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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5579_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Conditions Necessary for Tissue Growth
Oxygen
Nutrients
Growth factors
Correct pH
Optimum temperature
Hormones
Sterile conditions
Freedom from competition
z
Examples of transgenic plants and animal tissue:
Potatoes, onions, carrots, cauliflowers, radishes, bread,
etc.
z
If oxygen is dissolved in excess in culture medium
then it can be toxic and damage DNA, increase lipid
peroxidation rate and increase the metabolism of
nutrients in culture media than that required for
consumption.
IMMOBILIZATION OF ENZYMES AND PLANT CELLS
WITH APPLICATIONS
Immobilization is a technique in which cells are anchored
or fixed in or on inert support for their stability and
functional reuse.
Methods of Immobilization
These are as follows:
1. Adsorption: Physical fixing of enzyme or cells on an
inert support surface, e.g. alumina, silica gel, starch,
carboxymethyl cellulose, DEAE-sephadex.
2. Lattice entrapment/entrapment: Enzyme or cells entrap
inside a gel or polymer matrix. Enzyme inclusion in
microcapsules: Enzymes are captured into microcapsule
matrix.
3. Covalent binding: Immobilization is done by producing
covalent bonds between the functional groups of
enzymes and support.
4. Cross-linking: Immobilization is done by creating
cross-links between them, through the involvement
of polyfunctional reagents, e.g. glutaraldehyde,
diazobenzidine, hexamethylene di-isocyanate.
Advantages of Immobilised Enzymes
a. Stable and more efficient in function.
b. Reuse of enzyme can be done again and again.
c. Products are free from the enzyme.
d. Suitable for multistep enzyme reaction systems.
e. Control over enzyme activity is easy.
Disadvantages of Immobilization
a. There is a chance of loss of biological activity of an
enzyme
b. Costly.
Types of Bioreactors used for Immobilization of Plant Cells:
Packed bed reactors
Well-mixed reactor
Fluidized bed reactors
Membrane reactors.
Various Gene Transfer Methods
Chemical transfection
Calcium phosphate transfection
DNA transfer mediated by rubidium chloride
Cell fusion—protoplast fusion
Liposome encapsulation
Physical transfection
Electroporation
DNA microinjection
Transfection by particle bombardment/biolistic particle
delivery system
Transfection by ultrasound/sonoporation
Magnetofection
Virus-mediated gene transfer.
2. Animal Cell Culture (Mammalian Cell Culture)
Animal cell culture is mainly concerned with the
production of extremely potent and life-saving products,
such as: (i) Vaccines; (ii) antibody formation; and
(iii) protein molecules, e.g., interferon, interleukins, etc.
Cloning
Cloning means the generation of offspring which is
genetically similar to their parents.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: Generation of clone by
transfer of the nucleus from a somatic cell ( other than
germ cells) to an egg cell.
Roslin Technique: Developed by Roslin Institute, e.g.
Dolly—somatic cells are initiated to grow and divide
normally and then provide undernutrition for inducing
dormant stage of the cell.
Honolulu Technique: A nucleus of a somatic cell is extracted
and transferred into an egg cell that has had its nucleus
eliminated.
Artificial Twinning
Involves fertilization of a female gamete (egg) and
separation of resulting embryonic cells in the early
phases of development.
Cloning Methods
Restriction Enzyme Ligation
Traditional cloning method.
Restriction ligation cloning allows the transfer of the
desired DNA fragment into a vector through a “cut and
paste” method.
Inexpensive procedure.
Section 4 Biotechnology
439438
Flexible method.
Basic, two-step process.
Gateway Cloning
Single step recombination reaction that transfers a
fragment of DNA from one plasmid into another
Simplified procedure
Less time consuming
Universal for all types of DNAs
Accuracy rate of over 90%.
Gibson Assembly
Several DNA pieces are mixed to a construct, all within
a single test-tube reaction
Generated clones without any scarring.
Golden Gate Assembly
Uses two type IIS restriction enzymes, one pot wonder
method
Useful for making combinatorial libraries
TOPO Cloning
Uses a single enzyme.
Applications of gene cloning
Study of gene function
Translational applications
DNA profiling
Multiplex PCR
Forensic analysis
Medical applications
Diagnosis of inherited disorders
Whole genome amplification
Diagnosis of infectious disease
Diagnosis and management of cancer
Transgenic Animals
Foreign genes are deliberately introduced into animal’s
genomes, generally mice.
Important tools for researching human disease.
With the use of transgenic animals, we can understand
those gene functions that are involved in disease
susceptibility, progression.
3. Fermentation
Fermentation—production of a product with the help of
mass culture of a microorganism.
Bioreactors/Fermentors
Big vessel, normally made of stainless steel
Used for a culture of microorganisms.
Types of Fermenters
1. Stirred-tank bioreactor
2. Tower bioreactors
3. Air lift bioreactors/loop bioreactors
4. Packed-bed bioreactors
5. Fluidized bed bioreactors
6. Photobioreactors.
Batch fermentation: Four types of basic phases:
1. Lag phase— inoculation of medium with microorganism,
with very little growth of microorganism.
2. Log phase:
z
Cells adapted to new conditions of growth in the
medium at the end of the lag phase.
z
Graph plotted between the number of cells or biomass
and time as a resultant, a straight line is found.
z
The growth rate is not dependent on the substrate
concentration until excess substrate is present.
3. Stationary phase
z
Slowly, substrate is metabolized and toxic substances
have been formed
z
Section 4 Biotechnology
At this stage, growth slows down or is completely
stopped.
4. In the stationary phase, biomass increases slowly or
remains constant for some time.
5. Death phase
z
In this phase, energy sources of the cells are depleted.
z
If a semilogarithmic plot is drawn between survivors
and time, a straight line may obtain which is the
indication of cells death at an exponential rate.
Nutrient requirement of microbes
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Purines and pyrimidines
Vitamins A, C, D, and K
Amino acids
Nitrogen sources
Sulphur sources
Chemical elements and inorganic ions.
Fermentation Process
The fermentation process can be divided into three steps:
Step 1: Inoculum preservation
Step 2: Inoculum build-up
Step 3: Fermentor culture.
4. Recombinant DNA Technology
Components of Fermentor
a. Body—glass or steel
b. Seal—Gasket seal, lip seal, O ring seal
c. Agitator—for mixing, e.g. disc turbine, vaned disc, open
turbine propeller
d. Baffles—improve aeration efficiency
e. Sparger—for air, e.g. orifice, nozzle, porous sparger.
Recombinant DNA refers to the creation of new
combinations of DNA segments that are not found together
in nature. The isolation and manipulation of genes allows
for more precise genetic analysis as well as practical
applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Jackson, Symons, and Berg in 1972, produced the first
recombinant DNA fragment.
Cohen and Boyer in 1973, produced the first plasmid
vector that has the capability of being replicated within a
bacterial host.
Construction of Recombinant DNA
Step I: Isolation or extraction of DNA
Step II: Cutting the part of DNA which consists of desired
gene with the help of restriction enzymes
Step III: Ligation of cut DNA fragment into a cloning vector
Step IV: Transform recombinant DNA molecule into the
host cell
Step V: As host cell replicates many times and forms colony
of millions of cells
Step VI: Cloned DNA can be recovered and analyzed from
the host cells after processing.
DNA-manipulating enzymes
Nucleases–exonucleases–endonucleases, e.g. restriction
enzymes:
2. Ligases
3. Polymerases
4. DNA-modifying enzymes.
Restriction Enzymes
These enzymes are used to cut DNA called polymerases
Help to synthesize the ligases—help to bind.
Helpful in the determination of the location at which the
desired gene is inserted into the vector genome.
They are of two types, namely endonucleases and
exonucleases.
A cut can be made in DNA strands with the help of
endonucleases.
Exonucleases remove the nucleotides from the ends of
the DNA strand.
Vectors /Plasmids
Double stranded extra chromosomal DNA
Circular in structure
Mostly found in some bacterial species, e.g. E, coli
Replicate independently from bacterial main chromosome
Inserts less than 20 kb (kilobase pairs).
Types of Plasmid
Bacteriophage Lambda
Has a middle region of 15 kb capacity which is not required
for replication.
Cosmids
These are the combination of phages and plasmids
They can carry DNA fragments of up to 45 kb in size
They have qualities like replicate as plasmids and are
packaged like phage lambda.
Expression Vectors:
Carry host signals which help in the transcription and
translation process of an inserted gene.
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACS)
Capacity to carry DNA up to 1,000 kb of DNA.
Application of Recombinant DNA Technology
Insulin for diabetics
Production of transgenic animals
Production of coagulation factor VIII
Production of coagulation factor IX
Production of transgenic plants
Production of human growth hormone (GH)
Production of erythropoietin
Biosynthesis of interferon
Several interleukins
Prevention and diagnosis of diseases.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Used to make many copies of the desired DNA fragment
from a complex mixture of DNA.
Principle of the PCR
Used to make a number of copies of a gene.
Required to have enough starting template for sequencing.
There are three major steps in a PCR, which are repeated
for 30-40 cycles. It is performed in an automated cycle,
which gives heat to the tubes and also cools them when
needed in a very short period of time.
Section 4 Biotechnology
441440
Denaturation at 94°C—double strand of DNA starts to
melts and opens into a single-stranded DNA strand:
z
Annealing at 54°C
z
Extension at 72°C.
5. Proteomics
A reaction mixture needed
Primers
Target DNA
DNA polymerase such as Taq polymerase
Each of the four deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates.
Proteomics is the large scale study of proteins, particularly
their function and structure. Proteomics is an excellent
method for studying changes in metabolic conditions in
exposure to various stress conditions.
Proteins are polymers made-up of various amino acids.
Emil Fischer and Franz Hofmeister, reported in 1902 that
proteins have a very important role in metabolic activities.
The primary structure of a protein is referring to the
sequence of specific amino acids which are encoded by
the messenger RNA. This messenger RNA gives direction
to the polypeptide chains for proper folding into the
secondary structure.
Following are the types of proteomics: on the basis of
proteins produced under stress condition:
Expression proteomics
Structural proteomics
Functional proteomics.
Techniques involved in proteomics
Analytical techniques—2-D gel electrophoresis, MALDI-
TOF-MS.
Applications of Proteomics
Biological fields
In oncology
Biomedicine
Agriculture
Food microbiology.
Protein Identification Method
By database searching
Mass spectrometry used for protein estimation—
supports protein and peptide identification: Top-down
mass spectrometry, peptide sequencing by LC-MS/MS
UV absorption method for protein estimation
Coomassie blue staining for protein determination in
beer
High pressure liquid chromatography
Electrophoresis method
Haze—active protein determination method
Kjeldahl determination
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Lyophilization or Freeze Drying
In this method, water is frozen then removed from the
sample, firstly by sublimation method and followed by
desorption method.
Lyophilization—performed at temperature and pressure
conditions below the triple point
Useful for the drying of thermolabile compounds also
Sublimation—water changes from a solid state (ice) to
the vapour state bypasses the liquid state. It occurs at
pressure of 4.579 mm Hg and tempreture 0.0099°C.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. A(an) __________ is an excised piece of leaf or stem
tissue used in micropropagation.
A. Microshoot B. Medium
C. Explant D. Scion
2. If oxygen concentration in the culture media is
high then it is toxic and leads to:
A. DNA damage
B. Increase lipid peroxidation
C. Increase rate of metabolism of nutrients in
culture media at a rate higher than that required
for consumption
D. All of the above
Section 4 Biotechnology
3. Tagging of the transposon is used to:
A. Isolate a gene
B. Isolate a transposon
C. Study the sequence of nucleotides
D. None of the above
4. DNA sequencing is used in:
A. Forensic studies B. Biotechnology
C. Diagnostics D. All of these
5. ____________ is produced in the fermentation of
grains.
A. Carbon dioxide B. Must
C. Brine D. Lactic acid
6. Organogenesisisdenedas:
A. Formation of callus tissue
B. Formation of root and shoots on callus tissue
C. Both A and B
D. Genesis of organs
7. For more complex reactions immobilized ______
will be used.
A. Cell B. Enzyme
C. Both A and B D. None of these
8. The following is not a plant growth regulator:
A. Acetic acid B. Auxins
C. Gibberellins D. Ethylene
9. Excess CO2 inhibits cell growth and productivity
by:
A. Inhibiting respiration
B. Changing intracellular pH by diffusing across
the cell membrane
C. Both A and B
D. Changing pH of the medium
10. pH of nutrient medium is initially regulated by:
A. CO2 availability
B. Bicarbonate buffer presence
C. Presence of bases
D. None of the above
11. Half of the patients with allergic diseases have
increased serum:
A. IgE levels B. IgD levels
C. IgG levels D. IgM levels
12. Cycloserine may be isolated from the cultures of:
A. S. orchidaceus B. S. lavendulae
C. S. garyphalus D. All of these
13. Media room of a plant tissue culture lab should
consist of the following, except:
A. pH meter B. Autoclave machine
C. Analytical balance D. Biosafety cabinet
14. What is the name of naturally occurring auxin in
a plant?
A. 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA)
B. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
C. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)
D. 1-napthoxyacetic acid (NOA)
15. What are the main components of culture medium
for animal cell growth?
A. Glucose and glutamine
B. Various growth factors
C. Cytokines and interleukins
D. All of the above
16. Cell fusion method consists of the preparation of
a large number of:
A. Plant cells elimination of their cell wall
B. Single plant cell stripped of their cell wall
C. Plant cells with their cell wall
D. Cells from different plant
17. Horticulture is the branch of science which
involves the study about:
A. Fruits, vegetables and flowers
B. All food crops
C. Vegetable gardens and gardens
D. Some bush crops and bananas
18. In a cell, protoplast consists of the following
except:
A. Cell wall B. Cell membrane
C. Nucleus D. Cytoplasm
19. Efficient expression of a heterologous protein
productisinuencedby:
A. Transcriptional efficiency
B. Copy number of plasmid
C. Codon bias
D. All of the above
20. Abscisic acid controls:
A. Stem elongation
B. Cell expansion and cell wall plasticity
C. Cell division
D. Leaf fall and dormancy
21. Which of the following mice are used for
immunization in the hybridoma technology?
A. Swiss mice B. Balb/c mice
C. Outbred mice D. Indegenous mice
22. When animal cells grow in a culture, it is observed
that the cells do not seem very healthy in
condition. After an investigation, it is found that
there is excess lactic acid present in the culture
uid.Whatisprobablywrongwiththisculture?
A. Ethyl alcohol is being generated in excess
amount
B. Too much oxygen is present
C. Glycolysis is being suppressed
D. The cells do not have enough oxygen
23. Viroids are different from viruses in:
A. Satellite RNA packaged with the viral genome
B. Naked DNA molecules
C. Naked RNA molecules only
D. Naked DNA packaged with viral genome
24. Which of the following is a non-mechanical
method for cell disruption?
A. Thermolysis B. Impingement
C. Ultrasonication D. Milling
25. Acetic acid is produced by:
A. Genus Gluconobacter
B. Members of the genus Acetobacter
C. Both Gluconobacter and Acetobacter
D. Aspergillus sp.
26. Choose the correct sequence of industrial
production of a substance.
A. Screening, inoculation, downstream processing,
fermentation, removal of waste
B. Screening, inoculation, fermentation,
downstream processing, removal of waste
C. Inoculation, fermentation, screening, removal
of waste, downstream processing
D. Downstream processing, fermentation,
inoculation, removal of waste, downstream
processing
Section 4 Biotechnology
443442
27. The selection of immobilization of cell or enzyme
depends on:
A. Number of steps in the process
B. Cost
C. Stability and catalytic specificity
D. All of the above
28. Benetsofenzymeimmobilization:
A. Cost effective
B. Smaller reactor
C. Shorter process time
D. All of the above
29. ___________________ is the detrimental effect of
microorganisms in the food.
A. Generation of flavour
B. Process of fermentation
C. Spoilage of food
D. All of the above
30. For the growth of T cells, the growth factor needed
would be:
A. Epidermal growth factor
B. Interleukin-2
C. Fibroblast growth factor
D. All of the above
31. Adsorption of cell or enzyme on supporting
medium is due to:
A. Electrostatic force
B. Hydrophobic interactions
C. Bonding to specific ligand
D. All of the above
32. The pH in soils can be raised by adding:
A. Sand B. Lime
C. Sulphur D. Nitrogen
33. Which of the polymer matrix is used for the
enzyme entrapment?
A. Starch B. Carageenan
C. Polyethylene glycol D. Gluteraldehyde
34. Low molecular weight compounds cannot be
immobilized by:
A. Adsorption
B. Covalent cross-linking
C. Entrapment
D. Microencapsulation
35. Which of the following multivalent reagents is
used in covalent cross-linking?
A. Glutaraldehyde
B. Mercaptoethanol
C. Bis-acrylamide
D. Titanium IV
36. In which enzyme immobilization technique
enzyme and polymer are bridged by the use of
bi-functional reagent?
Section 4 Biotechnology
A. Covalent cross-linking
B. Adsorption
C. Physical entrapment
D. Microencapsulation
37. A variety of strain produced by horticultural or
agricultural techniques and not normally found
in natural population is called:
A. Hybrid B. Tissue culture
C. GMO D. Cultivar
38. Which of the following when used in proper
concentration stimulates the Ascomycetes
fermentation of vitamin B
and can be used to
12
counteract the toxicity of iron in Candida species?
A. Co B. Ni
C. Zn D. Ca
39. In the operon model, RNA polymerase binds to:
A. Structural gene B. Promoter gene
C. Regulator D. None of these
40. First DNA sequences were obtained in early:
A. 1930s B. 1920s
C. 1970s D. 1980s
41. Which of the following are the metabolic products
of glucose and glutamine?
A. CO2 and NH
3
B. CO2 and lactate
C. Lactate and ammonium
D. Lactate only
42. Genetic material of retroviruses is:
A. Single-stranded RNA
B. Single-stranded DNA
C. Double-stranded RNA
D. Double-stranded DNA
43. Starvingpersonwillrstuse:
A. Fats B. Blood protein
C. Muscle protein D. Glycogen
44. Name the type of culture which is prepared by
inoculating directly from the tissue of an organism
to culture media.
A. Primary cell culture
B. Secondary cell culture
C. Cell lines
D. Transformed cell culture
45. Which of the following acids is produced by
incomplete oxidation rather than a true?
A. Fermentation B. Gluconic acid
C. Acetic acid D. Citric acid
46. When dissolved oxygen is less than the critical
concentration, viable cell concentration decreases
due to?
A. Incomplete glutamine oxidation
B. Increase in specific lactate production from
glucose
C. Both A and B
D. Accumulation of ammonia
47. Which is not an advantage of fermented food?
A. Makes the food more digestible
B. Increases storage life
C. Synthesizes vitamins
D. Decreases intestinal microflora
48. Immobilized enzymes or cells are used in
A. Diagnostics industry
B. Pharmaceutical industry
C. Food industry
D. All of the above
49. Range of optimum glucose concentration present
in the culture media is:
A. 5.5–55 mmol/L B. 55–75 mmol/L
C. 75–105 mmol/L D. 105–150 mmol/L
50. Haemoglobin is:
A. Monomeric protein B. Oligomeric protein
C. Chromoprotein D. Both B and C
51. The final electron acceptor in lactic acid
fermentation is:
A. Oxygen B. Lactic acid
C. Pyruvate D. NAD
52. Tryptophan is involved in the formation of:
A. Haeme
B. Vitamin niacin and indole acetic acid
C. Urea formation in the liver
D. None of the above
53. Which amino acid is not utilized by the brain?
A. Valine B. Glycine
C. Methionine D. Phenylalanine
54. What is the concentration of CO2 required for
culturing animal cells?
A. 2–5% B. 1–10%
C. 10–15% D. 15–20%
55. Which is not fruit or vegetable-based fermented
product?
A. Wine B. Beer
C. Vinegar D. Sauerkrau
56. Evolution of CO2 is more than the intake of oxygen
when?
A. Organic acids are respired
B. Fats are respired
C. Glucose is respired
D. Sucrose is respired
57. In the genome, southern blotting can be used to
identify:
A. Sequences B. Number of sequences
C. DNA fragments D. RNA sequence
58. A plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution will:
A. Shrink
B. Undergo plasmolysis
C. Swell up and become turgid
D. Swell up and burst
59. Which one is involved in DNA repair?
A. Ligase
B. Primase
C. DNA polymerase III
D. DNA polymerase I
60. Hae III and Alu I are restriction enzymes that cut
straight across double helix producing:
A. Sticky ends B. Blunt ends
C. Codons D. Anticodons
61. The disadvantage of conventional plant tissue
culture for clonal propagation is ___________
A. High multiplication of sexually-derived sterile
hybrids
B. Less multiplication of disease-free plants
C. Storage and transportation of propogates
D. Both B and C
62. Which of the following is a pungent compound
present in ginger?
A. Gingerol B. Piperine
C. Shogaol D. Capsaicin
63. Zinc-ngernucleasesis:
A. Natural restriction enzyme
B. Type of polymerase enzyme
C. Artificial restriction enzyme
D. Type of helicase enzyme
64. X-rays cause mutation by:
A. Breaking spindle
B. Rupturing nuclear membrane
C. Changing the chromosome morphology
D. Inducing karyokinesis
65. Medical applications of DNA technology include:
A. Sickle cell disease
B. Allow early treatments in next generation
C. HIV DNA in blood or tissue
D. All of the above
66. If excess metabolite products (lactate and
ammonium) are accumulated they show the
following effects on cells:
A. Act as growth promoters
B. Act as growth inhibitors
C. Have no effect on cells growth
D. Lactate promotes growth while ammonium
inhibits the growth
67. The combining sites on the surface of the
lymphocytes are antibody-like molecules called:
A. Antigen receptors
B. Antigenic determinants
C. None of the above
D. Both A and B
68. In dough, starch is digested into sugar through:
A. Amylase B. Protease
C. Maltase D. Lactase
69. No λ-phage vector can carry up to:
A. 20 kb fragments B. 30 kb fragments
C. 40 kb fragments D. 50 kb fragments
70. The enzyme used in footprinting technique is:
A. Permease B. DNA ligase
C. DNA polymerase D. RNA polymerase
71. Protoplast fusion can be achieved by:
A. Electric current
B. Sandi virus
Section 4 Biotechnology
445444
C. Polyethylene glycol
D. pH and temperature shock
72. Which of the following is not a product of
fermentation?
A. Lactate B. Oxygen
C. Carbon dioxide D. Ethanol
73. For culturing, plasma from the adult chicken is
preferred to mammalian plasma because:
A. It forms a clear and solid coagulum even after
dilution
B. It is too opaque
C. It does not produce solid clots
D. It forms a semisolid coagulum
74. DNA staining is done by:
A. Feulgen staining B. Giemsa staining
C. Crystal violet D. Methylene blue
75. In mammalian cell culture, transformation
indicates:
A. Incorporation of new genetic material
B. Phenotypic changes of cells in culture
C. Both A and B
D. Release of genetic material
76. Which of the following phytohormone usually
acts as bud inhibitors?
A. Gibberellin B. Cytokinin
C. Zeatin D. Indole acetic acid
77. Which of the following can be diagnosed by
amniocentesis?
A. Down’s syndrome B. Cystic fibrosis
C. Sickle cell anaemia D. All of these
78. Genomic library is normally made by:
A. α-phage vectors B. λ-phage vectors
C. β-phage vectors D. γ-phage vectors
79. In cold places, frost damage can be reduced in
horticultural crops using these methods, except:
A. Overhead sprinklers at night
B. Greenhouses and shade nets
C. Wind breaks placement
D. Both A and C
80. Whichofthefollowingisanarticialclarifying
agent?
A. Isinglass B. Kappa carrageenan
C. Polyclar D. Irish moss
81. Onion and garlic are examples of:
A. Rhizome B. Corm
C. Stem tuber D. Bulb
82. ThemethodusedfordetectionofaspecicDNA
sequence in DNA samples is known as
A. Northern blotting B. Electrophoresis
C. Southern blotting D. Westren blotting
Section 4 Biotechnology
83. Examples of corm include:
A. Gloriosa B. Canna
C. Lallang D. Ginger
84. Range of osmolarity tolerated/accepted in
mOsm/kg of H
O by mammalian cells is:
2
A. 150–300 B. 280–360
C. 300–325 D. 360–400
85. Fungal amylases using stationary culture with
wheat bran utilizes:
A. A. oryzae B. A. niger
C. A. avus D. S. cerevisiae
86. Cryopreservation is a technique used for:
A. Crystallization of food
B. Food packing
C. Seed saving
D. Preservation of excess production of vegetables
87. Hybridoma cells are:
A. Non-anchorage-dependent and cannot grow in
suspension culture
B. Non-anchorage-dependent and can be grown
in suspension culture
C. Anchorage-dependent and can be grown in
suspension culture
D. Anchorage-dependent and cannot grow in
suspension culture
88. Which of the following genetical abnormality can
beidentiedthroughthekaryotypingmethod?
A. Down’s syndrome
B. Turner’s syndrome
C. Klinefelter’s syndrome
D. All of the above
89. Fermentation which is carried by yeast is called:
A. Pyruvic fermentation
B. Acrylic fermentation
C. Lactic acid fermentation
D. Alcoholic fermentation
90. Direct DNA uptake by protoplasts can be
stimulated by:
A. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
B. Decanal
C. Luciferin
D. All of the above
91. Analyzing gene expression is useful to detect:
A. Viral infections in cells
B. Susceptibility to cancer
C. Resistance to penicillin
D. All of the above
92. Linkage decreases the frequency of:
A. Recessive allele B. Dominant allele
C. Hybridization D. Both B and C
93. What is the Pasteur effect?
A. Suppressing the effect of oxygen on fermentation
process
B. Aerating yeasted broth causes yeast cell growth
to increase, while conversely, fermentation rate
decreases
C. A and B
D. All of the above
94. Introduction of DNA molecules into the recipient
organism is termed ____________
A. Transformation B. Translation
C. Transduction D. Transcription
95. Which of the following elements is present in a
very low amount in sodium?
A. Iron B. Sodium
C. Zinc D. Copper
96. To remove negatively charged molecules through
the matrix of agarose, nucleic acid molecules are
separated by applying:
A. Electric current B. Electric field
C. Magnetic field D. UV radiations
97. In plant tissue culture, what is the term
organogenesis means?
A. Formation of callus culture
B. Formation of root and shoot from callus culture
C. Genesis of organ
D. None of the above
98. Knockout mice are created by:
A. Mutagenizing a mouse and selecting for mutant
offspring
B. Creating a chimera by fusing cells from two
different cell lines
C. Infecting the mouse with a retrovirus
D. Transfecting embryonic stem cells with an
altered gene sequence
99. Epigeal germination is shown by:
A. Castor B. Mango
C. Pea D. Gram
100. Forensic evidence includes:
A. Blood type and tissue evidence
B. Use of fingerprints
C. Both A and B
D. Use of stem cells
101. What is the name of the bacteria known as the
natural genetic engineer of plants?
A. Escherichia coli
B. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D. Aspergillus niger
102. The differentiation potential of stem cells
species:
A. Stochastic differentiation
B. Asymmetric replication
C. Potency
D. Self-renewal
103. Which of the following is not a preservative?
A. Scorbic acid B. Benzoic acid
C. Sucralose D. Formic acid
104. Chemotropic movement is shown by:
A. Pollen tube
B. Male gametes of bryophytes
C. Coiling of young leaves
D. Drooping of mimosa leaves
105. Cells that have undergone transformation often
become:
A. Anchorage independent
B. Anchorage dependent
C. Stable
D. Unstable
106. The phenomenon of the reversion of mature cells
to the meristematic state leading to the formation
of callus is known as:
A. Redifferentiation B. Dedifferentiation
C. Either A or B D. None of these
107. Person’s with genetic disorders are treated with:
A. Radiotherapy B. Human gene therapy
C. Lasers D. Surgery
108. Mycorrhizae is associated with which of the
following?
A. Formation of root nodules
B. Hyphae penetrating the soil
C. Found mostly in lower plants
D. Soil erosion
109. What is required for preventing the accumulation
of lactate?
A. Low glutamine concentration
B. High glutamine concentration
C. Low glucose concentration
D. High glucose concentration
110. Steps involved during PCR includes:
A. Denaturation B. Annealing
C. Extension D. All of these
111. Which of the following enzymes is responsible
for making a DNA copy from RNA?
A. Reverse transcriptase
B. DNA polymerase
C. RNA pol I
D. RNA pol II
112. Blocking of the active site of an enzyme is a kind of:
A. Feedback inhibition
B. Non-competitive inhibition
C. Allosteric inhibition
D. Competitive inhibition
113. A common example of fermented beverage product is:
A. Pickle B. Beer
C. Bread and buns D. Cheese and yoghurt
114. zDNA is characterised by:
A. Left-handed helix
B. Right-handed helix
C. Bending of nitrogen bases to helix and at an
angle other than perpendicular
D. Both A and C
115. For cloning, bacteria’s plasmids must be cut by:
A. Restriction enzymes
B. Polymerase enzyme
C. Helicase enzyme
D. Gyrase enzyme
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116. Which technique is used to introduce genes into
dicots?
A. Electroporation
B. Particle acceleration
C. Microinjection
D. Ti plasmid infection
117. Which of the following is not the explanation
technique?
A. Slide culture
B. Carrel flask culture
C. Roller test tube culture
D. Adherent primary culture
118. Which isnotthe denitionof the fermentation
process in a given term?
A. Do not require an electron transport system
B. Use an organic substance as the final electron
acceptor
C. Use an inorganic substance as the final electron
acceptor
D. Alcohol is generated from sugar
119. Disaggregating of cells can be obtained from:
A. Physical disruption
B. Enzymatic digestion
C. Treatment with chelating agents
D. All of the above
120. Labelled DNA or RNA segment, which is used to
ndaspecicsequenceofnucleotidesinaDNA
molecule is named:
A. Vector B. Probe
C. Sticky end D. Destabilized DNA
121. Tissue culture is a good technique to:
A. Cross two varieties
B. Rapidly increase the size of a tree by
strengthening the stem
C. Eliminate virus
D. Improve yield of crops
122. The frequency of spontaneous mutations is
approximately:
A. 10–6 B. 10–9
C. 10–3 D. 10–12
123. To express eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes, library
used is:
A. cDNA library B. bDNA library
C. aDNA library D. zDNA library
124. The technique used to differentiate between sister
chromatids is:
A. Feulgen staining B. Acetocarmine
C. Harlequin staining D. Northern blotting
125. Harms DNA technology can create:
Section 4 Biotechnology
A. Experimental abuse on human subjects
B. Creation of pathogens
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
126. Restriction enzymes:
A. Restrict the passage of some molecules into the
cell
B. Specialized ribonucleases responsible for the
degradation of mRNA after its synthesis
C. Are sequence-specific DNA endonucleases
D. Catalyze the reaction in which certain amino
acids are added to a specific tRNA
127. According to Eagle, what is mandatory for the
growth of L-strain and Hela-strain cultures is:
A. Presence of 6 amino acids
B. Presence of 8 amino acids
C. Presence of 10 amino acids
D. Presence of 12 amino acids
128. Composted manure is produced from:
A. Farmyard manure and green manure
B. Farm refuse and household refuse
C. Organic remains of biogas plants
D. Rotten vegetables and animal refuse
129. The size of the virulent plasmid of Agrobacterium
tumefaciens is:
A. 40–80 kb B. 80–120 kb
C. 140–235 kb D. >235 kb
130. Which of the following does not act as a restriction
enzyme?
A. Ecor I B. Bam HI
C. Hind III
D. Polydeoxyribonucleotide synthase
131. Range ofspecicoxygen consumption ratesfor
mammalian cells is:
A. 0.05–5 pmol of O2/cell/h
B. 0.05–5 nmol of O2/cell/h
C. 5–10 nmol of O2 /cell/h
D. 5–10 pmol of O2/cell/h
132. Agarose is composed of long unbranched chains
of uncharged:
A. Proteins B. Vitamins
C. Carbohydrates D. RNA
133. One of the functions of restriction enzymes is:
A. Aid recombinant DNA research
B. Degrade foreign DNA that enters a bacterium
C. Make bacteria resistant to antibiotics
D. Protect the damage of DNA by ultraviolet light
134. A proton associated with energy depleted elements
when accepted by an organic molecule then
process known as:
A. Fermentation B. Denaturation
C. Anabolism D. Metabolism
135. Isolation of free cells and cell aggregates from
organs associated with a major problem that is
__________:
A. Releasing the cells from their supporting matrix
B. Inhibiting the cells from their supporting matrix