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S. Aslam etal.
O
OH
OH
OH
Forskolin
(7)
O
OH
O
OAc
7-deacetyl coleonol (tetraol)
6,7-monoisopropylidene coleonol,24%
OH
OH
OH
OH
(8)
H2SO
O
O
(10)
O
O
O
H2SO
4
1,9,6,7-diisopropylidene
coleonol,55%
4
O
coleonol-‘l4,15-epoxide, 75%
O
O
O
O
(9)
O
1,9,6,7-diisopropylidene
(11)
+
HN
Phenyl piperazine
O
O
O
N
OH
O O
+
Cl
m-perchloro
benzoicacid
MeOH
O
O
O
Scheme 9.4 Synthesis of analogues of Coleonol (A diterpene isolated from Coleus forskolin)
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RRL and CSIR.
O
O
O
O
1,9,6,7-diisopropylidene-l4-hydroxy-15-~
-phenylpiperzine4-yl)coleonol, 65%
N N
O
O
.2HCl
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analogues of coleonol (forskolin). Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 3(4), 677–680.
111. Lokesh, B., Deepa, R., & Divya, K. (2018). Medicinal Coleus (Coleus forskohlii Briq): A phytochemical crop of commercial signicance. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,
7, 2856–2864.
S. Aslam etal.
The Genus Cinchona which belongs to the Rubiaceae family is a large shrub or
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small tree that can grow to the height of 5-15meters (16 to 49feet). It possesses
10-40 cm long evergreen leaves that are opposite and rounded to lanceolate.
Flowers produced are white, pink or crimson and are present in terminal panicles.
The fruit is a tiny capsule with several seeds within. The owers have slightly hairy
corolla lobes, which is a distinguishing feature of the genus. Cinchonopsis, Jossia,
Ladenbergia, Remijia, Stilpnophyllum, and Ciliosemina are all members of the
Cinchoneae tribe [1]. India, Vietnam, Java, Cameroon, and a few more African as
S. Aslam (*)
Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
e-mail: dr.sana@gcwuf.edu.pk
T. Jabeen · M. Ahmad
Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
A. A. AL-Huqail
Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
M. Zia-Ul-Haq etal. (eds.), Essentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35403-8_10
221
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well as Asian nations also have it. It is frequently found in India’s Himalayas as a
result of planting. Indonesia is the greatest manufacturer of cinchona plant on the
global level [2]. Countess Cinchon of spain was the one who rst brought cinchona
to Europe in 1638.A cinchona botanist, Carl Linnaeus, called it “Cinchona” in
1742 [2, 3].Cinchona alkaloids have been reported as the most signicant natural
products that have been examined, extracted, explored and investigated. Quinine
itself is the most important molecule of this class due to its potential in antimalarial
medication. Furthermore, many applications were reported in several elds as evidence to their potential for example medicinal, catalysis, synthetic, and beverages [4].
S. Aslam etal.
10.3 Agronomy ofPlant
10.3.1 Soil Conditions
Cinchona enjoys undeveloped terrain that has been cleared of trees and is rich in
organic debris. The tropics’ densely inhabited areas, on the other hand, have no
available virgin ground for planting. The volcanic northern slopes of the Preanger
Regency Mountains in western Java provide the richest soils in Java. To prevent
erosion, Indonesians turned the mountains into terraces. Bandung, the region’s capital, was previously known as the world’s quinine capital. To allow the taproot to
penetrate to a large depth, the soil should be loose and deep. Cinchona cannot grow
on a difcult subsoil or hardpan because it does not allow penetration. Cinchona
cannot tolerate soggy soil; thus, the soil should drain properly.
Soil moisture in Cinchona-growing locations varies a lot with seasonal uctuations in rainfall, and extended droughts happen virtually every year. During the
rainy season, on the other hand, the same soils may remain saturated for lengthy
periods of time. At the Toro Negro National Forest in Puerto Rico, where Cinchona
is being cultivated as an experiment, the 23-year usual rainfall for the intervals of
2weeks (from January to March) was 2.04 inches, with regular spells of famine. In
January of this year, barely 0.21 inch of rain fell. From August 13 to November
18,average rainfall have been recorded as 5.69 inches for 2week intervals.. For the
past 23years, the average annual rainfall has been 96.37 inches [5].
Cinchona grows best in deep, humus-rich, productive soils (with organic matters) over an open grainy/rough surface that has a pH of 5–6.5. Cinchona grows well
on mild slopes and may even grow on steep slopes; however, soil erosion protection
is required. The clay loam acidic soils of the Darjeeling hills are rich in organic matter, with organic carbon levels ranging from 1.5–3.34%, but lacking in phosphorus
and potassium. The land chosen for planting had available levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 315–414mg/kg, 1.01–21.0 mg/kg, and 0.8–13.7 mg/kg
soil, respectively [6].
10 Cinchona
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An experimental design was created to see the effect of soil condition on
Cinchona plant for which total 300 seeds per soil were germinated in three different
types of soil. Between 13–60days, seedlings were counted and their tallness was
measured on the completion of the research. The impact of soil condition on the
germination was determined using a nonparametric analysis of variance with
á=0.05. It has been shown that the natural environmental conditions (temperature
humidity) and the gritty texture soil are the most suitable conditions for the seed
germination of C. ofcinalis. With a p<0.05 signicance, it was found that the kind
of soil had a substantial impact on the percentage of germination [7].
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10.4 Climate
Cinchona proved to be a difcult plant to cultivate. Trees like a cool environment
with minimal change between summer and winter, day and night temperatures, and
do not enjoy stable humidity at their roots or nonstop sunshine. Medicinal species
cannot tolerate frost. As a result, they are unable to grow on at terrain and demand
a rich soil (Watt). Seed beds in Madras were protected by “light pandals” of fern
simply planted in the ground and thick enough to shade the soil. The plant also has
an “exceptional tendency of breeding or hybridizing,” which is “particularly conspicuous in the nest species,” according to the researchers (Owen).
Cinchona loves a cold environment with 190–500cm of annual rainfall that is
evenly distributed. Showers alternate with sunshine often, resulting in vigorous
growth. In compared to Darjeeling in the Eastern Himalayas, it was stated that
Cinchona (with high production of quinine) ledgeriana yielded comparatively low
content over the Research and Development Efforts in Cinchona highlands of South
India. This might be due to high temperatures and droughts in the southern areas,
where the soil is semi alluvial red loam with a medium-high carbon content. For
luxuriant development, a temperature of 21–24°C is recommended. In the summer,
the temperature should not drop below 8°C and should not rise over 30°C.During
the growth season, the temperature difference between day and night should be
modest. Frost and subsurface waterlogging are both threats to all organisms [8].
10.5 Land Preparation
For plantings, forests with rich forest soil and high humus are required. They would
be brushed out every month or two to admit one-fourth to one-third light around
planting holes, and as the plants took hold and ourished, So, they brush out to
admit lighter gradually. To avoid harming quinine trees, felling would be abandoned
in favor of girdling and allowing trees to die standing until the quinine produced a
cover. This method also helpful to reduce erosion during the early phases of
rainstorms.
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