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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5579_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Plant name Marker Structure Biological activity
Papaver somniferum Codeine
Antitussive
Morphine
Papaverine
Hyoscyamus niger Hyoscyamine
Narcotic analgesic
Narcotic and
antispasmodic
Antispasmodic
Piper nigrum Piperine
Cinchona officinalis Quinine
Antipyretic
Antimalarial
Contd...
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
339
Plant name Marker Structure Biological activity
A glycoside consists of two components, an aglycone (non-sugar) part and a sugar part (carbohydrate). The aglycone
portion may be of several different types of secondary metabolites. Glycosides are water-soluble constituents, found in
the cell sap. They are colourless, crystalline substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Cardiac glycosides
Digitalis purpureae
Anthracene
glycosides
Aloe vera
Digitoxin
Aloin
Treatment of
congestive cardiac
failure
Purgative
Rhubarb Rhein
Cassia angustfolia,
Cassia acutifolia
Sennosides
Anti-oxidant, antiinfammatory
and anti-allergic
activities
Purgative
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
340
Contd...
Plant name Marker Structure Biological activity
Saponin glycosides
Glychyrhiza glabra
Bitter glycosides
Gymnema sylvestre
Ruta graveolans Rutin
Glychyrhizin
Gymnemic acid
Antiviral
Antidiabetic
Anticoagulant
Resins are obtained by oxidation of volatile oils. Resins are brittle, non-volatile, solid substances. Resins are soluble
in alkalies, alcohol and insoluble in water. They are obtained from plant exudates and are produced in special ducts.
Oleoresins are natural products of resin mixed with volatile oils. Gum–resins are plant exudates and are mixtures of gum
and resin and often volatile oils.
Capsicum annum Capsiacin
Zingiber officinale Gingerol
Counter-irritant
Used in treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis
Contd...
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
341
Plant name Marker Structure Biological activity
Caustic
Podophyllum
hexandrum
Podophyllin
Cinnamomum
camphora
Eugenia caryophyllus Eugenol
Mentha spicata Menthol
Camphor
Antipruritic and
antiseptic
Analgesic and
antiseptic
Antipruritic and
antiseptic
Withania somnifera Withaferin-A
Tannins are phenolic compounds of high molecular weight. Tannins are soluble in water and alcohol and are found
in root, bark, stem and outer layers of plant tissue. Tannins form complex with proteins, carbohydrates, gelatin and
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
alkaloids.
342
Anticancer
Contd...
Plant name Marker Structure Biological activity
Terminalia chebula Ellagic acid
Antiproliferative and
antioxidant
Quercus infectoria Tannic acid
Terpenes are flammable unsaturated hydrocarbons, existing in liquid form. They are found in essential oils, resins or
oleoresins.
Allium sativum Allicin
Stevia species Stevioside
Antidiarrhea agent
antitussives
Hypolipidemic
Hypolipidemic
Taxus brevifolia Taxol
Antitumour
Contd...
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
343
Plant name Marker Structure Biological activity
Salvia officinalis Ursolic acid
Antibacterial
22. Marine Drugs, Chemical Constituents and Uses
Drugs from Marine Origin
S. no. Botanical name Chemical constituents Uses
1. Ascophyllum nodosum Alginic acid
(a polysaccharide)
Suspending agent,
protective colloid, used
in cosmetics, shampoos,
creams, lotions, and
ointments
2. Alaria esculenta Vitamins (E, C, B
, B3, B, A):, minerals (Zn,
B
5
,
12
Used in cosmetic and hair
care products
F, Cr, Co, Mn, I, Na, Fe, P,
Mg, K, Ca), fat, protein, and
carbohydrates
3. Laminaria longicruris Calcium, potassium, iodine,
Antioxidant activity
mannitol, and glutamic acid.
4. Palmaria palmata Minerals, particularly
fluoride, phosphorus,
Used in chowders, salads,
etc.
potassium
5. Porphyra umbilicalis Vitamins A, B, B
B
C
12
6. Sargassum fluitans C
saturated fatty acids
12–C20
(arachidonic, oleic, palmitic
myristic, and lauric acids).
. B3, B5,
2
Used both in hair and skin
treatment products.
Used in the treatment
of goiters and have
anticoagulant properties
7. Eisenia bicyclis Enzyme B-glucuronidase Anti-inflammatory
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
344
8. Fucus vesiculosus L Polysaccharides and
polyphenols, phlorotannins,
polyphenols.
9. Chlorella vuigaris Protein, essential amino
acids
10 Spirulina Protein (55 to 70%),
carbohydrates (15 to
25%), Iipids (4 to 7%), and
minerals (5 to 10%).
11 Chondrus crispus Mucilage, polysaccharides
(carrageenans), sulfur
compounds, protein, iodine,
bromine, iron
Used internally for obesity,
rheumatism, and as a
massage for cellulite.
Good source of chlorophyll
used as a blood builder
It is good source of vitamins
and enzymes.
Used as a thickener and
stabilizer, and to treat and
soothe sore throats
Metabolites from Marine Cyanobacteria
S. no. Metabolites/biological source Activity
1. Carotenoida and phycobiliprotein pigments
from cyanobacteria
2. Lyngbya lagerhaimanil and Phormidium
tenue
3. Fusarium chlamydosporum Antimicrobial agents
4. Cyanobacterium Stigonema spp Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative
5. Dinoflagellate Goniodoma
pseudogoniaulax
6. Gambierdiscus toxicus Antifungal agents
Metabolites from Seaweeds
S. no. Metabolites/biological source Activity
1. Red alga Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Antibacterial activity
2. Green alga Ulva lactuca Anti-inflammatory activity
3. Portieria homemannil Anti-tumor compound
4. Ulva fasciata Antiviral activity in vivo
5. Brown alga Stypodium zonale Anticancer activity
6. Codium Iyengari Antibacterial activity
Natural food coloring agents, as feed
additives, as enhancers of the color of egg
yolks, to improve the health and fertility
of cattle, as drugs and in the cosmetic
industries.
Anti-HIV activity
properties
Antifungal polyether macroIide
Metabolites from Sponges
S. no. Metabolites/biological source Activity
1. Cryptotethiacrypta Potent tumor-inhibiting arabinosyl nucleoside
2. Dercitus spp. (aminoacridine alkaloid) Cylotoxic activities
3. Japanese sponge Theonella spp
(Halichondrin-B)
4. Theonella spp. In vitro cytotoxity and in vivo antitumor activity
5. Caminus sphaeroconia Potent inhibitor of the bacterial type-lll
6. Xestospongia berguista Antihislaminic activity
7. Carribean sponge Batzella spp Anti-HIV activity
8. Hyrtios erecta Anticancer activity
Metabolites from Cnidarians
S. no. Metabolites/biological source Activity
1. Lobophytum crassum Antibacterial activity
2. Pseudopterogorgia (a tricyclic diterpene
pentoside)
3. Subergorgia suberosa
(sesquiterpenesuberosois A-D)
4. Clavutaria viridis Clavubicyclone Anticancer activity
5. Erythropodium caribaeorum (diterpenes) Antimitotic agents
6. Pseudopterogorgia elizabethae
(pseudopterosins)
7. Eumcea fusca (contains fucoside-A) Used in cosmetic industries
Potential anticancer agent
secretion system
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activties
Anti-inflammatory activity
Used in cosmetic industries
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
345
Metabolites from Bryozoans
S. no. Metabolites/biological source Activity
1. Flustra foliacea (deformylflustrabromine) Moderate cytotoxicity
2. Watersipora subtorquata
(bryoanthrathiophene)
3. Bugula nentina (Bryostatin) Anticancer activity
4. Cribricellina cnbreria (b-carboline alkaloid) Cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities
5. Flustra follacea (indole alkaloids) Antimicrobial activity
Metabolites from Mollusks
S. no. Metabolites/biological source Activity
1. Dolabella auricularia (dolastatin, a cytotoxic
peptide)
2. Hexabranehus sanguineus (ulapualide-A,
a sponge-derived macrolide)
3. Chromocloris cavae (chmmodornlide-A) In vitro antimicrobial and cytotoric activites
Metabolites from Tunicats
S. no. Metabolites/biological source Activity
1. Halocynthia aurantium (halocidin) Antimicrobial peptide
2. Styela ctava clavaspirnin Antibacterial peptide
3. Didemnum spp (alkaloids) Antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities
4. Eudistoma species (eudistomins) In vitro antiviral activity
Antiangiogenc activity
Antineoplastic substance
Antifungal activity
Properties of Essential oil use in Aroma theraphy
S.no. Essential oil Properties
1. Jasmine (Jasminum officinale) Antidepressant, soothing and moisturizing
2. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Stimulant, in digestive problems and poor memory
3. Rose (Rosa centifolia) Antidepressant, moisturizing and in aging skin
4. Basil (Oamum basilicum) In menial strain, poor memory and nervous fatigue
5. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Digestive disorders
6. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Stomach-related problems
7. Peppermint (Mentha piperanta) Relieving nasal, sinus and chest congestion
8. Sandalwood (Santalum album) Perfumery, excellent blending properties and anti depressant
9. Orange (Citrus aurantium) Sedative can treat anxiety and depression, for constipation
10. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Aphrodisiac, stimulant and in digestive disorders.
11. Lemon (Citrus Iimonia) Antidepressant
12. Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) Antinflammatory, antiwrinkles and in treatment of mouth
13. Neroli (Citrus auranthium) In treatment of nervous tension and anxiety
14. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Stimulant and carminative
15. Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) Relieve nasal congestion and cough, analgesic effect
16. Benzion (Styrax benzoin) In anxiety, energy imbalance, loneliness and sadness.
17 Nulmeg (Myristica fragrans) Local stimulant to the gastrointestinal tract
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
346
18. Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini) Treat fevers, infectious diseases, rheumatism and nerve
19 Sage (Salvia officinalis) Stimulant, tonic and carminative
and mouth ulcers
ulcers
relieving massage blends for sore muscles and arthritic pain
pain
Herb drug interactions
Herb drug interactions are any pharmacological
modicationcausedbyanherbalsubstance(s)toanother
prescription medication (diagnostic, therapeutic or other
actionof adrug)inoronthebody.Itcanimpact health
andtheeffectivenessoftreatments.
Adverse Effects of herbal drug Interactions
Increases the side effect of drug
Increases the toxic prole of drug
Lead to treatment failure
Develops drug resistance
Modify the mechanism of action of drugs
Alter pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic prole of
drugs
Modify therapeutic effects of drugs
Prolonged treatment duration
Leads to negative metabolism of drug
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
347
Mechanisms of herbal drug interaction
Many medical herbs and pharmaceutical drugs are
therapeutic at one dose and toxic at another. Interactions
between herbs and drugs may increase or decrease the
pharmacologicalortoxicologicaleffectsofeithercomponent.
Mechanisms of botanical drug interactions
Pharmacokinetic
Pharmacokinetic
interactions
Mechanisms of
botanical drug
interactions involve
alteration in absorption,
distribution, metabolism,
or excretion of the affected
drug or botanical
interactions
Pharmacodynamic
interactions involve
Pharmacodynamic
interactions
alterations in relationship
between the drug
concentration and the
pharmacological response
for a drug or botanical
Inessence,interactionsbetweenpharmacologicallyactive
botanicalsanddrugsinvolvethesamepharmacokinetic
andpharmacodynamic mechanisms as drug–drug
interactions
Due to increased
intestinal transit time
Due to use of botanicals
Drug absorption
containing anthranoid
laxatives
Due to complex
formation between
botanical constituents
Due to altered protein
Drug distribution
binding of highly proteinbound drugs
Due to drugmetabolizing enzyme
inhibition or Induction
Drug metabolism
Due to increased
tissue concentration
of catalytically active
protein involved in drug
metabolism.
Botanicals with diuretic
Drug excretion
effects can increase drug
excretion
Mostly based on patient
Due to additional,
synergistic or
cases or clinicians’
experience
antagonistic effect
of botanicals
Types of Herbal Drug Interaction: Mechanisms of herb
drug interactions
Pharmacokinetic Interactions
Pharmacokineticinteractionsinvolvechangesintheway
herbsanddrugsmovethroughbodyandcanalterthe
amount,orlevel,ofdrug(s)inthebody.
Iftheinteraction increases the level ofadrug, you might
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
experienceside effects and/ortoxicity. If the interaction
348
decreasesthe level of a drug,it might not work aswell,
possiblyleadingtotreatmentfailureand/ordrugresistance.
PharmacodynamicInteractions
Pharmacodynamicinteractions refer to the mutual
actionsof herbs and drugs inside the body. When
taken at the same time, herbs and drugs may
work together (synergistically) or in opposition
(antagonistically).
Pharmacodynamicinteractions affect a drug’s action
inaqualitative way, either through enhancingeffects
(synergisticoradditiveactions)orantagonisingeffects.
Manyherb–druginteractionsarepharmacodynamictype
andaredifculttopredictorprevent.