Книга_4464_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

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372 CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF SWALLOWING DISORDERS

Saliva

mouth as sulcus for, 103 tongue and, 36

Salivary glands, 117

radiation therapy and, 116

Sjögren syndrome and, 89 Salpingopharyngeus muscle, 41 Salty taste, 34 Sarcoidosis, 90 Sarcopenia, defined, 212–213 Scar formation, dysphagia and, 102 Schatzki ring, 79 Scintigraphy, 157 Scleroderma, 90 Secondary peristalsis, described, 47 Secretion scales, 146–147 Self-assessments

swallowing, 129–131

dysphagia, 131–136

tools of, 130 Sensation, loss of, dysphagia and, 102 Senses, involved in swallowing, 2 Sensory

branch, of trigeminal nerve (CN V), 35

nervous system, tongue and, 34 Sexual traumas, breastfeeding and, 237 Shaker exercise, 168, 177–179

vs. CTAR, 179

drawbacks of, 178

protocol, 178

starting position, 178 Shear (strain) rate, defined, 192 Sialorrhea, reducing, 279 Silent aspiration, 63, 136 Silicone implants, 110 Sjögren syndrome, 88, 89 Skeletal muscles, myositis and, 89 Skin-to-skin milk expression, 237 Skull base surgery, 112–113 Sleep, BPSD and, 215 SLN (Superior laryngeal nerve), 49

injury to, 52 Slurred speech, anticonvulsants and, 87 Smartphones, exercise/swallowing videos, use of,

271

Smoking

aspiration and, 63

taste and, 34 Sneezing, medulla oblongata and, 22 Social function, eating as, 7–8 Soft

foods, defined, 197

palate

oropharynx and, 31 prostheses, 105–106 surgery of, 104 tumors and, 101 Wegener granulomatosis and, 90

solids, chewing difficulty and, 271 Solids, milk to, 257–259 Sour taste, 34 Spasticity, ALS and, 69, 71 Spatial neglect, stroke patients and, 205 Speaking valves. See Expiratory speaking valves Speech

disorders, glossectomy and, 106

language pathology, online platforms, 125

repetitive, BPSD and, 215

slurred, anticonvulsants and, 87 Speech Pathology Database for Best Interventions

and Treatment Efficacy, SpeechBITE, 125 SpeechBITE, 125 Sphincters

swallowing and, 50–51 upper esophageal

dysphagia and, 70 muscles of, 31 swallowing and, 51

Zenker diverticulum and, 117 Spinal muscular atrophies, 75 Spine

arthritic disease, 88

disorders, anterior cervical, 90–94 Sports bra, 240 Squamous cell carcinoma, upper aerodigestive tract, 13 SSQ (Sydney Swallow Questionnaire), 130 Standardized Swallowing Assessment, 127 Starvation, weight loss and, 6 Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome, 75–76 Stepping reflex, 254 Sternohyoid muscle, 39 Sternothyroid muscle, 39 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Sulfa and, 85 Stimulation, electrical, 183 Stomach

esophagus and, 44

infants, capacity of, 231 Stomatitis

antibiotics and, 85

anticonvulsants and, 87

antineoplastic agents and, 87 Strain

defined, 192

rate, defined, 192

INDEX 373

Strengthening tasks, oral containment/chewing and,

271

Stroke, 10–11

aging population and, 213 described, 71–72 dysphagia and, 10–11, 57, 205–206

rate of, 12 hospitalization and, 67 prevalence of, 10 systemic problems associated with, 64

Structural dysphagia, dysphagia, 248 Styloglossus muscle, 37 Stylohyoid muscle, action/innervation of, 39 Stylopharyngeus muscle, 41 Subglottic air pressure, swallowing and, 114 Sublingual secrete saliva, 36–37 Submandibular gland, 36–37, 117 Sucking

development of, 257 reflex, 254 vacuum, morphological deviations and, 247

Sulfa, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and, 85 Sundowning, 215 Superior

constrictor muscle, 41

Duchenne dystrophy and, 74 laryngeal nerve (SLN), 49

injury to, 52

Super-supraglottic swallow, 167, 169 Supracoracoideus laryngectomy, 109 Supraglottic

laryngectomy, 109 swallow, 167, 169

Suprahyoid muscles, 39

hyoid bone and, 37 larynx motion and, 61

Surgery

dysphagia and, 10, 90 hypopharyngeal, 108 inclusive body myositis and, 75 squamous cell carcinoma, 13 swallowing and, 4 Zenker diverticulum and, 82, 117

Surrogate decision maker, 219 SWAL-CARE (Swallowing quality of care), 129–130 Swallowing

ability, Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability

(MASA), 136 abnormal, 4 aging population and, 34, 212–214

dementia, 214–217

ALS and, 73

anatomy of, 29–44, 250 aphagia, 4 assessments, scope of, 124 brainstem and, 52 cancer and, 57 central neural control of, 51–52 CNS and, 58 components of, 30 cranial nerves and, 49–50 Duchenne dystrophy and, 74 dysphagia and, 4 EMST and, 179 eosinophilic esophagitis and, 84 esophageal stage, 46–48

aging population and, 214 esophagus and, 30 evaluation of, 124–125

clinical, 128–129

critical care patients and, 77 events in, 49 vs. feeding, 250–257 gastrointestinal disorders, 4 gender and, 34 height and, 34 hydration and, 87 hypopharynx and, 30 impairment, long-term dysphagia and, 116 instrumental evaluations of, 277 larynx and, 42–43 limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and, 75 loss or organs, dysphagia and, 102 mandible and, 37 maneuvers, 167–168, 169 mechanical problems of, 4 medications affecting, 86 muscles of

cranial nerve innervation, 252–253

face, 29–31

head, 29–31 myasthenia gravis and, 73 neurological

conditions impacting, 246–247

disorders and, 4 normal, 2–4, 44–49

esophageal phase of, 46–48

mastication, 45

oral phase, 44–45

pharyngeal phase, 45–46

phase relationships, 48–49 oral

cavity and, 30, 31, 34–37

phase, causes of abnormal, 102

374 CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF SWALLOWING DISORDERS

Swallowing (continued)

oropharyngeal and, 30 palate surgery and, 104 Parkinson disease and, 57, 72 partial glossectomy surgery and, 103 pediatric, respiratory coordination for, 255–257 pharyngeal

phase, 46 tongue and, 255

transit time, thickened liquids and, 273 phases of, 250, 270–274 physiology of, 250, 254–255 positions, 168–170 readiness in utero, 230 reflectively, 270 reflex, aging population and, 213 respiration coordination in, patterns of, 53 safe, 255 screening, 125–128 self-assessments, 129–131

to dysphagia, 131–136 senses involved in, 2 spinal muscular atrophies and, 75 stages of, 256 stroke and, 58 subglottic air pressure and, 114 TBI and, 76 testing, aspiration pneumonia and, 65 timing disorders and, 273 tongue, 152

cancer and, 104 tumors and, 101 ultrasound and, 153 upper aerodigestive tract tumors and, 67 vallecula and, 271 valves in, 101 Zenker diverticulum and, 117

Swallowing disorders, 8

burns and, 15 cerebral palsy and, 250 as comorbidities, 10 conditions leading to, 14–15 critical care patients and, 76–77 dysphagia, 4

quality of life and, 5 esophageal, 77–84 foods not tolerated, 200 glossectomy and, 106 infectious diseases and, 84–85 medications and, 85–88 most often reported, 181

oropharynx and, factors affecting, 107 prevalence of, 4 prosthetic restoration for, 105 quality of life and, 4–8

aspiration, 4 dehydration, 4–5

malnutrition, 5–6 radiation therapy and, 116–117 spine surgery and, 90 weight loss and, 6

Swallowing quality of care (SWAL-CARE), 129–130 Swallowing quality of life (SWAL-QOL), 9, 129–130 Swallowing reflexes, pharyngeal, Duchenne

dystrophy and, 74 Swallowing Rehabilitation Research Lab, 147 Swallowing severity scale, 70 Swallowing therapy

aspiration and, 180, 182 compensatory, 167 exercise programs, 175–177 exercises, specific impairments and, 176 jaw exercises, 174 labial exercises, 173 laryngeal exercises, 175 multidisciplinary approach to, 165–166 oral motor exercises, 172 professionals roles in, 165 rehabilitative, 171–172

lip exercises, 172 tongue exercises, 172–174

Shaker exercise, 177–179

SWAL-QOL (Swallowing quality of life) questionnaire,

9, 129–130 Sweating, anticonvulsants and, 87 Sweet taste, 34 Sydney Swallow Questionnaire (SSQ), 130 Symmetric tonic neck reflex, 254 Systemic

diseases, dysphagia and, 10–11 lupus erythematous, 90

MCTD and, 89

sclerosis, 90

Tardive dyskinesia

antipsychotic medications and, 88 neuroleptic drugs and, 88

Taste

buds, radiation therapy and, 116 receptors, tongue and, 34

INDEX 375

sensations, 34

Taylor & Francis Online, Evidence-Based

Communication Assessment and Intervention,

125

TBI (Traumatic brain injury), 76 tDCS (Transcranial direct current stimulation),

184–185

Teflon

intracordal injection, 110

vocal fold medialization, 110 Tegretol, 87 Temporal arteritis, 89 Temporalis muscle, action/innervation of, 39 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome, 88 Tetracycline, side effects of, 85 Texture

foods, 199

characteristics of, 198

modification of, 197–200 TheraBite, 174 Therapeutic utensils, feeding therapy and, utensils,

270 Therapy, targets, 274 Thermal tactile oral stimulation (TTOS), 171 Thickeners, 196

liquid, 276–278 Thioridazine, 87 Thorazine, 87 Throat

clearing, LPRD and, 83

supraglottic infection and, 85 Thyroarytenoid muscle, EMG and, 154 Thyrohyoid muscle, 39 Thyroid cartilage, implants and, 110 Ticks, Lyme disease and, 85 Timing disorders, swallowing and, 273 Titanium

based obturators, hard palate defects and, 105

implants, 110 TMJ (Temporomandibular joint) syndrome, 88 TNE (Transnasal esophagoscopy), 157 Tongue, 31, 34, 172–174

antipsychotic medications and, 88

atrophy, ALS and, 69

base of, 34

bolus and, 35

cancer, dysphagia and, 103–104

CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve) and, 34

exercises, 172–174

mandible strength/movement and, 174

fibrosis of, 61

giant cell arteritis and, 89 hold maneuver, 168, 169 intrinsic muscles of, 36, 36 muscles of, 37 neoplasms of, 101 oral phase and, 45 pharyngeal swallow, 255 pressure/strength measurement, 152 prostheses, 106, 107 removal of, diet and, 106 sensation to, 35 sensory nervous system and, 34 stenosis of, 61 strengthening exercises, 175 surgery of, 103–104 swallowing and, 152 taste receptors and, 34 transverse response, 133

tumors and, 101 Tooth loss, aging population and, 213 TOR-BSST (Toronto Bedside Swallowing Screening

Test), 126, 127

Toronto Bedside Swallowing Screening Test

(TOR-BSST), 126, 127

Tracheotomy, 113–115

aspiration pneumonia and, 65

changes following, 114

pharyngeal transit with, 115

physiology alterations, 114

swallowing disorders and, 13 Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS),

184–185 Transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE), 157 Transverse

muscles, 37 tongue

fibers, 35 response, 133

Traumatic

brain injury (TBI), 76 encephalopathy, chronic, 76

injury, swallowing and, 4 Tremor, anticonvulsants and, 87 Trial swallows, signs/symptoms observed during,

135

Trigeminal nerve (CN V), 49

injury to, 52

mastication and, 45

sensory branch of, 35

tumors and, 101 Trismus, radiation therapy and, 116

376 CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF SWALLOWING DISORDERS

Trisomy 21, 246

case study, 282 dysphagia and, 246

Trunk

stabilization, feeding therapy and, 270

support, while eating, 247 Trypanosoma cruzi, 84 TTOS (Thermal tactile oral stimulation), 171 Tube feeding

aging population and, 215–217

characteristics/complications of, 202

placement of, 203 Tumors

exophytic, 101

in head and neck, 101

intrinsic, 101

upper aerodigestive tract, 13, 67

UES (Upper esophageal sphincter)

dysfunction, GERD and, 82

sphincter

dysphagia and, 70 laxity, 247 Mendelsohn maneuver and, 168 muscles of, 31 Parkinson disease and, 72 pressure, 151 Shaker exercise and, 177 swallowing and, 51

sphincters, Zenker diverticulum and, 117 Ulcers

radiation therapy and, 116

Wegener granulomatosis and, 90 Ultrasound, 153–154 Unilateral hemispheric stroke, dysphagia and, 71 United Kingdom, Dysphagia diet food texture

descriptions, 200 United States, national dysphagia diet, 200 Upper

aerodigestive track

carcinoma of, 13 skull base surgery and, 112 tumors and, 13, 67

motor neuron, ALS and, 69

Upper esophageal (UES)

dysfunction, GERD and, 82 sphincter

dysphagia and, 70 laxity, 247 Mendelsohn maneuver and, 168

muscles of, 31 Parkinson disease and, 72 pressure, 151 Shaker exercise and, 177 swallowing and, 51

sphincters, Zenker diverticulum and, 117 US Food and Drug Administration, 147 Utensils, therapeutic, feeding therapy and, 270

Vacuum-assistive bottles, 272 Vagus nerve (CN X), 49

injury to, 52

tongue and, 34

tumors and, 101 Vallecula, pharyngeal swallowing and, 271 Valves, in swallowing, 101 Vasospasm, breast nipple and, 231 Vegetative, BPSD and, 215 Velopharyngeal

incompetence, soft palate prosthesis and, 105

insufficiency, 108

Wegener granulomatosis and, 90

sphincter, swallowing and, 50 Ventilation, prolonged mechanical, aspiration

pneumonia and, 65

Verbal

BPSD and, 215

commands, aspiration pneumonia and, 65 Vertical

fibers, tongue, 35

muscles, 37 VFI (Vocal fold injection), 109–110 VFS (Fluoroscopic swallowing study), swallowing

and, 277

VFSS (Videofluoroscopic swallowing study), pediatric

dysphagia and, 246 VHNSS, 130 Vidarabine, side effects of, 85 Videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). see also

Modified barium swallow (MBS)

pediatric dysphagia and, 246 Videomanometry, 152 Videos, of exercises/swallowing, use of, 271 Viscoelastic, defined, 192 Viscometer, defined, 192 Viscosity

defined, 192

described, 192

levels of, decision to use, 196

modifying, 195

INDEX 377

Vision, aging population and, 213 Vitamins, side effects of, 87 Vocal folds

closure of, delays in, 61 implants and, 110 injection, 109–110 medialization, 109 medialization procedures, 109 paralysis, case study, 298–299 paresis, surgery and, 109 scarring, surgery and, 109

weakness, aspiration and, 63 Vocal quality, dietary recommendations and, 247 Voice disorders, 8 Vomiting, eosinophilic esophagitis and, 84

Wallenberg syndrome, 71–72 Water brash, GERD and, 80 Webs

epidermolysis bullosa and, 89

esophageal, 79 Wegener granulomatosis, 90 Weight

for-age

boys, 232 girls, 232

gain, poor, 233 Weight loss

quality of life and, 6

vaginal vs cesarean delivery, 228

Zenker diverticulum and, 117 Well-being

financial, 8

psychological and, 7–8 White blood cells, eosinophilic esophagitis and, 84 World Health Organization