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Chapter 9
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Coleus
SanaAslam, MarriamShahid, MatloobAhmad, SyedAliRazaNaqvi,
andArwaA.AL-Huqail
9.1 Introduction
Family Lamiaceae
Scientic name Coleus amboinicus
English/Common name Coleus
9.2 Plant Description
De Loureiro named the genus ‘Coleus,’ which means ‘sheath enclosed around
style,’ in 1970, and named the species ‘forskohlii,’ after prominent Swedish botanist
Forsskhl [1]. The Sanskrit names ‘Mayani’ and ‘Makandi’ were mentioned in the
Ayurvedic books [2]. Coleus is a fragrant perennial with upright stems and tuberlike roots that may grow up to 60 centimeter tall [3]. Coleus from the mint family
that thrives in India’s subtropical temperate regions, including Thailand, Sri Lanka,
and Nepal. Coleus is a 1 to 2feet tall plant with teardrop-shaped leaves that are
S. Aslam (*) · M. Shahid
Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
e-mail: dr.sana@gcwuf.edu.pk
M. Ahmad · S. A. R. Naqvi
Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
A. A. AL-Huqail
Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
M. Zia-Ul-Haq etal. (eds.), Essentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35403-8_9
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dazzling green with a vibrant purple core; leaf colour varies depending on the quantity of shade. The owers are light purple or blue in hue [4].
The leaves are thick, simple, wide, egg- or oval-shaped, have a tapering tip and
measure 5–7cm (2.0–2.8in.) by 4–6cm (1.6–2.4in.) (ovate). Except at the base,
the borders are coarsely crenate to dentate-crenate. They are pubescent (hairy), with
the glandular hairs on the bottom surface being the most abundant, giving them an
icy look. The petiole is 2 to 4.5cm (0.79–1.77in.) in length. The leaves have strong
fragrant substances, that is a mixture of turpentine, oregano, as well as thyme. The
leaves have a taste that is comparable to oregano, but with a strong minty avor [5].
The pseudo-spicate inorescence, which does not t into coleus or the closely
related Plectranthus, is of particular interest to taxonomists. Nonetheless, the plant
is a coleus species and must be identied as C. amboinicus Lour [6]. It was reported
that “the scarcely declinate fruiting calyx, a long, broad, uppermost lobe with 4
short, very narrow lower lobes, stamens with laments united to beyond the middle
into a long tube split on the upper-side, and compact cymes, makes C. amboinicus
totally different from all species of the genus Coleus and from all species of
Pleciranthus” [7].
S. Aslam etal.
9.3 Agronomy ofPlant
9.3.1 Soil Conditions
Coleus requires wet, rich, loose soil that is frequently damp. Compost or another
organic material should be added to the soil before planting. Any better-quality
peat-based potting mix will suit for potted plants. The loose texture of potting soil
is ideal for container-grown coleus, and it’s always a great idea to start with a good
mix with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0 [4]. Make sure the container has drainage so the
soil doesn’t stay moist all the time, which can lead to root rot. It is commonly grown
in several places of India, up to an elevation of 2400m. Because it does not require
extremely fertile soils, it may be cultivated at a lower cost in soils with borderline
fertility [8].
9.3.2 Climatic Conditions
Temperature is directly related to photosynthetic rate, it play a signicant part in
determining the level of photosynthesis as well as respiration in invitro cells [9]. As
a tropical perennial plant, coleus can withstand a variety of temperatures.
Temperatures between 65°–75°F (24°–27°C) are ideal for coleus plants. All invitro
studies on C. forskohlii were conducted at temperatures between 22 and 25°C [10,
11]. The easiest way to care for them is to minimize unexpected temperature
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uctuations and protect them from frost. Make sure that the tropical plants aren’t
exposed to the air. Near an open window, an air conditioning vent, or a draughty
door are all bad choices. Direct heat is also harmful to plant. As a consequence, keep
indoor plants away from radiators, furnaces, and other heat sources. If the plant is
sheltered from direct sunshine, a sunny windowsill can give sufcient light. In the
winter, though, the cold from the window at night may stress the plant.
Moisture content is also important, and its atmospheric range must be regulated
since excessive amounts promote impurity and hyperhydricity in cultures [9].
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9.4 Propagation ofColeus Plant
There are two methods of propagation of Coleus plant that is either by seed or by
cutting roots. Propagation via seed is simple since seeds are widely available and
even low-cost. Seeds are scattered on the ground and pushed down for germination;
avoiding the covering of seeds since they require light to sprout. Seeds are maintained wet by growing them in a bowl and covering them with plastic, or by misting
them on a regular basis. Sprouts can begin to exhibit colour after roughly
2weeks [12].
Taking stem cuttings and rooting them is a simple way to reproduce coleus
plants. Use a sharp shearing scissor to cut the stem tip to a length of 4–6in., and
then remove all leaves from the lower half of the cutting. Plant the stem by dipping
the tips in a substance (such as rooting hormone compound), then place it in a wet
potting mix with the exposed leaf nodes covered in soil. Place the vessel in a plastic
bag, ensuring that the plastic does not come into contact with the cutting. Stem trimmings have been proven to be suitable for large proliferation of the plant. In most
cases, 10–12cm long stem clippings with 3–4 pairs of leaves are potted in wellprepared seedbed. The sprouts should be adequately cared for and watered on a
regular basis [8]. Arrange the covered cutting under the sun for 2–3weeks, or until
new roots appear. Then expose the young plant in a bright light under the sun for
further growth. Numerous odd varieties may be hesitant to root, so take a lot of cuttings to guarantee that to produce enough healthy plant.
9.5 Sexual andAsexual Propagation
Coleus seeds must be exposed to light in order to germinate. They must be seeded
at shallow depths (0.25–0.5cm) or immediately on the surface of a wet, sterilized
medium (pH=6.5) such as peat-lite or ne sphagnum moss to guarantee optimal
penetration of light. The air temperature should be kept between 21 and 27°C for
the rst week after sowing, then reduced to 18°C. The soil temperature must be
kept above 20°C throughout the germination phase (10–20days) [13].
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S. Aslam etal.
Coleus is propagated asexually through stems and shoots cuttings. Maximum
roots will occur with 6cm shoot cuttings with two pairs of leaves obtained from
quickly expanding shoot tips. Hormone therapies are seldom required. Cuttings
should be rooted in a wet, warm (20°C) medium [14]. After 3–4weeks, cuttings
may normally be replanted. Transplants may be cultivated at low temperatures
(15–18°C), although they mature quicker above 21°C.
9.6 Planting
Because coleus seed is so minute, it has to be planted in well-drained soil, in boxes
or other containers that are protected from direct sunlight and slicing rain. Use a
planting media similar to the one that is utilized for growing and caring for African
violets as a seed starting mix or planting medium for growing coleus seed, or use
light fertile soil, with subsoil ltered through a loop of screen wire so it is reasonably small. Plant in 3 or 4-inch pots or use any vessel/container with adequate efuents. Seedlings should have plenty of room in their containers so that their stems
don’t seek towards the strong light. After the soil has been fully wetted and
smoothed, scatter the seed delicately on top of the damp topsoil and clean ne dirt
over them to obscure the seed. Mix the seed with a little ne or clean peatmoss, dry
sand and scatter it on the top of seedbed for a simple planting approach. Gently rm
the seedbed with the palm of the hand, instead of covering the seed. Arrange the jar
in lukewarm water to allow humidity to drain from the end without disturbing the
seed. When the water reaches the top of the soil, remove the pot from it and cover it
with the glass piece or cellophane paper to keep the moisture in. To ensure germination, put the vessel in partially shaded area under the sun. Keep the soil wet at all
times. Coleus seeds will not germinate if they are allowed to dry out or if soil temperatures fall below 60°F [15].
9.7 Manuring
Coleus plants are commonly grown for their pink, red, yellow, or orange foliage.
Use a diluted fertilizer that is high in nitrogen and low in phosphorus to produce
vibrant colors. Balanced fertilizers should be avoided since they induce blooming,
which depletes the plant’s nutrition. Organic and inorganic fertilizers work nicely
with the crop. On the 30th and 45th day after planting, 140kg of organic manure is
necessary. For the best fresh (120t/ha) and dried (3.982t/ha) tuber yield, a combination of 40kg, 60kg, and 50kg of nitrogen, P
recommended. As a base dosage, half the nitrogen, entire phosphorus, and whole
potassium should be administered, followed by the addition of remaining half of N
fertilizer 30days later as a top dressing [16].
and K2O, respectively, per ha is
2O5
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199
9.8 Irrigation
Coleus is a thirsty plant that has to be watered on a regular basis to maintain the soil
moisture but not wet. Water anytime to the top 1″ (2.5cm) level of the potting mix
is dry throughout the growth season (April to September). The frequency of planting water is determined by air temperature, container type, and plant development.
Watering coleus is still necessary throughout the winter, although less regularly.
Water only after the top half of the soil has dried out, as a general rule. Use room
temperature water to water coleus. Fill the pot with enough water to allow it to drain
out the bottom. Return the container to its saucer only when the water has stopped
leaking [15].
9.9 Ecology
Coleus is known as rapidly-growing plant with a trailing or spreading habit and the
capacity to embed where its branches come into contact with the base as they
extend. This enables them to rapidly acquire favourable conditions and relocate to
more desirable sites. Because the broken-off branches may root and grow into selfsustaining plants, they can tolerate being trampled and/or grazed by numerous animals. They grow 30–1400m tall and live in Acacia and Commiphora woodlands,
forested grassland, and dry rocky areas [15].
9.10 Pests andDiseases
Spider mites, whiteies, aphids, as well as mealybugs are some of the pests that can
harm coleus. In addition, root and stem rot, along with the illness carried by parasitic worms, can affect coleus plants. One of the biggest hindrances to coleus productivity is a root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita [17]. Coleus spp.
has been linked to 15 insect species and three crustaceans forms throughout the
world [18]. Another signicant pest of coleus is the mealybug. The mealybug
nymphs along with the adults may eat the fragile leaves as well as shoots. In heavy
infestations, mealybugs formed a thick mat of waxy excretions on the underside of
leaves.. Plants that have been affected have a sickly look. Honeydew secretions
from mealybugs are a common source of sooty mould formation.
Coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides), a herbaceous bedding plant favoured by
gardeners for its vibrant multi-coloured leaf since Victorian times, had a resurgence
in popularity in recent years. Coleus is susceptible to a variety of diseases, including
root rot, leaf blight, leaf spots, wilt, and RKN (root-knot nematodes); however, root
rot, wilt, and nematodes are the most damaging, causing producers to lose up to
50% of their crop. It was reported that leaf spots were produced by Cercospora
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cassicola and Botryodiplodia theobromae [19]. Wilt-affected plants exhibit yellow
stains on the leaves resulting in the withering of leaves, eventually leading to plant
death. Discoloration and degradation of tap and lateral roots are seen on the damaged plants [20].
Downy mildew is the most dangerous disease for coleus. In 2005, downy mildew
on coleus was rst reported in the United States, it was determined to be a
Peronospora species based on morphological characteristics. Depending on the
pest, pesticides including azadiractin (neem), imidacloprid, endosulfan, dicofol,
abamectin, horticultural oil, malathion or insecticidal soap are indicated for controlling infestations. Methods of biological controls, such as introducing ladybugs,
wasps and predatory to the garden, may also be useful [21].
S. Aslam etal.
9.11 Distribution ofColeus Plant
Coleus amboinicus grows in woods and yellow bush, on rocky gradients and loamy
or sandy areas at low heights, and spread in the areas ranging from South Africa
(KwaZulu-Natal) and Eswatini through Angola and Mozambique, and north to
Kenya and Tanzania [22, 23]. It would have been transported from Southern Africa
to India, Arabia, and Southeast Asia via the Indian Ocean maritime trade routes by
Arabs and other traders. Currently, the plant may be found growing on the Indian
mainland. Coleus amboinicus plant was eventually transported to Europe or ultimately to the Americas, earning it the name Spanish thyme [22, 24].
C. forskohlii is widely distributed throughout the world’s tropical and subtropical
zones. This plant’s origins may be traced back to India [25]. China, India, Nepal, Sri
Lanka and Myanmar are among the nations in the Indian subcontinent where this
medicinal plant is widely dispersed, as are Brazil, Thailand, Egypt and Ethiopia [4].
Its cultivation is concentrated in Garhwal as well as Himachal Pradesh’s Kumaon
regions, the Western Ghats and Bihar’s Parasnath highlands [26]. It is said to be
dispersed in arid hills of Western Uttarpradesh, sections of Orissa, Western ghats,
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu [27] and kitchen gardens in Northern Karnataka (Belgaumand
Dharward districts) for its carrot-like tubers, which are used as spices in pickle
preparation [28].
9.12 Important Phytochemical Constituents ofColeus
Volatile oils and diterpenes are major components of coleus, but forskolin is the
most important. Coleus‘major ingredient is the diterpene forskolin, which is
extracted from the plant’s root. The active ingredient “forskolin“is crystalline in
form, has a molecular weight of 410.5g/mole, a melting point of 228–230°C, and
exhibits maximum absorption wavelengths (λmax) of 210 and 305nanometers. It is
soluble inethanol, dichloromethane, and methanol. Additionally, it can be dissolved
labd-14-ene-11-one
(3
benzo[f]chromene
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H
Abietanes
H
201
O
OH
O
O
H
H
7b-Acetoxy-8,13-epoxy-1a,6b,9a-trihydroxy-
O
H
OH
O
H
OH
(Coleonol/Colforsin)
R,4aS,6aR,10aR,10bS)-3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,7,10a-
pentamethyl-2,5,6,6a,8,9,10,10b-octahydro-1H-
ColeonicAcid
Fig. 9.1 Structure of few potent phytochemicals of Coleus
in water with 2% volume/volume ethyl alcohol [29]. Different diterpenoids isolated
from C. forskohlii are classied as follows: (1) abietane diterpenoids; (2) 8,
13-epoxy-labd-14-en-11-one-diterpenoids; (3) 8, 13-epoxy-labd-diterpenoids
(Colenol, 3-hydroxy forskolin, Coleonone); (4) miscellaneous labdane diterpenoids
(Forskoditerpene A, Coleonic acid, Colenolic acid), (5) 8, 13-epoxy-labd-14-en-11onediterpene glycosides (Fig.9.1). Moreover, the researchers identify several phytochemicals that are present in low amounts and extracted from various regions of
the plant [15]. However, the other component 1, 9 dideoxyforskolin is present in
comparable amounts or even greater quantities in the roots than forskolin [30].
Diterpenoids, coleonols, and volatile oils are other plant components. Coleus has
roughly 20 components in several areas of the plant, although the root contains
coleonols and forskolin [4].
Coleus leaf extract contains a considerable quantity of polyphenols, avonols,
and avones, as well as a high level of antioxidant potential. High-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of leaf and stem tissues reveals the existence of both conventional as well as extra strong antioxidative polyphenols, indicating that the coleus can be exploited as a basis of phenolic compounds with high
antioxidant activity. Tannins may also be found in the coleus plant’s leaves and stem
202
(+
Limonene
g-terpinene
3
H
H
OH
Chrysoeriol
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S. Aslam etal.
)-b-Pinene
(-)-a-Pinene b-pinene
CH
3
H3C
CH
3
H3C
g-cymene
Fig. 9.2 Essential oil components found in Coleus plant
OCH
3
OH
O
O
H
3
3
CO
CO
Salvigenine
CH
3
CH
3
H3CO
H3CO
Myrcene
CH
3
H3C
O
b-Caryophyllene
O
OH
O
Crismaritin
CH
H
Fig. 9.3 Flavones isolated from Coleus amboinicus
[31]. The following essential oil compounds were identied in an earlier investigation on coleus aromaticus: α-pinene, beta-pinene, myrcene, limonene, γ-terpinene,
γ-cymene, and beta-caryophylene (Fig.9.2).
Ethyl salicylate, β-selinene phenolic fractions of thymol, carvacrol, eugenol,
were also reported from an unidentied phenolic fraction [32]. Saligenine, cirstmaritin, and chrysoeriol were extracted from Coleus amboinicus leaves and their
structures were also elucidated (Fig.9.3) [33].
HO
OH
O
H
OH
O
OCH
3
s
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203
9.13 Origin andUses ofColeus
Coleus plant is endemic to tropical Southeast Asia, India, Africa, and Australia, with
Indonesia and Sri Lanka having the highest populations. By means of traders and
botanists, coleus made its way into Europe and, subsequently, America. While some
sources locate coleus in Europe in the seventeenth century, it is typically ascribed to
Dutch botanist Karl Ludwig Blume, who named and introduced coleus to Europe
about 200years later as part of an enormous collection of plants, he researched
while residing on the Indonesian island of Java.
Many coleus species are utilized as remedies to cure a variety of diseases, including skin, stomach, and chest issues, and some are also used as food, avouring
agents, or stock animal fodder. C. amboinicus and C. barbatus are the most commonly utilized for medicinal and avouring purposes, whereas C. esculentus, also
known as African potato/veld potato, is a well-known and extensively farmed food
plant whose tuberous roots are rich in starch and are cooked and eaten like potatoes.
Dietary C. amboinicus L. also used to improve the quality of meat and composition
of fatty acid in longissimus thoracis muscles of lamb (Fig.9.4) [15].
9.14 Mechanism ofAction ofColeus forskolin
Forskolin is the main chemical present in the tuber, and its herbal formulations have
an array of therapeutic effects. By raising the level of captivity, forskolin in turn
prevents mast cell and basophil degranulation and histamine release. Blood pressure
is lowered [35], and intraocular pressure prevents platelet aggregation, increases
thyroid hormone production, bronchodilatation, vasodilatation, and lipid metabolism in fat cells [36]. Nearly all hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclases are
Coleus amboinicus Lour.
RespiratoryChamber
In vivo method
Qualityofmeatoflamb
Fig. 9.4 Use of Coleus plant species (C. amboinicus) in enhancing the quality of meat [34]
Drying theleavesof
C. amboinicus L.
In vivo feedingtrial
Cannulated Lambs
Extractionofphytochemical
andpowderfromthe plant
specie
Rumensimulation
technique (RUSITEC)
Alongterminvitro method
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