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- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •Endovascular Aneurysm Repair
- •Clinical Applications
- •Aortic Procedures Planning
- •Performance Assessment
- •Future Prospects
- •References
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Medical Error
- •Traditional Training
- •Animal Simulation Labs
- •Virtual Reality Simulation
- •3: Radiation Safety
- •Introduction
- •Basic Radiation Physics Units
- •Personnel Dose Limits
- •Pregnant Personnel
- •References
- •4: Tools of the Trade
- •Needles, Catheters, and Wires
- •Vascular Access
- •Double Wall
- •Single Wall
- •Advantages/Disadvantages
- •Nonvascular Needles (Table 4.1)
- •Guidewires
- •Curved
- •Straight/Angled
- •Stiffness
- •Flexibility
- •Coating
- •Torqueability
- •Opacity
- •Catheters
- •Flush Catheters
- •Visceral Catheters
- •Multipurpose Catheters
- •Cerebral Catheters
- •Guiding Catheters
- •Microcatheters
- •Vascular Sheaths
- •Vessel Dilators
- •Accessories
- •Embolic Agents
- •Temporary Agents
- •Permanent Agents
- •Pushable Coils
- •Detachable Coils
- •Coiling Techniques (Fig. 4.48)
- •Vascular Plugs
- •Particulates
- •Liquid Embolics
- •Fogarty Balloons
- •Angioplasty Balloons
- •Drug-Coated Balloons
- •Vascular Stents
- •Balloon Expandable Stents
- •Self-Expandable Stents
- •Specialty Stents
- •References
- •Consults
- •Pre-procedure Evaluation
- •Consent
- •Code Status
- •Laboratory Testing
- •Antibiotic Prophylaxis
- •Anticoagulation
- •Antihypertensives
- •Contrast Allergy Prophylaxis
- •Procedure Plan
- •Post-procedure Management
- •Hospital Admission
- •Discharge
- •Follow-up Visits
- •IR Clinic
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •6: The IR Road Map: Vascular Anatomy Overview
- •Introduction
- •Imaging Modalities
- •Ultrasound
- •Computed Tomography
- •Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •Cross-Sectional Anatomy
- •Chest
- •Segmental Lung Anatomy
- •Mediastinum
- •Pulmonary Arteries
- •Pulmonary Veins
- •Bronchial Arteries
- •Liver
- •Arterial Access
- •Double-Wall Technique
- •Common Femoral Artery Access
- •Kidneys
- •Ureters
- •Bladder
- •Uterus
- •References
- •Alternative Arterial Access Sites
- •Venous Access
- •Manual Compression
- •Closure Devices
- •Compression Devices
- •Topical Agents
- •Invasive Devices
- •References
- •9: Central Venous Access
- •Pathophysiology
- •Non-tunneled Central Catheters (NTCCs)
- •Tunneled Central Catheters (TCCs)
- •Implantable Ports
- •Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICCs)
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Non-tunneled Central Catheters
- •Tunneled Central Catheters
- •Ports
- •PICCs
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Ports
- •PICCs
- •Pre-procedural Prep
- •History
- •Physical Exam
- •Imaging
- •Complex Venous Access
- •Post-procedural Management
- •Complications
- •Acute Complications
- •Long-Term Complications
- •Device Removal
- •Tunneled Catheter Removal
- •Port Removal
- •References
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •References
- •11: IVC Filters
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •IVC Filter Placement
- •VTE Prevention
- •Preprocedural Preparation
- •Complication
- •Access Site
- •Device-Related
- •Postprocedural Management
- •IVC Filter Retrieval
- •Advanced IVC Filter Retrieval Techniques
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Pathophysiology
- •Arteriovenous Fistula
- •Arteriovenous Graft
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •AVG Angioplasty
- •AVF Angioplasty
- •References
- •13: Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •References
- •14: Varicocele
- •Pathophysiology
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •References
- •15: Varicose Veins
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •References
- •16: Vascular Malformations
- •Pathophysiology
- •Hemangiomas
- •Vascular Malformations
- •Arteriovenous Malformations (High Flow)
- •Venous Malformations (Low Flow)
- •Lymphatic Malformations
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •High-Flow AVMs
- •Low-Flow Venous Malformations
- •Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
- •Lymphatic Malformations
- •References
- •Pathophysiology
- •Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
- •Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA)
- •Clinical Indication
- •Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
- •Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
- •Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
- •Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
- •Common Complications
- •Access
- •Contrast Nephropathy
- •Spinal Cord Ischemia
- •Postoperative Monitoring
- •References
- •18: Aortic Dissection
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Preprocedure Work-Up
- •Post-procedural Management
- •References
- •19: Endoleak
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Type II Endoleaks
- •Type III Endoleaks
- •Type IV Endoleaks
- •Type V Endoleaks
- •References
- •20: Traumatic Aortic Injury
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Pre-procedural Prep
- •Pre-procedural Imaging
- •Post-procedural Management
- •Post-procedural Imaging
- •References
- •21: Bronchial Artery Embolization
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Outcomes
- •References
- •Pathophysiology
- •Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
- •Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm
- •Clinical Indication
- •Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
- •Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
- •Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
- •Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm
- •References
- •23: Lymphatic Interventions
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Pedal Lymphangiography (PL)
- •Intranodal Lymphangiography (IL)
- •Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MR Lymphangiography (DCMRL)
- •Thoracic Duct Embolization
- •Plastic Bronchitis
- •References
- •24: Mesenteric Ischemia
- •Pathophysiology
- •Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
- •Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
- •Clinical Indication
- •Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
- •Arterial Occlusive Disease
- •Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia (NOMI)
- •Portomesenteric Vein Thrombosis
- •Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
- •Arterial Occlusive Disease
- •Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia (NOMI)
- •Portomesenteric Vein Thrombosis
- •Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
- •Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
- •References
- •25: Visceral Aneurysms
- •Pathophysiology
- •Visceral Artery True Aneurysms (VATAs)
- •Visceral Artery Pseudoaneurysm (VAPA)
- •Clinical Indication
- •VATA
- •VAPA
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Splenic Artery Aneurysms
- •Renal Artery Aneurysms
- •Hepatic Artery Aneurysms
- •Celiac Artery Aneurysms
- •Complications
- •Splenic Aneurysm
- •Renal Aneurysm
- •Hepatic Aneurysm
- •References
- •26: Renal Artery Stenosis
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indications
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Post-procedural Care
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •27: GI Bleeding
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Complications
- •References
- •28: Uterine Artery Embolization
- •Pathophysiology
- •Fibroids
- •Adenomyosis
- •Postpartum Hemorrhage
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Fibroids
- •Adenomyosis
- •Postpartum Hemorrhage
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Fibroids
- •Adenomyosis
- •Postpartum Hemorrhage
- •AV Fistula
- •References
- •29: Prostate Artery Embolization
- •Pathophysiology
- •Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- •Prostate Cancer/Hematuria
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •References
- •30: Aortoiliac Disease
- •Pathophysiology
- •Blue Toe Syndrome
- •Leriche Syndrome
- •Fibromuscular Dysplasia
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Abdominal Aorta
- •Aortic Bifurcation
- •Common Iliac Artery
- •External Iliac Artery
- •Internal Iliac Artery
- •Blue Toe Syndrome
- •References
- •31: Infrainguinal Disease
- •Pathophysiology
- •Claudication (Rutherford Categories 1–3)
- •Critical Limb Ischemia: Rest Pain (Rutherford Category 4)
- •Critical Limb Ischemia: Skin Lesions (Rutherford Categories 5–6)
- •Acute Limb Ischemia
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty
- •Stents
- •Acute Limb Ischemia
- •References
- •Pathophysiology
- •Spleen
- •Liver
- •Kidney
- •Clinical Indication
- •Spleen
- •Liver
- •Kidney
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Spleen
- •Liver
- •Kidney
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Spleen
- •Pre-procedure
- •Post-procedure
- •Liver
- •Pre-procedure
- •Post-procedure
- •Kidney
- •Pre-procedure
- •Post-procedure
- •References
- •Pathophysiology
- •Pelvic Fractures
- •Extremity Fractures
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •References
- •34: Transarterial Chemoembolization
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indications
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Medical Management
- •Surgical Management
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Post-procedure
- •References
- •35: Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE)
- •Introduction
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Primary Liver Cancers
- •Hepatic Metastatic Disease
- •References
- •36: Liver Ablation
- •Pathophysiology
- •Liver Cancer
- •Liver Metastases
- •Liver Cysts
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Liver Cancer
- •Liver Metastases
- •Liver Cysts
- •Interventional Therapy
- •References
- •Pathophysiology
- •Lung Cancer
- •Renal Cell Carcinoma
- •Bone Lesions
- •Clinical Indication
- •Lung Cancer
- •Kidney Cancer
- •Bone Lesions
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Lung Cancer
- •Kidney Cancer
- •Bone Lesions
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)
- •Microwave Ablation (MWA)
- •Cryoablation
- •Irreversible Electroporation (IRE)
- •Lung Cancer
- •Kidney Cancer
- •Bone Lesions
- •References
- •Pathophysiology
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Ascites
- •Varices
- •Interventional Therapy
- •References
- •Pathophysiology
- •Etiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Medical Management
- •Surgical Management
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Post-procedural Management
- •Complications
- •References
- •40: Biliary Drainage
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •41: Biopsy Techniques
- •Introduction
- •Clinical Indication
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Needle Selection
- •Biopsy Techniques
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Pathophysiology
- •Ascites
- •Clinical Indication
- •Ascites
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Ascites
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Ascites
- •References
- •43: Obstructive Uropathy
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Urolithiasis
- •Infection
- •Urothelial Carcinoma
- •Neurogenic Bladder
- •Interventional Therapy
- •References
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indications
- •Percutaneous Radiologic Gastrojejunostomy (PRGJ) Tube
- •Percutaneous Jejunostomy (PJ) Tube
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Percutaneous Radiologic Gastrostomy (PRG)
- •Post-procedural Management
- •Percutaneous Radiologic Gastrojejunostomy (PRGJ)
- •Percutaneous Jejunostomy (PJ)
- •References
- •45: Stroke
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Complications
- •Post-procedure Management
- •References
- •46: Cerebral Angiography: Aneurysms
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Indication
- •Conventional Therapy
- •Interventional Therapy
- •Pre-procedural Preparation
- •Post-procedural Management
- •Complications
- •References

314
Pedunculated
Uterine
N. A. Keefe and Z. J Haskal
Fig. 28.1 Drawing
representation of submucosal,
subserosal, intramural, and
pedunculated broids
Intracavitary
Submucosal
Subserosal
artery
Intramural
Cervix
Vagina
Fig. 28.2 A 36-year-old female with a single large uterine broid
with signicant symptoms of menorrhagia and constipation. MRI
T1-weighted post-contrast axial (a) image demonstrates the large
broid (thick arrow) with uptake of contrast. Three months postUAE the patient had signicant improvement in both symptoms.
Post-embolization T2-weighted sagittal (b) and T1-post contrast
axial (c) images demonstrate a devascularized broid (thick arrow)
which is decreased in size. No enhancement is seen. The rectum (thin
arrow) and femoral vessels (arrowheads) are also visualized

28 Uterine Artery Embolization
315
Fig. 28.3 A 48-year-old female with uterine adenomyosis and signicant
symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Preoperative MRI T2-weighted sagittal (a)
image demonstrates the characteristic stromal invasion of the myometrium (thick arrow). The rectum is visualized posteriorly (thin arrow).
broids, adenomyosis can appear as a diffusely enlarged
“boggy”uterus similar to how a pregnant uterus might look. It
is estimated to affect 20% of women, although some studies
suggest a much higher occurrence of 65% on microscopic
examination [8]. An estimated 80% of patients with adenomyosis also have broids [9].
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Post partum hemorrhage (PPH) is among the top three
causes of maternal mortality, preceded by pulmonary embolism and hypertension. Risk factors include retained placenta; uterine atony; placenta accreta, previa, and percreta;
iatrogenic laceration or instrumentation and induction of
labor.
Post-procedural sagittal T1-weighted contrast-enhanced sagittal image (b)
demonstrates successful treatment of adenomyosis (thick arrow) with signicant improvement of symptoms post-procedurally (Images courtesy of
Dr. Man-Deuk Kim, from Yeonsei University Hospital, South Korea)
Key Point
Indications for UAE
• Fibroids
• Adenomyosis
• Postpartum hemorrhage
• Uterine AV stula
• Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
• Trauma
Asymptomatic broids rarely, if ever, warrant embolization
or surgery unless impairing fertility. Treatment should be
patient-specic, consider the severity of symptoms, as well as
her age and desire for future fertility. There are numerous formal societal guidelines discussing indications for broid therapies. Figure 28.4 illustrates the American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologist (ACOG) guidelines [11].
Clinical Indication
Diagnosis of uterine broids usually results after a complaint
of menorrhagia or infertility. All patients with an enlarged
mass palpated on physical exam should undergo further
imaging for evaluation of broids and to rule out ovarian
masses or uterine cancers. Ultrasound and MRI are the two
best imaging modalities for evaluation of broids (see
Fig.28.2). These techniques establish size, location, number,
and relation to the endometrial canal [10]. Gynecologists can
also directly visualize submucosal and large intramural
broids using hysteroscopy.
Conventional Therapy
Fibroids
As the majority of broids are identied incidentally, treatment is often not necessary [12]. Medical, surgical, and
interventional options are available for symptomatic women,
depending on preference and anatomic specics. Controlled
trials assessing efcacy of medical therapies are few [13].
Some data suggest that treatment may be efcacious in menorrhagia patients, although failure rates are high [14]. Arrays

316
N. A. Keefe and Z. J Haskal
Asymptomatic No treatment necessary
Mild symptoms
- Mild pain
- Mild bleeding
Moderate symptoms
- Urinary symptoms
- Menorrhagia
- Pain symptoms
- Constipation
Medical Management
Bleeding predominant
symptoms
Diagnosis of Uterine Fibroids
Severe symptoms
- Severe bleeding
- Infertility
- Severe pain
Fig. 28.4 Uterine broid treatment algorithm
Bulk predominant
symptoms
of hormonal and nonhormonal therapies have been used.
Combined hormonal contraceptives can be used to regulate
abnormal uterine bleeding but have little, if any, benet with
bulk symptoms. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists
such as leuprolide are perhaps the most efcacious [15].
Their articially induced temporary menopause can be
accompanied by undesirable symptoms such as hot ashes
and mood swings. With the cessation of treatment, menses
return with concomitant rapid increase in the size of the
uterus and myomas back to baseline [16]. Long-term treatment can cause a loss of bone density. A trial of medical
management can be useful in patients approaching menopause as well as for patients with mild symptoms to distinguish if their symptoms are related to the broids or
secondary to another condition [5].
Hysterectomy, rst performed in 1843, is the only denitive
therapy for symptomatic broids [17, 18]. Today, nearly 30%
of hysterectomies in white women and 50% in black women
are performed for broids, accounting for more than 600,000
hysterectomies annually [19]. The procedure can be performed
from the transabdominal or transvaginal approach.
Hysterectomies have an increased morbidity and mortality
including the development of pelvic oor abnormalities including vaginal prolapse, sexual dysfunction, premature menopause, adhesions, and wound infection [20, 21]. Furthermore,
this can lead to body image issues in women both from the scar
tissue, as well as potential incisional hernia development.
GnRH agonists
Combined OCPs/IUD
Mifepristone
Endometrial Ablation
Hysterectomy
Uterine Artery Embolization
Myomectomy
Hysterectomy
Uterine Artery Embolization
Myomectomy has advanced from open to more minimally invasive laparoscopic and robotic approaches. The
conventional open technique involves a transabdominal incision, removal of the broids, and surgical repair of the uterus.
Laparoscopic technique is associated with signicantly less
pain, shorter hospital stay, and less febrile morbidity than
open myomectomy [22]. The broid is morcellated (ground
up) and removed through the port site; this can lead to an
increased risk of the spread of unsuspected cancerous tissues. Both the laparoscopic and open techniques hold a <1%
risk of uterine rupture during pregnancy [23]. The rst
reported hysteroscopic myomectomy was performed in 1976
using a urologic resectoscope. With advances in instruments
and techniques, the procedure was further rened and is currently an option to treat intracavitary broids (submucosal or
intramural) as they must be visualized from the endometrial
canal [24]. Initial success rates range from 70% to 99% but
with a high rate of recurrence. Fertility rates vary widely; on
average 50% of women who undergo myomectomy are able
to subsequently conceive [25].
Endometrial ablation is an effective treatment used for
menorrhagia caused by intracavitary broids or adenomyosis. The procedure destroys the endometrial lining through a
device inserted into the uterine cavity that delivers a uniform
thermal energy to the endometrium. Ablative therapy does
not shrink the size of the broid nor the uterus [26].
Endometrial ablation is contraindicated in patients who
desire future pregnancy [27].

28 Uterine Artery Embolization
317
Adenomyosis
Medical therapy for the treatment of adenomyosis is similar
to broids. Surgical management includes hysterectomy or
ablation.
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Treatment for postpartum hemorrhage begins with supportive management. In the stable patient, initial management
includes uterine packing to tamponade the site of bleeding.
Oxytocin is used to cause contraction of the uterus and stem
bleeding. Misoprostol can be used if oxytocin is not available. In the unstable patient, initial supportive management
should be performed including transfusion and pressure support as needed. If bleeding still cannot be controlled, vessel
ligation or, as a last resort, hysterectomy, may be used to stop
the bleeding.
Key Point
Treatment options for postpartum hemorrhage
• Uterine packing
• Oxytocin
• Supportive management
• UAE
• Hysterectomy
• Vessel ligation
Fibroids
The Society of Interventional Radiology maintains a prospective UAE registry called the Fibroids Registry for
Outcomes Data (FIBROID) which is the largest database to
be reported on to date. Three-year follow-up data on over
2000 patients demonstrated that severely affected patients
returned to normal quality of life after UAE.The baseline
mean symptom score for patients was 58.61 as assessed with
the uterine broid symptom scale with patients seeing on
average an improvement in their score by 41.41 points
(P<0.001). Similarly, the quality of life score improved by
41.47 points over their baseline at 3years, bringing them into
a normal range [30]. A large-scale comparison of myomectomy and UAE (Cochrane review) suggests that myomectomy has better fertility outcomes, but the evidence was low
quality [30]. During the 3-year duration of the study, hysterectomy, myomectomy, or repeat UAE was performed in
9.79%, 2.82%, and 1.83% of patients, respectively, comparable to surgical reintervention rates of 5% annually after
myomectomy [30]. More recent and larger studies have suggested that UAE may be better at preserving fertility [22,
31]. Although UAE appears to destroy most of the broids
during the initial procedure, it does not change the underlying nature of the uterus to form new broids which can lead
to delayed reintervention [32].
Key Point
UAE absolute contraindications
• Pregnancy
• Suspected malignancy (except pre‐op)
Interventional Therapy
Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is a minimally invasive
therapy that blocks the blood supply to the uterus. UAE was
originally introduced in the 1970s at UCLA as a treatment
for postpartum hemorrhage [28]. It is used for the treatment
of broids, adenomyosis, arteriovenous stula, arteriovenous malformation, and placenta previa, percreta, or accreta.
First reported in 1995 by Ravina, UAE can be used in the
treatment of uterine broids, in which case it may be referred
to as uterine broid embolization (UFE) [28]. The reduction
of blood ow to the uterus results in selective infarction of
the broids yielding improvements in both bulk- and bleeding-related symptoms. To date, no one fully understands why
UAE infarcts broids but preserves surrounding normal uterine tissue [29].
UAE relative contraindications
• Coagulopathy
• Renal insufciency
• Contrast allergy
• Desire for pregnancy in 2years
UAE is performed as an outpatient or overnight procedure, depending on institution and provider preference. Postembolization syndrome is a common prodrome characterized
by pain and occasional nausea lasting 2–7days post-procedurally. These symptoms can be managed by NSAIDs +/−
narcotics combined with stool softeners, typically prescribed
to all women prior to discharge. Rarely some women can
experience passage of necrosed broid, occurring primarily
in patients with submucosal broids [33]. Sometimes, if

318
N. A. Keefe and Z. J Haskal
The How To
Before the procedure, most interventional radiologists
obtain a contrast-enhanced pelvic MRI for character-
Here’s what you expect to see when you walk into the
angio suite:
1. A Foley bladder catheter may be placed preprocedurally. Unilateral or bilateral femoral access
radial artery approach, which may occur in younger
healthier patients or very obese patients.
2. The Seldinger technique is used to access the artery
of choice (refer to Chap. 8 for a review of more
information).
3. An aortogram may be performed for evaluation of
ovarian feeding vessels; however, it is not routinely
performed at all institutions. Internal iliac angiogram delineates the origins of the uterine artery.
4. The side contralateral to the initial puncture is catheterized (if coming from a femoral approach), and
the uterine artery is accessed using a microcatheter.
The uterine artery and occasionally the ovarian
Fig. 28.5 A 48-year-old female with a large submucosal broid. Post-
embolization T1 sagittal MRI demonstrates sloughing of the broid from
the endometrial lining (arrowheads) into the uterine cavity. This necrosed
broid (thick arrow) was too large to remove via colposcopy and required
hysterectomy. The rectum is visualized posteriorly (thin arrow)
these submucosal broids are too large, they may need to be
removed via colposcopy (Fig.28.5). Inadvertent embolization of the ovary via ovarian artery embolization can lead to
rare premature ovarian failure in premenopausal patients.
Patients are seen in follow-up in IR clinic at 1-, 3-, and
6-month follow-ups, which can vary by institution.
Key Point
Complications
• Fibroid passage
• Pulmonary embolism
• Nontarget embolization
• Myometrial injury
• Ovarian failure (1–5%)
artery of the round ligament can be a source of blood
supply to the uterus; this vessel arises from the inferior epigastric artery [29 cular compared to the uterus, when contrast is
injected into the catheter, you will see serpiginous
(snake-like) vessels spread out in a semicircular
28.6a, c).
5. Embolization is performed from a proximal uterine
artery position using embolization particles (500–
µm). Typically, permanent microspheres are
utilized. Gelfoam or polyvinyl alcohol particles can
also be used. The goal of embolization is not complete occlusion of the main uterine artery, but occlu-
Completion of embolization can be demonstrated
-
28.6b, d).
6. If a bilateral femoral artery approach is employed,
steps 4 and 5 are repeated from the other side.
7. If a unilateral femoral artery approach is used, the
ipsilateral side (the initial side of puncture in the
femoral approach) is accessed by the Waterman
loop technique. This is done by bending the catheter into a hairpin turn within the aorta and backing
it down into the ipsilateral iliac artery.
8.
then be interrogated to ensure complete embolization

28 Uterine Artery Embolization
Fig. 28.6 A 51-year-old
female with menorrhagia and
large uterine broids.
Pre-embolization imaging (a)
and (c) demonstrate extensive
tortuous uterine vessels (thick
arrows) on the right and left
side, respectively. Postembolization imaging
demonstrates no residual
lling of the abnormal vessels
(arrowhead) supplying the
broid (b, d)
319
Adenomyosis
UAE is also used for successful treatment of adenomyosis.
Many studies show initial success in the relief of bleeding
and pain-related symptoms [34, 35]. Patients must be counseled prior to the procedure on the possibilities of treatment
failure and possible need for reintervention.
Postpartum Hemorrhage
UAE is a lifesaving procedure, performed emergently or prophylactically (in high-risk patients) for postpartum hemorrhage [36]. Initial management for postpartum bleeding
begins with uterine stimulants such as oxytocin combined
with bimanual compression. Although conservative management is favored for uterine preservation, traditional surgical
options include repair of genital tract lacerations, uterine
hypogastric artery ligation, and hysterectomy [37]. Numerous
studies have reported various success rates of UAE for postpartum hemorrhage ranging from 80% to 100% [38–40].
Rarely and controversially, bilateral femoral catheters can
beplaced prior to delivery for prophylactic therapy in highrisk patients (placenta previa, accreta, or percreta). Occlusion
balloons are inated in the anterior division of the internal
iliac artery during delivery to reduce blood loss (Fig.28.7).
In the postdelivery patient in whom they cannot control hemorrhage by traditional techniques, angiogram is aimed at

320
N. A. Keefe and Z. J Haskal
Fig. 28.7 A 26-year-old female with prenatal ultrasound demonstrat-
ing placenta percreta. Patient was taken to the hybrid OR and bilateral
groin access was obtained. (a) Selective angiography demonstrated
increased vascularity of the serosa (thick arrows). Fogarty balloons
were inated in bilateral uterine arteries, and uterine artery emboliza-
tion was performed bilaterally using PVA particles. Caesarean section
was then performed by the obstetrics surgical team. Following closure,
a DSA run (b) was performed demonstrating no evidence of active
bleeding. The bladder can be seen lling with contrast post-procedurally (thin arrow)
Fig. 28.8 A 38-year-old female status post-hysterectomy with persis-
tent active bleeding. (a) Angiography demonstrates active blush (thin
arrow) arising from branches of the right internal iliac pelvic branches.
Coils were placed in the anterior division of the internal iliac artery.
This was followed by embolization with Gelfoam and PVA. (b) Postembolization demonstrates no evidence of active extravasation

28 Uterine Artery Embolization
321
Fig. 28.9 A 29-year-old female with arteriovenous stula following
dilation and curettage. (a) Aortography demonstrates an abnormal
hypervascularity (thick arrows) originating from the right uterine artery.
identifying an area of “blush” (active extravasation)
(Fig.28.8). That vessel is targeted using a microcatheter, and
Gelfoam is used to embolize the area. Gelfoam is the preferred agent as it is temporary (2–6weeks) but is sufcient to
reduce hemorrhage. Each vessel supplying the uterus should
be interrogated to ensure that all sites of active bleeding have
been occluded.
AV Fistula
Arteriovenous stulae (also called uterine AVMs) are an
unusual cause of abnormal uterine bleeding and can lead to
severe hemorrhage [41]. Approximately 50% are congenital
arteriovenous malformations, while the remainder are stulae that develop after uterine instrumentation, dilatation and
curettage (D&C), uterine neoplasms, or maternal diethylstilbestrol. Uterine artery embolization is the rst-line treatment
for uterine AV stulae and has a 90% success rate (Fig.28.9)
[42, 43]. The area of abnormality is located angiographically. Any embolic agent (Gelfoam, PVA, EVOH, glue,
microspheres, etc.) can be used to occlude the area. When
coils are used, the microcatheter is parked adjacent to the
area of interest and advanced. Several coils may be necessary
to ll the area, and, occasionally, Gelfoam may be used after
a coil to achieve complete stasis.
(b) Post-embolization angiography demonstrates no residual lling of
the AV stula (arrowheads). Symptoms of metrorrhagia improved
post-embolization
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Prostate Artery Embolization
Bladder
Central
Peripheral
TimothyC.Huber, BenjaminN.Contrella,
andAndreUacker
29
Pathophysiology
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by
development of discrete nodules in the transitional zone of
the prostate gland [1]. Testosterone and dihydroxytestosterone (DHT) potentiate the growth of the prostate gland which
results in an enlarging gland with age [2]. Studies of castrated court ofcials in both Ottoman and Chinese courts
demonstrated small to non-palpable prostates in males from
40 to 60years of age, supporting the role of hormonal inuence [3]. BPH occurs naturally with age with a strong hormonal inuence, affecting approximately 25% of men
40–50 years of age and over 80% of men greater than
70years of age [4]. Risk factors for BPH include higher levels of endogenous androgens, family history, and Caucasian
race; obesity, diabetes mellitus, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, high levels of insulin-like growth factor, and
high levels of C-reactive protein have also been suggested to
place individuals at risk [5, 6].
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are a classic nding in BPH and are comprised of obstructive and irritative
symptoms (Table 29.1), which can decrease quality of life
[6, 7].
The prostate is divided into three zones (Fig.29.1). In the
normal prostate, the peripheral zone accounts for 70% of the
volume, the central zone accounts for 25%, and the transi-
Table 29.1 Symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) [5, 6]
Lower urinary tract symptoms of BPH
Irritative/bothersome
symptoms Obstructive symptoms
Increased frequency/urgency Poor urinary stream/straining to void
Painful voiding Urinary hesitancy
Nocturia Incomplete voiding
Incontinence Urinary retention/bladder outlet
Sexual dysfunction Bladder dysfunction
zone
Fig. 29.1 Zonal anatomy of the prostate gland and its relation to adja-
cent structures
obstruction
Transition zone
Central zone
Urethra
gland
T. C. Huber · B. N. Contrella · A. Uacker (*)
University of Virginia Health System, Department of Radiology
and Medical Imaging, Charlottesville, VA, USA
e-mail: th8mt@virginia.edu; BNC7CJ@hscmail.mcc.virginia.edu;
au2b@virginia.edu
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018
N. A. Keefe et al. (eds.), IR Playbook, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71300-7_29
tional zone accounts for 5%. BPH causes growth of the transitional zone through hypertrophy, while prostatic cancer
most commonly affects the peripheral zone [8–10].
323
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