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Invitro Propagation Studies have showed that 3% BAP is best for shoot generation in tuberose. Thidiazuron (TDZ), a growth regulator is also found to be effective
in shoot generation [19]. For enhancing multiple shooting in invitro culture of tube-
rose, optimized amount of BAP along with NAA and kinetin should be used.
Supplementing MS media with different concentrations of NAA induces root formation. Developed mericlones are then transferred to greenhouse for acclimatization. Invitro propagation of tuberose is often contaminated by Meloidogyne
incognita infection. This infection occurs in roots of tuberose culture. Infection
begins 2 days post inoculation followed by root gall formation after 6 days at
infected place. Cycle of this parasite lasts for 45days. To obtain nematode free
plant material regeneration technique can be used. It will produce disease free planets that can later be used for mass propagation. Indole 3 butyric acid (IBA) can also
be used to generate roots.
Water and Irrigation Management The soil should be irrigated properly before
sowing. It must be provided with moisture at regular intervals until bulb sprouts. In
summer, weekly watering is required while in winter after 15days the crop should
be watered. If proper moisture is not provided, it will destroy all the enzymatic reactions and plant will die.
Sowing Time and Spacing Between Plants Various factors contribute for getting high yield of plants. Climatic conditions, soil requirements and size of bulbs,
all have major impact on ower production in tuberose. Both, low and high planting density negatively impacts the production of owers in tuberose. For high
yield, it is advisable to plant bulbs at 30×20cm or 20×20cm or 30×30cm. The
depth of plants should be 5.0–7.0cm. Depth also depends on size of bulbs, large
bulbs require more depth and small bulbs do not need much depth. Plantation
period of tuberose varies from region to region. It is from January to March in
plains and April to May on hills. On a fertile clayey soil, the best month for plantation is June.
Earthing Up and Staking
earthing up should be done up to 10–15cm. Earthing up is a process in which the
soil is piled up around the base of plant. For staking, bamboo stick is used. Another
method is using iron angles in beds. String or rope could be tied in three rows along
the plants for lodging.
Nutrient Management In tuberose cultivation both inorganic and organic fertilizers have signicant importance. For production of quality owers, organic fertilizers must be applied whereas inorganic fertilizers must be used to get proper
growth and nourishment. It is advisable to apply high percentage of N and P to get
high yield of tuberose leaves and bulbs [20]. However, excess nitrogen can make
ower spikes tall and soft which results in high damage from wind and pests. An
ideal fertilizer for tuberose cultivation i.e., 20tons/ha, must contain 120kg of nitrogen, 150kg of triple super phosphate and 80kg of potassium fertilizer [21]. Full
dose of P and K should be applied during planting, whereas, half dose of N should
be applied at the time of plantation and other half after 30–60days of sowing [13].
When tuberose plant height reaches up to 20–25cm,
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Application of Growth Regulators In vegetative and reproductive growth of
tuberose, growth regulators play a vital role by accelerating them. Application of
GA3 after 40, 55 and 60days is benecial. For early induction of owering, increasing length of pedicels, high number of orets and improving the quality of owers,
CCC and GA3 should be applied at 5000ppm and 1000ppm respectively.
Harvesting Flowering of tuberose starts after 85–100days of planting. Flowers
grows in month of July and bloom throughout the year. Spikes with bud scales are
cut with sharp knife at sunrise and sunset. Its remaining parts stays in the ground.
The remaining of tuberose bulb gives rise to new plants at regular intervals. The
spikes are immersed in water from lower portion for longer life of spikes. Plucking
of owers is done at regular intervals for loose ower arrangement in every morning [22].
Lifting, Curing and Storage of Buds The maturation of bulbs can be traced by
yellowing of leaves in February and March. The irrigation is done, and soil is left
dry for proper yield in next season. The bulbs are taken off from soil and shaken
properly for the removal of soil. It must be kept in mind that soil must be cleaned
properly after irrigation. The internodes of stem are linked and then offset are
removed thoroughly, some seeds are stocked for next growing season. The bulbs are
graded according to size at a temperature from 20 to 30°C.Articial temperature
increases the growth of bulb in shorter period of time. The size of bulb must be
altered at regular intervals. For proper treatment, bulb should be soaked in Bavistin
solution for few hours, it reduces infection. The mature and commercial bulbs are
ready after 20–30 days of graded arrangement. Longer storage beyond 35 °C
induces plant spikes growth. These spikes are of lower cost and improperly grown.
The bulb size reduced and lowers the yield [23].
Yield The yield of plants depends upon spikes position, number and variety as
well as climatic conditions. Planting distance or spacing has another point of importance. Each part has different yield i.e., bulb 20tons/ha in 2–3years, spikes 4–5lakhs
in 1year and ower yield is 11tons/ha in 1year [22].
Post-harvest Activities
ing, transport and holding solution after harvesting.
Grading The lower spikes are graded according to their length and number of
owers. Pests and disease-free owers are better to get high yield. Because tuberose
cut owers have large surface, so they immediately loose water and wilt. Thereby,
post-harvest it is essential to place tuberose cut owers immediately in water so that
the xylem has direct access to water.
Packing and Transport The long spikes owers are arranged together and trans-
ported to the long distances. The packing is done in ower basket for delivery to
longer distance. The owers are wrapped in paper or cloth. These owers are used
for ornamental purposes. For long distance travelling, these owers are packed in
square boxes. In Mexico, tuberose spikes are packed, while they are still in the
ground. For this purpose, a blanket is used on which spikes are arranged in 12 rows
The tuberose plants are processed through grading, pack-
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in alternate way. Each row contains around 13–15 spikes. This packaging is known
as gruesa in Mexican. Later, these packages are transported to retailers via trucks.
For local delivery, tuberose delivered in dry form, however, if they are to be exported
then tuberoses are placed in pulsing solution and wrapped in newspaper for delivery. Over packing or mishandling can destroy the quality of owers. Proper packing
helps in maintaining the quality of owers. This not only maintains the freshness of
owers but reduces mechanical damage. Using polyethylene sheets or metallic
paper can reduce the damage. Moreover, these sheets also slow down the wilting
process. Wrapping also increases the post-harvest life of spikes which reduces in
unpacked spikes. It has been observed that using newspaper sheets as wrapping
material increases the water uptake by spike thus reducing wilt.
Pulsing or Holding Solution The term pulsing refers to placing freshly harvested
owers in specially formulated solution to increase the storage and vase life of the
owers. Flowers are placed in solution for a brief period of time. A solution of 10%
sucrose can increase the post-harvest life of tuberose owers for 4days. It also
increases the oral opening by 13%. The holding solution of 2% sucrose and
300ppm of aluminum sulfate is best for preserving plant material in solution [24].
Treating owers with 20mM silver thiosulfate for 1h increases the life up to 7days.
Floral opening also increases by 25% by using silver thiosulfate. Moreover, sucrose
solution also reduces the percentage of damaged owers, and the color and freshness of owers is preserved (Fig.15.3).
Requirements for Getting High Flower Production It depends upon various
factors including size of bulbs, plantation time and the density of plants planted. In
3–4months, owers become ready for harvesting. In rst year, 4–5lacs/ha spikes
are produced that are used as cut owers in homes, whereas, 7–10tons/ha loose
owers are produced that are used in making ower jewelry, in religious prayers, for
decoration and rangoli making etc. However, in the next years the production of
both cut owers and loose owers increases. In second and third year, 5–6lacs/ha
of cut owers are produced, whereas, loose owers production rises to 10–13tons/
ha. At the end of third, year around 25–30tons of bulbs and bulbets could be harvested [26].
Micronutrients Requirement by Tuberose
Tuberose not only requires nitrogen,
potassium and phosphate for its growth and development but macronutrients like
calcium, magnesium and some micronutrients are equally important in this regard.
Micronutrient namely manganese, zinc, iron and boron also effects the vegetative
growth of Polianthes tuberosa.
Calcium is one of the crucial macronutrient required by tuberose. It provides
strength to plant and avoids lodging of spike. Deciency of calcium in soil results
in bud rot of tuberose ower. Depending upon the soil type this calcium deciency
can be cured by applying lime or gypsum to soil. Low level of zinc in tuberose
results in stunted growth and other deformities. It has also been observed that zinc
deciency also results in small sized leaves. Signicant improvement has been
observed in tuberose plant after application of 20 kg of zinc per hectare. It is
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Fig. 15.3 Cultivation
process of Tuberose [25]
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observed that adding zinc as a nutrient improves length of tuberose spike and rachis,
number of bulbs per plant and number of orets per spike. Deciency of boron in
tuberose results in stunted growth of spike and plant as a whole accompanied with
deformed leaves. Boron deciency is common in area with acidic soil and high
rainfall. Adding borax to soil or spraying it on standing crop can compensate boron
deciency. Foliar application of boron in amount of 100 ppm twice in a month
results in increased height of tuberose. Moreover, it also enhanced the yield of
spikes in tuberose. Iron is another major nutrient required by tuberose for assimilation of nitrogen and synthesis of chlorophyll. Its deciency results in interveinal
chlorosis in young leaves accompanied with poor yield of owers. Magnesium deciency causes chlorosis along the veins in older leaves of tuberose. Applying 0.2%
of MgSO
can correct this magnesium deciency. In new leaves, interveinal chloro-
4
sis is caused by manganese deciency in soil. Sometimes it also results in yellowish
color spikes. Spraying 0.1% of MnSO4 on leaves of tuberose can remove this deciency. Phosphorous deciency results in purple colored leaves.
Integrated Management of Nutrients To minimize the use of articial fertilizers, avoidance of chemical pollution, improvement of soil and for reduction in cost
of cultivation, recently approaches for integrated management of nutrients in tuberose have been introduced. For this purpose several researches have been conducted
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till now. In these researches organic manure has been used as an alternative to inorganic fertilizers.
Karuppaiah (2019) reported that the treatment of tuberose plant with 25tons ha−1
of FYM together with 200kg ha−1 of NPK and 0.50% zinc sulphate and same ratio
of borax improved vegetative growth of tuberose. It was also found that using 75%
RDF together with farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, Azospirillum and
phosphate-solubilizing bacteria increases number of spikes and bulbs per tuberose
plant [28]. Salman etal. (2016) reported that application of gibberellic acid incorporated with organic manure signicantly improved the yield of tuberose. Three
levels of organic manure was used in this research i.e. control, cow dung 30t ha−1
and poultry litter 20t ha−1 with different concentrations of gibberellic acid. Poultry
litter was found best in this regard. It signicantly improved the yield of tuberose. It
was found that 20t ha−1 of poultry litter produced 3,50,000t ha−1 of spikes and
21.72t ha−1 of bulbs. In another research, Wasim etal. (2016) evaluated the impact
of bio-fertilizers on growth and owering of Polianthes tuberosa L.Using bulb dip
method bio-fertilizers were applied at planting stage which was then followed by
shade drying method. Among different bio-fertilizers, Agrobacterium signicantly
improved vegetative growth of tuberose such as its height, number, length and width
of leaves [29]. In a research carried out by Shankar etal. (2010) it was found that
using a mixture of vermicompost and PSB signicantly enhance the weight of
bulbs, number of spikes and their longevity.
Best Practices to Get High Tuberose Yield For getting maximum yield of tuberose bulbs, it is recommendable to treat bulbs with a solution of 0.2% Bavistin
before plantation. Fertilizers should be applied in prescribed quantity. Approximately,
1.2–2.5 cm bulbs should be used for propagation. Before sprouting, no weeding
should be done. Proper drainage should be done as stagnation would lead to poor
quality and yield. When the leaves turn yellow and falls, it is the best time to plant
bulbs. At high temperature, the crops grow again from the previously planted bulbs.
This process is known as ratooning. It results in production of more spikes and light
weight owers which can be used for oil extraction process.
Enhancing Tuberose Yield by Rhizobacteria and Optimized Growth
Medium
Experiment has shown that using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
and optimized growing medium signicantly improves impacts the quality of tuberose. It was found that among rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas and Bacillus greatly
enhance growth of Polianthes tuberosa. Together with it, medium containing two
ratios of sand and FYM in one ratio together with Bacillus sp. HCA 61 applied in
early stages of growth proved to be best for growth of tuberose. At later stages combination of sand and vermicompost accompanied with Pseudomonas sp. CP 109
was found effective [30].
Impact of Organic Fertilizers on Tuberose Research has shown that the foliar
application of organic fertilizers improves the vegetative and reproductive growth of
tuberose. Algaren and Drin are the two organic fertilizers being used. Application of
these fertilizers on the leaves results in increase of their chlorophyll content [31].
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Maximum yield of owers hence the essential oil of tuberose can also be obtain by
adding nitrogen, phosphorous or potash in different concentrations to the crop.
Research showed that using 80, 60 and 40kg/ha of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contributes towards enhanced owering and production of essential oil.
Moreover, bio-fertilizers can also be added to tuberose plants. Bio-fertilizers accompanied with reducing level of inorganic fertilizers greatly improves different vegetative and oral characters of plants. Bio-fertilizers could be applied at the time of
planting bulbs. Azotobacter treatment signicantly enhances growth of vegetative
parts. For spike production PSB is more effective. Using sand and leaf compost
signicantly can improve the ower number and diameter together with their
shelf life.
Foliar Application of Silicon to Mitigate Salt Stress It has been found that foliar
application of silicon greatly reduces salt stress in tuberose. In Asian markets tuberose comes in late summer and autumn during which the stalks possess only few
owers. During this season ower production in tuberose is affected by a number of
abiotic factors. One of these factors is salt stress that signicantly hampers plant
growth thus signicantly affecting its vase life, ower yield and quality. In order to
overcome impact of salt stress on tuberose different concentrations of silicon was
applied to plant. Salt stress greatly affects the morphological characters of tuberose
such as its height, stalk, root and spike length, number of leaves, weight of orets
etc. It was observed that foliar application of silicon greatly reduced the quantity of
soluble proteins and proline in tuberose. Thus it was concluded that foliar application of silicon can alleviate salt stress in Polianthes tuberosa [32, 33].
Cold Storage Research have shown that the cold storage decreases the vase life of
inorescence of cut tuberose. Moreover, wet storage if continued for longer period
can have detrimental impact on tuberose owers. Researchers thereby concluded
that storage procedures effects the tuberose quality and not the desiccation itself [34].
Weed Control
Weed management is critical for plant growth. The plant should be
cleaned from weeds at weekly basis to avoid all hindrances. For chemical control
Atrazine 0.1–0.9% is sprayed on crop after sowing bulbs [35].
Pest Control There are number of insects affecting plant such as aphids, thrip and
weevil. A solution of 1.75–200mg/l of Metasystox or Rogor is sprayed on plants to
control aphids and thrips while weevils are controlled by the application of Thiodon
at 2mg/l [36].
Bud Border Bud border also known as Helicoverpa armigera can be controlled
by spray of Thiodon, monocortophos, endosulfan in 0.6%, 0.2%, 0.2% respectively
(Table15.1).
Nematodes It is one of the most noxious pests that harms tuberose. Reniform
nematode, root knot nematodes and greasy streak nematodes result in stunted
growth leading to excessive loss of tuberose owering plants. Using neem 2g/tonne
hectare, carbofuran 24 kg/ha and Furadon 2 kg/ha controls nematode infestation [37].
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Table 15.1
Macronutrients and micronutrients required
by Tuberose Deciency symptoms
Calcium Bud Rot in Tuberose ower
Zinc Small sized leaves and stunted growth
Boron Deformed leaves and stunted growth of spike
Iron Interveinal chlorosis in young leaves
Magnesium Interveinal chlorosis in older leaves
Manganese Interveinal chlorosis in new leaves and
Phosphorous Purple coloration of leaves
Nitrogen Reduction in number of spikes and owers, pale
Deciency symptoms of essential nutrients in Tuberose [27]
yellowing of spikes
green foliage
Red Spider Mites These are found at lower surface of plants growing in hot and
arid conditions. These red or brown insects have high multiplication capacity. They
feed on plant sap, resulting in formation of yellow streaks on the leaves and stunted
growth of plant. To protect the plant from mites it is recommendable to apply 1.2%
Kelthane [3].
Grasshopper It severely damages tuberose plants by feeding on young leaves and
ower buds. To control such attack insecticides such as 0.1% Roger or Malathion
should be applied at regular intervals.
Aphids Feeding on ower buds, aphids are tiny insects with dark purple or black
soft bodies. Damage from aphids could be prevented using 0.1% Malathion or
dimethoate sprays at an interval of 10days [3].
Weevils They inhabit ruined leaves and shoots. Weevils feed on border of tuberose
leaves thus creating a notched effect. Their larvae feed upon roots and bulbs of tuberose. Disease caused by this pest can be treated by applying 10% BHC dust in the
soil in which tuberose is planted.
Thrips
These insects feed on leaves, owers and stalks. Thrips sucks sap from the
owers of tuberose. Bunchy Top is contagious disease associated with thrips. In this
disease the inorescence of tuberose becomes malformed. Spraying 0.1% Malathion
can control this disease.
Disease Control The diseases of tuberose crop can be managed through a number
of ways using different techniques.
Flower Bud Rot Flower bud rot is caused by Erwinia sp. It results in bud rotting
with brown scales and discoloration of peduncle. In such cases uprooting and
destruction of diseased plants is done. Spectinomycin is used to control ower bud
rot in tuberose.
Stem Rot It is caused by Sclerotium rolfsi. Symptoms of this disease are forma-
tion of coarse mycelial masses near base of stem. This disease can be controlled by
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the application of brassicol at concentration of 30 kg per hectare. The stem rot
spreading can be controlled by wider spacing of plants and minimizing moisture
contents of eld in which plants grown.
Alternaria Leaf Spot Alternaria leaf spot disease is caused by Alternaria polyantha which affects the leaf of plants. It is a fungal disease. It can be controlled the
spraying by Iprodione and Mancozeb in 0.2% in concentration each for 11days.
Leaf Blight/Botrytis Bight It is caused by Botrytis elliptica who damages plant
leaf. It can be controlled by the application of foliar spray containing Greeno and
Ammonical copper at 0.5% and 2.0% concentration. This treatment is repeated after
every 12days. Sometime it takes longer period of time for complete removal of
disease [38].
Blossom Blight Fusarium equisetti is the causative agent of this disease.
Symptoms of this disease appear in form of light brown lesions which soon turns
black thus making the tissue dry. It also causes infection in ower stalk resulting in
its collapse. In humid atmosphere ower tips of tuberose turns brown due to accumulation of mass of brown spores. Spraying tuberose plants with 0.02% of Bavistin
can control this disease [39].
Sclerotium Wilt It is caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, the fungus mainly affecting the
roots. Other names of it are basal, foot and root tuber. This disease appears in form
of patches and initially it results in drooping of leaves. At later stages it turns the
plant yellow and dry. The target of this fungus is roots of tuberose which later
spreads upward through the tuber and collar portion of the stem. Rotting appears in
both roots and tubers. A thick cottony layer of fungus develops on the rotten stem
and petioles of tuberose plant at the soil level. Adding 0.3% Zineb to soil effectively
controls this disease.
Root-Knot Nematode In this disease root swelling and galling takes place. Due
to heavy galling, the tuberose plant becomes stunted and its leaves turns yellow at
their tips. Meloidogyne sp, responsible for this disease can be transferred through
gall tubers or soil contaminated with this pathogen.
Greasy Streak
Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie, a foliar nematode, is a causative
agent of this disease. In wet warm weather, a greasy streak forms on leaves of tuberose that rapidly rots its foliage. Early symptoms appear in form of small watersoaked spots along the midrib. Later, these spots become elongated about 2–6in.
together with becoming black and greasy in texture. Size of these spots cause the
tuberose leave to bend, wilt and dry. At the margins of these greasy spots nematodes
are found in abundance [39]
Rusty Flower This disease is common in Hawaii. During warm wet weather
Thrips hawaiianses inhabits large number of tuberose owers and extremely damages their petals. Initially yellowish-brown spots appear on the petals and when
symptoms become severe the whole ower turns rusty brown.
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Table 15.2
Management
technique Factors Affecting agents Control
Weed
management
Pest management Bud borders Helicoverpa
Disease
management
Crop management techniques of Tuberose [41]
Weed growth Intensive weed
Nematodes Aphelencoids
Flower bud rot Erwinia sp. Streptomycin
Stem rot Sclerotium rolfsi Brassicol (30kg/ha)
Notched leaves Weevils BHC Dust (10%)
Bunchy Top Thrips Malathion (0.1%)
Alternaria leaf
spot
Leaf blight Botrytis elliptica Greeno (0.5%)
Blossom Blight Fusarium equisetti Bavistin (0.02%)
Sclerotium Wilt Sclerotium rolfsii Zineb (0.3%)
Root-knot
Nematode
Greasy Streak Aphelenchoides
Rusty Flower Thrips hawaiianses Spraying natural pyrethrins
Peduncle Blight Lasiodiplodia
growth
armigera
besseyi
Alternaria polyantha Ipordine (0.2%)
Meloidogyne sp. Zineb (0.3%)
besseyi
theobromae
Atrazine (0.1–0.9%)
Thiodin (0.6%)
Monotrophous (0.2%)
Endosulfan (0.2%)
Carbofuran (24kg)
Furan (24kg)
Mancozeb (0.2%)
Ammonical copper (0.2%)
Foliar application of carbosulfan
(T1)
Bioformulations containing
bacterial and fungal isolates
Peduncle Blight Disease This disease was found to be major limiting factor for
tuberose cultivation in India. It is caused by pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae
which causes necrosis of peduncle and rachis. This pathogen attacks pith of peduncle thus causing redness [40] (Table15.2).
Diversication of Tuberose
as well as ornamental purposes throughout the globe. Due to its diverse applications, tuberose is being planted in Africa, Asia and America. These countries produce large amount of tuberose ower and exports to USA, Europe and Japan.
Tuberose is among the oldest plants cultivated in the world. In 1519, Aztecs were
fond of growing tuberose as investigated by Spanish from the old world. In 1500s
Indians also started growing tuberose. The fragrant owers and showy petals made
it popular. These owers were famous from Victorian’s period. In Europe [EU] the
major tuberose owers producer is Netherland which transport ower to other EU
members because of its high demand. Flowering plants industry in Pakistan is at
Lahore, Islamabad, Multan, Faisalabad, Quetta, Karachi and Hyderabad. The areas
near Lahore such as Sahiwal and Pattoki are considered as oriculture sites for
tuberose cultivation [42].
Tuberose owers are greatly used for oil extraction
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Annual Production of Tuberose The annual production of tuberose varies in different regions of world. It varies in different countries such as in Netherland (55%),
Columbia (35%), Ecuador (28%), Belgium (24%), Ethiopia (10%), Italy (8%),
Malaysia, Germany and Israel (1%). According to ISPF report, in 2017, annual
production was maximum in Asia that was 2,30,000, in Europe 57,000, in Netherland
45,000 tons per hectare production. The demand and production increased till 2020
up to 5,35,000 from annual rate [43].
Chemical Composition of Tuberose The chemical constituents of tuberose are
of great importance due to various reasons. Different methods are adopted for
enhancing chemical constituents of different varieties of tuberose. The aerial parts
of this plant contains cholestane glycoside along with spirostanol saponins. The
bulbs of tuberose are reported to have glycosides and a long chain alcohol that is
1- tricosanol. Underground part of tuberose spirostanol saponins and different
monosaccharides (Table15.3).
Flower Preparations Tuberose panicle is placed in water for freshness of owers.
The owers are collected regularly, and chemical constituents are extracted.
Tuberose Oil Extraction Methods Extraction methods i.e., eneurage and sol-
vent extraction method are used for extraction of tuberose oil.
Eneurage For extraction of tuberose oil, both cold and hot eneurage processes
are used. In cold eneurage, palm wax is heated to 80°C for 2h. Later, this melted
wax is poured into rectangular shaped glass trays, with each tray containing 100mL
of melted wax. After the solidication of palm wax at room temperature, tuberose
owers are being placed in the wax trays with each wax tray covered with another
one. Flowers are being replaced with fresh owers after every 24h. Floral scents are
being collected using ethanol. The ethanol evaporates leaving behind absolute de
eneurage. In hot eneurage process, the owers are being placed in 400mL palm
oil which is warmed at 60°C.This process is continued for 30min and cooled down
at room temperature. After leaving overnight, the palm oil is again warmed at 60°C
and the previous owers are replaced with new ones. The ower scent can be
extracted using a pomade [44].
Table 15.3 Physiochemical
properties of Tuberose oil
Property Characteristic/value
Appearance Liquid
Color Orange to Brown
Odor Sweet oral fragrance
Relative Density 0.959kg/m
Refractive Index 1.482
Solubility Insoluble in water
Storage Stored in cool, dark and dry place
Shelf Life 24months
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