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128. Dong, Y., Yin, Y., Vu, S., Yang, F., Yarov-Yarovoy, V., Tian, Y., & Zheng, J. (2019). A distinct
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133. Badmaev, V., Majeed, M., & Prakash, L. (2000). Piperine derived from black pepper
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135. Ahmad, N., Fazal, H., Abbasi, B.H., Rashid, M., Mahmood, T., & Fatima, N. (2010). Efcient
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Chapter 13
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Wild Marigold
HammadMajeed, TehreemaIftikhar, SyedaShehwarZahra,
MuhammadWaheed, MubashirNiaz, SamarBashir, FaizahAltaf,
andArwaA.AL-Huqail
13.1 Introduction
Wild marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) is an annual aromatic herb. It is plant of sunower family (Asteraceae) which is the largest family including about 1000 genera
and over 23,000 species [1]. According to Soule, this genus have 56 species, including annuals and 29 perennials and 27 annual species [2]. The word Tagetes has Latin
origin (minutes) which means small, this is because of its small sized capitula. It is
widely grown species in several countries because of its high value. Another reason
for its preferred cultivation is percentage of its essential oil [3]. Morphologically the
herb has woody stem with ridges. Its leaves are pinnate compound with (4–6) pairs
H. Majeed (*)
Knowledge Unit of Science, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot, Pakistan
T. Iftikhar (
Applied Botany Lab. Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore,
Lahore, Pakistan
M. Waheed
Applied Botany Lab. Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore,
Lahore, Pakistan
Govt. Islamia Graduate College, Civil Lines, Lahore, Pakistan
M. Niaz
Atlas Environmental Laboratories, New York, NY, USA
F. Altaf
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dahran, Saudi Arabia
A. A. AL-Huqail
Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
M. Zia-Ul-Haq et al. (eds.), Essentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35403-8_13
*) · S. S. Zahra · S. Bashir
311
312
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of pinnae and glossy green in texture. Its owers have pale yellow to orange oret.
Capitula are small in size [1].
Scientic name of wild marigold is Tagetes minuta L. (Species Plantarum 887.
1753) [4]. Tagetes minuta L. has many common as well as local names. In English,
it is called Mexican marigold, Aztec marigold, wild marigold, Roger, stinkweed,
Stinking, tall khaki weed and khaki bush. In Hindi, it is called as Jungli Gainda.
Spanish people called it chinchilla, huacatay, enana whereas in Angola it is known
as ekaibulo. In Argentina, it is named as chil chil while, in Brazil, it carries various
common names like chinchilla, coora, margarita, rabo de rajao, voadeira and suique.
Quinchihue is common name of wild marigold known in Chile. Wilde Sammetblume
is its common name in German. In Kenya, its name is bhangi, nyanjaga, mubangi,
muvangi, omotioku, omubazi gwemhazi, nyanjagra. In Madagascar, it is commonly
known as mavoadala. In other countries like Malawi its name is khaki; In Portugal,
cravo de defunct and in Paraguay it is known as agosto, and suico .In Pakistan it is
locally known as Gul-e-Sad Barga [5].
H. Majeed et al.
13.2 Classications [6]
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Viridiplantae
Division: Tracheophyta
Subdivision: Spermatophytina
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Tagetes L.
Species: Tagetes minuta L.
13.3 Crop Description
13.3.1 Origin andDistribution
Wild marigold can grow in both conditions (moist and dry areas). In tropical and
subtropical areas its height can be up to 3000m from sea level. It grows as weed in
orchards, gardens, waste grounds and along roadside and causes many problems for
pastures and other crops. It is grown in many areas of the world [7]. Due to its
agrochemical and pharmacological properties wild marigold has been extensively
grown around the globe. Due to Spanish conquest, Tagetes minuta L. had been
introduced in different regions of the world i.e., Europe, Asia, Africa, Madagascar,
India, Australia and Hawaii. It has been deliberately distributed as an ornamental,
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medicinal or fragrant plant as well as, as a weed across the tropics, subtropics and
several temperate countries. According to Maheshwari, the plant has acclimatized
itself in Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions (up to altitudes of 2000m) [3].
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13.3.2 Plant Morphology
Tagetes minuta L. is an erect herb that can grow up to the height of about 1–2m. Its
leaves are glossy green and are about 15cm long with serrate margins. On the lower
side of leaf multicellular glands can be observed that seem orange in color. Ray
orets and disc orets of yellow to orange color can be observe. Flower heads are
small with the length of 10–15mm. The plant is native to South America including
countries (Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru and Paraguay) [8].
13.3.3 Agronomy
This species of Tagetes has ability to adapt to various soil conditions. Plant grown in
deeper and fertile soil can be helpful for the enhanced production. When soil is well
drained, friable and has high water-holding capacity it can result in the growth of a
healthy plant. If soil pH is maintained up to 7.0–7.5, it ensures the better growth of
plant. For the best growth of the Tagetes minuta L. mild climate is considered most
suitable. In mild climates where temperatures ranges from 14.5 to 28.6°C increased
owering takes place. Higher temperatures between 26.2 and 36.4°C negatively
effects production of owers. In the same tune, cool temperature induces germination, whereas profuse vegetative, growth and owering take place at high temperatures [9]. Human and animals are the source of seeds dispersal. Seeds are dispersed
by clinging the hair of animals and human’s cloths [10] (Figs.13.1 and 13.2).
13.4 Cultivation Practices
13.4.1 Preparation ofLand
To get optimum growth and yield, soil must be free from all weeds. Moreover,
medium light to medium heavy soil is considered best for growth of Tagetes minuta
L.The land ploughing is done 4–6 times. About (45–50t/ha) of farmyard manure is
applied at the time of ploughing. Due to ploughing ridges (40cm) and channels of
convenient size are formed and seedlings are transplanted on the sides of the ridges.
Spacing of 30×45 is considered optimum. To enhance the plant growth, inoculations
of soil with Rhizobacteria like Pseudomonas uorescens, Azospirillum brasilense is
done. It will improve the yield of essential oil (EO) [11].
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H. Majeed et al.
Fig. 13.1 Floral view of Marigold
13.4.2 Seed Dispersal
Human and animals are the source of seeds dispersal. Seeds are dispersed by clinging the hair of animals and human’s cloths [12].
13.4.3 Sowing Season
In a year, this crop can grow in three seasons (rainy, winter and summer seasons) [13].
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Fig. 13.2 Lateral and aerial view of Marigold
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