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Lipids
Lipidscontaintheelementscarbon,hydrogenandoxygen
buthave a lowerproportion of oxygenin the molecule
thancarbohydrates.Withtheexceptionofglyceroltheyare
insolubleinwater,butdissolveinorganicsolventssuch
asether, chloroform and benzene. Theyare lighter(less
dense) than water.
Functions of Lipids with Examples
S.No. Functions of lipids Examples
1 Cell membrane
components
2 Fat transporters Lipoproteins (e.g. like
3 Storage of excess
energy
4 Thermal insulation Nonpolar lipids
5 Major source of caloric
energy
Energy source as a
mobile respiratory
substrate
Energy store as a
insoluble respiratory
substrate
6 Essential for normal
growth and function
7 Precursors of hormones,
coenzymes and
chemical mediators
8 Bioeffectors /
Bioregulators
9 Others As enzyme cofactors in
Phospholipids,
glycolipids, cholesterol
high density and lowdensity lipoproteins)
FAs in TAGs
Glycerol, fatty acids
Fats in animal, oils in
plants (seeds).
Docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA for brain
development)
Vitamins (A, D, E,
K), prostaglandins,
thromboxanes,
prostacyclins.
Phosphatidylinositol
electron carriers
as light absorbing
pigments
as fat soluble vitamins
(terpenes)
Intracellular
messengers and
hydrophobic anchors
which provides
buoyancy in aquatic
animals (fats). Waxes
act as an water proffing
material on the surface
of leaves and insects
C. Classification of Lipids
1. Simple lipids: Estersoffattyacidswithvariousalcohols.
a. Fats and Oils: Chemically fats are triestersof
glycerolsandfattyacids.Fatsmaybeeithersolidor
liquid at room temperature.
Oils arefats that are liquid state at normal room
temperature.
b. Waxes: Chemically waxes are esters offatty acids
with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols
as cetyl alcohol (C1
OH) or cholesterol. It is
6H33
amixture of long-chain apolar lipids forming a
protectivecoating(cutininthecuticle)onplantleaves
andfruitsbutalsoinanimals.Example:Cetyl,meryl,
merecyl alcohol.
2. Compound (or Complex) lipids: Estersoffattyacids
with alcohol containing additional groups such as
phosphate, nitrogenous base, carbohydrates or protein,
etc.
a. Phospholipids:ChemicallyTheglycerolformsester
linkswith two fattyacid molecules and with one
phosphate group. The phosphate group can ionise
(become polarised) and so becomes water soluble but
thefattyacid tailsarenonpolarandremainwater
insoluble.The possession of both hydrophilic and
hydrophobicgroupsisa very importantbiological
property. Sphingophospholipids are phospholipids
with sphingosine as alcohol, e.g. sphingomyeline.
b. Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids): Glycolipids
(molecularcomplexesoflipidandpolysaccharides)
arefoundontheoutsideofcellmembranesasthe
glycocalyx.Thisisinvolvedincelltocellrecognition
and communication, particularly during growth and
development.Theymayalsobeusedasinfectionsites
byvirusesandbacteria.
3. Derived lipids: Theseincludeby-productsofmetabolic
processes like fattyacids, glycerol, mono- and
diacylglycerols,lysophosphatides, fatty aldehydes,
ketone bodies.
4. Steroid lipids: Cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, cholesterol
derivatives: bile acids, steroid hormones, vitamin D,
phytosterols Because they are uncharged, acyso they
are termed neutral lipids.
5. Miscellaneous Lipids: Aliphatic hydrocarbons,
carotenoids,squalene,terpenes(composedofisoprene
units),vitaminEandK,glycerolether,glycosylglycerols
(in plants)
Analyticalparametersforfatsandoils
Physicalconstants:Viscosity,specicgravity,refractive
index,solidicationpoint.
Chemicalconstants:Iodinevalue,acidvalue,peroxide
value,saponicationvalue,unsaponiablematter.
Thebriefideaofsomeanalyticalparametersofchemical
constantisasfollows:
Iodine value:Iodinenumberisthedeterminationofthe
amountofunsaturationcontainedinfattyacids.Theiodine
value(or“iodineadsorptionvalue”or“iodinenumber”
or“iodineindex”)isthemassof iodineingramsthatis
consumedby100gramsofachemicalsubstance.
Acid value: Acid value (or “neutralization number” or
“acidnumber” or “acidity”) is themass of potassium
hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams that is required to
neutralizeone gram of chemical substance.The acid
numberis a measure of the amount of carboxylicacid
groupsinachemicalcompound,suchasafatty acid,or
inamixtureofcompounds.
Acidvalue=Volume(ml)of0.1Mol/lethanolicpotassium
hydroxide consumed
Weight(g)ofthesample
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
209
Peroxidevalue: Peroxide value isdefined asthe
milliequalivalantsofperoxidisesperkilogramofsample.
Itisusedasameasurementoftheextenttowhichrancidity
reactionshaveoccurredduringstorage.
Saponification value: Saponification value (or
“saponificationnumber”) represents thenumber of
milligramsofpotassiumhydroxideorsodiumhydroxide
requiredto saponify 1 g of fat under theconditions
specied.Itisameasureoftheaveragemolecularweight
(orchainlength)ofallthefattyacidspresent.
(a−b)×28.05
Saponicationvalue=
Weight(g)ofthesample
Where,a=volume(ml)of0.5mol/lhydrochloricacid
consumed in the blank test,
b=volume(ml)of0.5mol/lhydrochloricacidconsumed
in the test.
Unsaponiablematter:Unsaponiablesarecomponents
ofanoily(oil,fat,wax) mixturethatfailto formsoaps.
itinculdessterols,oilsolublevitamin,hydrocarbonsand
higher alcohols.
Ester value: The ester value is the number ofmg of
potassiumhydroxide(KOH)requiredtosaponifytheesters
in1gofasample.
Estervalue=Saponicationvalue×Acidvalue
Hydroxyl value:Thehydroxylvalueisthenumberofmgof
potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize acetic
acid combined to hydroxyl groups.
(a–b)×28.05+acidvalue
Hydroxylvalue=
Weight(g)ofthesample
Where,a=volume(ml)of0.5mol/lethanolicpotassium
hydroxide consumed in the blank test,
b=volume(ml)of0.5mol/lethanolicpotassiumhydroxide
consumed in the test.
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
210
Cleansing
laxative and
purgative.
Castor oil is
also the source
10 ml of castor
oil with 5 ml of
light petroleum
shows a clear
solution. If
for undecylenic
acid, a natural
fungicide.
light petroleum
is increased
to 15 ml
the mixture
becomes
turbid.
Linseed oil
has emollient,
expectorant,
diuretic,
demulcent
and laxative
With ruthenium
red it gives red
colour
properties.
Emollient and
soothing agent,
demulcent, mild
laxative and
nutritive.
Under ultra-
violet radiation
it gives
deep yellow
colouration.
Contd...
Habitat Part Used Characters Chemical Constituents Chemical Test Uses
Source
Viscid fluid,
almost
colourless,
specific gravity
Processed
Seed Oil
tropical and
subtropical
regions
Ricinus
communis
Family:
Euphorbiaceae
Castor Oil
Bush
is 0.96. it
dissolves
freely in
alcohol, ether
and glacial
acetic acid
Acid Value:
NMT 4
Unsaponifiable
matter: NMT
Dried ripe
seeds
South
America,
India,USA,
Canada,
Linum
usitatissimum
Linaceae
Flax seeds
1.5
Iodine Value:
160–200
Saponification
England
Value: 188-
195
Specific
gravity: 0.977
to 0.931
Refractive
Index: 1.478 to
1.482
Ripe fruits Yellowish
California,
Olea European
to greenish
yellow,
Slight and
characteristic
Southern
Australia
Linn, family
Oleaceae.
Sweet oil,
Oleum olival
taste
Acid Value:
0.2–2.8
Iodine Value:
79–90
Saponification
Value: 187–
196
Castor oil Palma Christi.
Name Synonyms Biological
Linseed oil Alsi
Olive Oil Salad oil ,
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
211
Emollient,
nutrient, tonic,
alterative.
Test for
Vitamin A:
In 1 ml of
chloroform,
dissolve the
quantity equal
to 10–15 units
of Vitamin A
and add 5 ml
of antimony
trichloride
solution, a
transient
blue colour is
produced.
Test for
Vitamin
D: In 1 ml
chloroform
dissolve the
quantity equal
to 1000 units
of Vitamin D
and add 10 ml
of antimony
trichloride
solution,
a pinkish
red colour
appears.
Contd...
Habitat Part Used Characters Chemical Constituents Chemical Test Uses
Source
Specific
gravity: 0.914
to 0.919
Refractive
Index: 1.478
to 1.482
Oil Colour: Pale
Oil is produced
Fresh livers
yellow
Taste: Slightly
fishy.
mainly in
Western
Europe,
of Gadus
morrhua
family Gadidae
Morrhuae
Odour: Fishy
and Not rancid
Solubility:
Sparingly
including
Germany and
Denmark
soluble in
alcohol,
Readily soluble
in ether and
chloroform
Iodine Value:
159-173
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
212
Name Synonyms Biological
Cod Liver Oil Oleum
is used for
preparation
of various
Salkowski test Neem Oil
cosmetic and
toiletries.
Because of
the low melting
point of cocoa
butter, it is
often used in
Dissolve 1 gm
of Theobroma
oil in 3 ml
of ether in a
test tube at
pharmaceuticals
as a base for
suppositories.
temperature
17°C. Immerse
the test tube
in cold water.
The solution
does not
become turbid
or deposit
while flexes in
less than
3 minutes.
After
congealing
rays, the
temperature
up to 15°C
clear liquid
Contd...
is gradually
formed.
Habitat Part Used Characters Chemical Constituents Chemical Test Uses
Source
Hydrophobic
Slightly soluble
in water
6.5 to 7.5
Seeds and
kernels
South East
Asia, India,
Pakisthan,
Srilanka,
Burma and
Azadirachta
indica, a
member of
the Meliaceae
family
Neem, Nim
Tree
Malaya
Slightly soluble
in alcohol,
soluble in
boiling alcohol,
Ground kernels Solubility
tropical
America and
cultivated
in Ecuador,
Mexico,
Theobroma
cacao Linn
(family
Sterculiaceae).
Cacao butter,
Cocoa butter,
Semina
Theobromatis
very soluble in
ether, benzene
and chloroform
Melting point:
30°–35°C
Central
America,
Srilanka, south
India and
orissa
Neem oil Margosa,
Name Synonyms Biological
Coca butter
(Theobroma
Oil)
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
213
Wool fat is
largely used as
an emollient
and for
promoting the
Dissolve 0.1
gramme in a
mixture of 5 cc
of chloroform
and 0.5 cc
absorption of
drugs by the
skin.
of acetic
anhydride;
pour gently
upon 5 cc of
sulphuric acid;
a purplish
brown ring,
passing into
Cholesteryl alcohol
and iso-cholesteryl alcohols.
green is
developed at
the surface of
contact.
Emollient,
ointment base
and protective.
Saponification
test for
triglycerides
Saturated fats
38–43%,
Palmitic acid:
25–28%,
Stearic acid:
12–14%,
Myristic acid: 1%, Unsaturated
fats 56–62%, Monounsaturated
fats 47–50%, Oleic acid:
44–47%, Palmitoleic acid: 3%,
Linoleic acid: 6–10%.
cosmetics,
glamour
products,
pharmaceuticals,
ointments,
tablet coatings
Acid value
Saponification
value
residue on
ignition
esters of fatty acids (80–85%),
fatty alcohols (10–16%), acids
(3-6%) and hydrocarbons (1-3%)
Contd...
Habitat Part Used Characters Chemical Constituents Chemical Test Uses
Source
Colour: pale
yellow
Taste:
Chocolate
Anhydrous
waxy
substance
secreted by
Australia,
USA, India
Ovis aries,
Linn Family
Bovidae
anhydrous
wool fat or
wool grease
odour.
Odour: Faint
characteristic
Solubility:
insoluble
the hairs
constituting the
fleece of the
sheep.
in water,
sparingly
soluble in cold
alcohol,
Melting point:
42°C
Storage: temp
not exceeding
25°C
Melting point:
Back fat:
Abdomen of
the hog
Linn., Family
30–40°C Leaf
fat: 43–48°C
Mixed fat:
36–45°C
Specific
Suidae.
gravity:
0.917–0.938
Iodine value:
45–75
Acid value: 3.4
Saponification
value: 190–
205
Commercially
available in
form of flakes
Northeastern
Brazilian
states.
Copernicia
cerifera
belonging to
family Palmae.
Palm wax, Tree
of Life
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
214
Wool Fat wool fat,
Name Synonyms Biological
Lard Adeps Sus scrofa
Carnauba
Wax
Used
commercially
to make fine
candles,
cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals
Boil 0.5 gm
of Beeswax
with 20 Ml
of aqueous
caustic soda
solution for
10 minutes
cool, content
is cooled and
filtered. The
filtrate on
Ester Myricin (78%), Free Wax
Acids (14%)
Melting Point:
62–65 °C
Density: 0.95–
0.96
Solubility:
Practically
insoluble in
water, slightly
soluble In
cold alcohol,
soluble In
treatment with
HCl gives clear
hot alcohol,
chloroform,
solution. No
turbidity is
produced.
benzene and
ether.
Saponification
Value: 3–5
Honey Comb
West Indies,
Habitat Part Used Characters Chemical Constituents Chemical Test Uses
Apis Mellifera
Source
Yellow
Bees Wax
Name Synonyms Biological
Of Hive Bees
California,
Jamaica, Chili,
Linn, Family
Apidae
Beeswax,
White
Egypt, Syria,
Morocco
Beeswax, Cera
Flava, Cara
Alba
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
215
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Terpenes made up of :
A. Calcierene B. Pseudopriene
C. Neoprene D. Isoprene
2. Molecular formula for isoprene unit is:
A. C8 H8 B. C3 H8
C. C5 H8 D. C6 H6
3. Example of alcohol volatile oil:
A. Peppermint B. Cinnamon
C. Lemon peel D. Orange peel
4. Which is not an example of ester volatile oil?
A. Gaultheria B. Lavender
C. Muster D. Cinnamon
5. Drug is not an example of phenol volatile oil:
A. Clove B. Anise
C. Creosote D. Thyme
6. The major terpenoid in clove oil:
A. Eugenol B. Santalol
C. Anethol D. Menthol
7. Triterpenes contain number of isoprene units:
A. Four B. Five
C. Six D. Seven
8. Diterpenes contain number of isoprene units:
A. Three B. Four
C. Five D. Six
9. Monoterpenes contain number of isoprene units:
A. One B. Three
C. Two D. Four
10. Lemongrassoilisobtainedfrom:
A. Cymbopogon flexuousus
B. Cinnamonum camphora
C. Eucalyptus globules
D. Chenopodium ambrosioides
11. Beta ionine is starting material for synthesis of:
A. Vitamin K B. Vitamin B1
C. Vitamin A D. Vitamin D
12. Cymbopogonexuoususbelongstofamily:
A. Graminnae B. Liliaceae
C. Legumniosae D. Loganaceae
13. Synonym for peppermint oil is:
A. Mentha oil B. Oleum terbinthae
C. Eucalyptus D. Chenoposan
14. Peppermintoilcontainschiey:
A. I-menthol B. d-menthol
C. Citral D. Cineole
15. Cardamom belongs to family:
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
216
A. Liliaceae B. Loganaceae
C. Apocyanaceae D. Zingiberaceae
16. Allepy variety of cardamom has approx. size:
A. 4 to 10 mm B. 2 to 4 mm
C. 8 to 20 mm D. 6 to 12 mm
17. The chief active constituent of fennel:
A. Carvone B. Borneol
C. Dill-Apiole D. Fenchone
18. Biological source for Nutmeg:
A. Foeniculum vulgare B. Coriandrum sativum
C. Myristica fragrans D. Elettaria cardamom
19. Nutmeg belongs to family:
A. Luraceae B. Umbelliferae
C. Myristicaceae D. Zingiberaceae
20. Drug, which does not, belong to family
umbelliferae:
A. Caraway B. Coriander
C. Ajowan D. Cardamom
21. Nutmeg contains percentage of volatile oil:
A. 5 to 16% B. 10 to 20%
C. 15 to 25% D. 20 to 30%
22. Fennel contains percentage of volatile oil:
A. 3 to 7% B. 7 to 10%
C. 10 to 13% D. 13 to 155
23. Nutmeg should contain volatile oil not less than:
A. 1% w/v B. 2% w/v
C. 3% w/v D. 5% w/v
24. VolatileoilinCoriandershouldnotlessthan:
A. 0.3% B. 3.0%
C. 3.3% D. 4.4%
25. Cardamon contains volatile oil not less than:
A. 1% B. 0.4%
C. 2.0% D. 4.0%
26. Peppermintoilcontainsimportantterpenoid:
A. Geraniol B. Anethol
C. Menthol D. Eugenol
27. The clove oil contains important terpenoid:
A. Eugenol B. Anethol
C. Menthol D. Cineol
28. Fennel contains type of stomata:
A. Diacytic B. Actinocytic
C. Anisocytic D. Anomocytic
29. Exhuastedfennelisidentiedbyabsenceof:
A. Fenchone B. Anethol
C. Carvone D. Cineol
30. Which variety of fennel contains least percentage
of volatile oil content?
A. Indian B. Saxony
C. French sweet D. Japanese
31. The fat of nutmeg is known as:
A. Ghee B. Nutmeg oil
C. Nutmeg butter D. Nutmeg protein
32. Cinnamom bark does not contain:
A. Cinnamaldehyde B. Tannins
C. Coumarin D. Benzaldehyde
33. The biological source of cinnamon:
A. Cinnamomum zeylanicum
B. Cinnamomum cassia blume
C. Cinnamomum burmanii
D. Cinnamomum loireirii
34. Biological source of garlic is:
A. Allium sativum
B. Pinus roxburghii
C. Thymus vulgaris
D. Santalum album
35. ______ is not the use of Allium sativum.
A. Carminative B. Aphrodisiac
C. Atherosclerosis D. Antiulcer
36. The family of Ocimum sanctum:
A. Labiatae B. Liliaceae
C. Lauraceae D. Loganaceae
37. ‘Holy basil’ is the synonym for drug:
A. Alpinia officinarum
B. Allium sativum
C. Nardostachys jatamonum
D. Ocium sanctum
38. Alkaloid present in Black pepper is:
A. Caryophyllene B. Cinnamaldehyde
C. 1-phellandrene D. Piperine
39. DrugwhichdoesnotbelongtofamilyUmbelliferae:
A. Cumin B. Anise
C. Lavender oil D. Celery
40. The percentage of clove oil in clove should not be
less than:
A. 15% B. 10%
C. 5% D. 1%
41. Does not occur in clove:
A. Starch B. Volatile oil
C. Tannins D. Resins
42. When transverse section of clove is treated with
potassium hydroxide solution, it gives:
A. Strong odor of volatile oil
S gas is evolved
B. H
2
C. CO
is evolved
2
D. Needle shaped crystals of potassium eugeonate
43. Clove oil is used in the manufacturing of:
A. Salicylic acid B. Vanillin
C. Cinnamic acid D. Benzoic acid
44. Which is not used as an adulterant for clove?
A. Mother clove B. Blown clove
C. Clove stalk D. Pale clove
45. Clove stalk contains approximate percentage of
volatile oil:
A. 5% B. 10%
C. 15% D. 20%
46. Oil which does not belong to alcohol class:
A. Nutmeg B. Sandalwood
C. Lemon grass D. Lavender
47. The oil, which is not belonging to aldehyde class:
A. Dill oil B. Cinnamon oil
C. Lemon grass oil D. Lemon oil
48. The oil, which is having counter irritant property:
A. Thyme B. Turpentine oil
C. Peppermint D. Orange oil
49. Fennel contains percentage of volatile oil:
A. 10 to 20% B. 20 to 30%
C. 30 to 40% D. 65 to 70%
CHOOSE THE CORRECT PAIRS
50. Volatileoil Source
a) Turpe nti ne o il i) Cymbopogon citratus
b) Lemon grass oil ii) Santalum album
c) Sandal wood oi iii) Artemisia pallens
d) Davana oil iv) Punus species
51. Turpentine class Number of isoprene
units
a) Sesquiterpine i) Two
b) Monoterpene ii) Four
c) Diterpene iii) Three
d) Triterpene iv) Six
52 Drug Source
a) Cardamom i) Coriandrum sativum
b) Caraway ii) Carum carvi
c) Coriander iii) Anethum graveolens
d) Dill iv) Elettaria
cardamomum
53. Source Family
a) Anethum graveolens i) Rutanceae
b) Citrus limonis ii) Umbelliferae
c) Nutmeg iii) Lauraceae
d) Cassia cinnamon iv) Myristicaceae
54. Drug Volatileoilnotlessthan
a) Coriander i) 2.0%
b) Ajowan ii) 2.5%
c) Dill iii) 1.4%
d) Fennel iv) 0.3%
55. Adulterants for clove Characteristics
a) Mother clove i) Expanded flowers of
clove trees.
b) Blown cloves ii) Contain only 5% of
oil.
c) Clove stalks iii) Oil is removed from
clove.
d) Exhausted clove iv) Dark brown, ovate
and ripened fruits of
clove
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
217
ANSWER KEY
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. A
15. D 16. C 17. D 18. C 19. C 20. D 21. A 22. A 23. D 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. D
29. A 30. A 31. C 32. C 33. C 34. A 35. D 36. A 37. D 38. D 39. C 40. A 41. A 42. D
43. B 44. D 45. A 46. C 47. A 48. B 49. D
50. a) iv b) i c) ii. d) iii 51. a) iii b) i c) ii. d) iv
52. a) iv b) ii c) i d) iii 53. a) ii b) i c) iv d) iii
54. a) iv b) i c) ii d) iii 55. a) iv b) i c) ii d) iii
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.Picktoothfruithasbiologicalsource:
A. Psoralea corylifolia B. Ammi visnaga
C. Ammi majus D. Dipteryxodorata
2. Saffrole is present in:
A. Saffron B. Nutmeg
C. Caraway D. Cinnamon
3. The chief constituents of ammi is:
A. Xanthotoxin B. Ajmaline
C. Brucine D. Senegin
4. Aril is present in:
A. Nutmeg B. Cardamom
C. Strophanthus D. Castor
5.AlldrugsbelongtoLabiataefamilyexcept:
A. Peppermint oil B. Spearmint
C. Tulsi D. Nutmeg
6. All of the following belongs to Rosaceae family
except:
A. Quillia B. Bitter almond
C. Wild cherry bark D. Cochineal
7. Cinnamon consists of the dried inner bark of
the shoots of coppiced trees of Cinnamomum
zeylanicum (Ness) The typical microscopic
characters of the bark area:
A. Biseriate medullary rays, secretory cavities
containing volatile oil and mucilage and few
starch grains in cortical parenchyma and
calcium oxalate in parenchymatous cell
B. 2–5 layers of cork cells containing oil globules.
Presence of schizogeneous canal
C. Modularly rays multiseriate, the pariderm
portion cork has both tangentially and radially
elongated cells, stone cells are present and no
phloem fibers
D. Ex-foliated cork, non-lignified with 2–4 layers of
phelogen, 15–20 rows of pheloderm, prominent
vascular tissue
Section 2 Pharmacognosy
8. Myristicin is active constitute of:
218
A. Nutmeg B. Turpentine
C. Coriander D. Chenopodium
9. Marijuana is the another name of:
A. Icalodana B. Jalap
C. Cannabis D. Male fern
10. Thymol is the active constituent of:
A. Coriendrum sativum B. Myristica fragrance
C. Pelargonium graveolens
D. Tachyspermum ammi
11. Indian kino tree is:
A. Ashoka B. Pterocarpus
C. Aloe D. Lobelia
12. Centophloic vascular bundles are found in:
A. Fern B. Papaya
C. Acorus D. None
13. Nux-monschata is the synonym of __________.
A. Nux-vomica B. Jatamansi
C. Nutmeg D. Cassia
14. Nutmace gives red colour with iodine solution
due to presence of __________.
A. Starch B. Amylodextrin
C. Glucose D. All of the above
15. Which bark shows presence of mucilage?
A. Arjuna B. Cascara
C. Wild cherry D. Cinnamon
16.Valerianisa:
A. Rhizome B. Stolon
C. Root D. All of the above
17. Rotenone is the insecticidal constituent obtained
from __________
A. Derris root B. Derris rhizomes
C. Cube root D. All of the above
18.Pyrethrum consists ofdried flowerheadsof
________.
A. Cichorium intibus B. Coleus forskohlii
C. Cola nitida
D. Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium
19. The pigment present in tomato is __________
A. Carotene B. Lycopene
C. Malotonin D. None of the above