and rarely coloured, lipid soluble and soluble in organic
solventswithagenerallylowerdensitythanthatofwater.
Theyareusuallyobtainedbysteamorhydro-distillation,
Plant Essential Oil with Chemical Constituents
S. No. Plant essential oil Chemical constituents
1 Origanum compactum Carvacrol (30%) and Thymol (27%)
2 Coriandrum sativum Linalol (68%)
3 Artemisia herba-alba α- and β-thuyone (57%) and camphor (24%)
4 Cinnamomum camphora 1,8-cineole (50%)
5 Anethum graveolens (Leaf) α-Phellandrene (36%) and limonene (31%)
6 Anethum graveolens (Seed) Carvone (58%) and limonene (37%)
7 Mentha piperita Menthol (59%) and menthone (19%)
knownfortheirantiseptic,i.e.bactericidal,virucidaland
fungicidal,andmedicinalpropertiesandtheirfragrance,
theyare used in embalment, preservationof foods and
asantimicrobial, analgesic, sedative, anti-inammatory,
spasmolyticandlocallyanesthesicremedies.Duetotheir
bactericidalandfungicidalproperties,pharmaceuticaland
foodusesaremoreandmorewidespreadasalternatives
to synthetic chemical products to protect the ecological
equilibrium.Volatile oils are very complex natural
mixtureswhichcancontain about 20–60 components at
quitedifferentconcentrations,alsoknownasessentialoils.
Physical properties of volatile oil:
Volatileessentialoilsarevolatileandbecomeliquidat
room temperature.
Whendistilled they areat rst colourless or slightly
yellowish.
They are soluble in alcohol and in the usual organic
solvents,suchasetherorchloroform.
Theyarelessdensethanwater(sassafrasessence and
cloveessencebeingexceptions).
Theyare nearly always rotational andhave a high
refractoryindex.
Theyarelipo-solubleandnotverysolubleinwater,but
can be dragged using steam.
Thereare several methods for extractingessential oils.
Thesemay include use of liquid carbon dioxide or
microwaves,andmainlyloworhighpressuredistillation
employingboilingwaterorhotsteamTherearefourways
ofextractionofvolatileoils:-
1. Expression
2. Steam distillation
3. Extractionbyvolatilesolvents
4. Adsorptioninpuriedfat(Efeurage)
Identification Tests of Volatile Oils
1.VolatileoiltreatedwithSudanred–IIIreagentproduces
red colour.
2.VolatileoiltreatedwithTinctureofalkanashowsred
colour
3. Volatile oil treated with cosmic acid does not show stain.
4.Volatileoilatlterpaperdoesnotshowstain.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
204
Gentle
stimulant
Adulterants
Bombay
nutmeg,
Papua Nutmeg
Treated with
Sudan red
III solution
reds coloured
globules.
treated with
few drops of
tincture alkana
red colour
lignin, stearin, volatile oil,
starch, gum
Carminative,
stimulant,
aromatic.
Adulterants:
Long wild
native
cardamom,
Korarima
cardamom.
Treated with
Sudan red
III solution
reds coloured
globules.
treated with
few drops of
tincture alkana
red colour
The volatile oil contains
terpenes, terpineol and cineol.
Contd...
Habitat Part Used Characters Chemical Constituents Chemical Test Uses
Source
brown
Strongly
aromatic
Dried kernel Greenish
Banda Islands
cultivated
in Sumatra
Myristica
fragrans
belonging
to family:
Myristicaceae
Jati palam
Jayiphal
The seeds
consist of
Periderm:
Large and it
seeds and
fruits of
Southern India dried ripe
Elettaria
cardamomum
belonging to
Zingiberaceae
Ela, Truti,
Kapita
Chota Elachi
contain starch,
Endosperm:
Small
translucent
contains
aleurone
grains and
Embryo: Small
and contain
aleurone grain.
Nutmeg
Name Synonyms Biological
Cardamom
Fruits and
Seeds
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
205
stimulant,
aromatic,
carminative
and stomachic
properties
Soluble in 90%
alcohol, filter
paper is not
permanently
stained.
Carminative,
Respiratory
stimulant.
Soluble in 90%
alcohol, filter
paper is not
permanently
stained.
d-fenchone
Contd...
Habitat Part Used Characters Chemical Constituents Chemical Test Uses
Source
Seeds are
Dorsally
compressed,
Mericarps are
separated.
Dried ripe
fruits
Dill is a hardy
annual, a
native of the
Mediterranean
region and
Peucedanum
graveolens
Compositae
Shatapushpa
Southern
Russia
Fennel exhibits
Cremocarp.
It consists of
equal portions
called as
mericarps,
Seeds, leaves
and roots.
Temperate
Europe,
shores of the
Mediterranean
Foeniculum
vulgare
Umbelliferae
Methica
Indian sweet
fennel
connected by
central stalks
called as
carpophore.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
206
Dill Misroya,
Name Synonyms Biological
Fennel Madhurika,
Aromatic,
stimulant and
carminative
properties
Adulterants:
Exhausted
fruit, Caraway
Soluble in 90%
alcohol, filter
paper is not
permanently
stained.
Carvone, carveol,
dihydrocarvone
stalks,
Cummin fruits.
Stimulant,
aromatic and
carminative.
Soluble in 90%
alcohol, filter
paper is not
permanently
stained.
Carminative,
astringent,
stimulant and
antiseptic.
Chloroform
extract of
volatile oil on
slide treated
with 10%
aqueous
phenyl
hydrazine
hydrochloride
solution
rod shaped
crystals of
cinnamic
Contd...
aldehyde are
seen.
Habitat Part Used Characters Chemical Constituents Chemical Test Uses
Source
Vittae
Mesocarp
Endocarp
Fruit Epicarp
Carum carvi
Apiaceae
Cumin seed,
caraway seed
Testa
Epicarp
Vittae
Mesocarp
Endocarp
Fruits and
leaves
Indigenous
to southern
Europe
Coriandrum
sativum
Umbelliferae
Kustumbari
Dhanyaka
Testa
Bark Fragments of
Malabar,
Cinnamomum
Gudatvak,
cork are seen
Cochin-China,
Sumatra
and Eastern
Islands
zeylanicum
Lauraceae
Varangam,
Dalchini, Taj
Caraway Ajaji, Jeeraka
Name Synonyms Biological
Coriander
Fruit
Cinnamon
bark
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
207
Stimulating
and
carminative.
Clove oil
treated with
alcohol
and ferric
chloride (5%)
Dark brown or
crimson colour,
aromatic and
spicy
gives blue
colouration
Carminative,
pungent,
stimulant,
used widely
for indigestion,
The drug is
boiled with
50% KOH
or alkali its
pungency is
branching,
horizontal
rhizome,
transversely
stomachache,
malaria and
fevers.
destroyed.
cut surface
shows well
marked
endodermis
and stele.
Anti-
inflammatory,
Antioxidant,
Anti-
mutagenic,
Anti-cancerous
Turmeric
powder with
sulphuric acid
gives crimson
colour
tumerone, atlantone, and
zingiberone
annulations
are present.
Undeveloped
Molucca
Habitat Part Used Characters Chemical Constituents Chemical Test Uses
Eugenia
Source
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
208
Clove Syzygium
Name Synonyms Biological
flowers
Islands,
Southern
Philippines
caryophyllata
Myrtaceae
aromaticum
rhizome Sympodial
Native to
Southeast
Asia, cultivated
mainly in
Zingiber
officinalis
Roscoe, family
Zingiberaceae
Zingiber,
rhizome
zingiberis,
Ginger Sonth
Kerala, Andhra
Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh,
West Bengal,
Maharashtra.
Jamica ginger
Rhizome Root scars and
Cultivated
extensively in
India within
tropical climate
Curcuma
longa, Family
Zingiberaceae
turmeric,
Turmeric Curcuma,