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S. Zafar etal.
ether, was found to be effective in case of Staphylococcus aureus. The ethanol
(95%) extract was effective on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Elements used for the antibacterial activity involve carvacrol, terpinen-4-ol,
β-pinene, eugenol, isoeugenol, myrcene, 1,8-cineole and α-pinene [79].
18.7.4.1 Anticonvulsant Activity
For determining the anticonvulsant activity, ethanol extract 70% of the fresh root
was applied intra-peritoneally on both the sexes of mice at different dosage, for
convulsions induced by metra-zole [80]. This found to be ineffective for convulsions induced by strychnine. The extract was of ethanol and water in the ratio of
1:1n and dosage use was 500.0mg/kg proved to be ineffective for electro-shock
induced convulsions [81].
18.7.4.2 Antidiarrheal Activity
Chromatographic fraction of dried seeds, administered intragastrically to rats at a
dose of 10.0mg/kg, was active vs castor oil-induced diarrhea [77].
18.7.4.3 Antiestrogenic Effect
Root extract of the ethanol (95%) was active for the anti-fertility effect of mice,
when applied at the dosage of 10.0mg/kg. The extract of seeds was also prepared
with Chloroform/methanol and applied sub-cutaneously to the mice. 50.0mg/animal was used for this experiment and found to be active. When ethanol extract of the
seeds was made and applied subcutaneously and orally to the mice, it appears to be
inactive [81]. The dosage used was 1.0 mg/animal. Similarly, ethanol and water
extract found to be inactive for mice as compared to the petroleum ether extract. The
extract of leaves of garlic with petroleum, water and ethanol applied to mice,
appeared inactive. Male rats were applied consistently with 100mg/kg ethanol seed
extract intra-gastrically for almost 2 months, appeared to be active [82]. There
observed decrease in the number of the pregnant females (Table18.2).
Dried seeds extract of the Ethanol/water in the ratio of 1:1 was found to be active
when applied at the dosage of 250.0mg/kg[82]. Consequently, no female got pregnant out of 20 when mated with 10 males for about 2months. After the removal of
treatment, pregnancies were observed. When the human females were administered
with the hot water extract of the plants, the extract appeared to be active [83]. The
dosage applied was 0.28 gm/person. Extract used was the mixture of Polianthes
tube Rosa, Piper longum (fruit), Piper betele, Abreus precatory, Ferula assafoetida
and Embelia ribes (fruit). The treatment was done for 20days, starting from the
second day of menstruation. Two doses were taken daily and sexual intercourse was
prohibited during the whole treatment period. The experiment was found to be
effective for 4months. The biological activity was completely observed [84]. Seed
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Table 18.2
Plant organ Extract
Diallyl trisulphide Invitro Rat 7.5mg/ml 30 Inhibition of spermatozoa
Bulb Crude extract Male 500–1000 mg/
Garlic powder Gavage Male 50 mg/kg/day 45–75
Garlic powder Oral Male 0.8g/100g
Raw garlic juice Oral drinking
Crude garlic Oral Male 20g/100g 4 months Apoptosis of germ cells
Crude garlic Oral Male 15g/100g 30 days Apoptosis of spermatocytes
Crude garlic Oral Male 30g/100g 30 days Diminution of testosterone
Fresh bulb Water extract Female 500 mg/day Inactive
Activity of garlic plant parts
Gender
of rat Dosage Status Effect
Rat 60mg/kg/day 21 days Toxic affecting growth
water
kg/day
animal
motility
28 days Antispermatogenic
days
28 days Increased testosterone
Histological alterations in
somatic cells, arrest of
spermatogenesis
secretion
Anti- estrogenic
oil was also used for the experimental activity and found to be active both male and
female mice, when applied in the dosage of 150. Mg/animal and 25.0mg/animal,
respectively.
18.7.5 Anti-Diabetic Activity
Alpha amylase activity is reversed in the diabetic patients. Phytochemicals present
in the herbs, help to alleviate the harmful effect of alpha amylase. Along with the
phenolic compounds, many other bioactive compounds help to reduce the production of false alpha amylase [85]. The hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) test measures the
amount of hemoglobin in the blood. If the glucose level in the blood is high, the
amount of hemoglobin A1C will also be high. To overcome this condition, the herbs
are best. Herbs contains the compounds which help to reduce the blood sugar level
and improve diabetes control. Sprague-Dawley rats was used as the model to search
for anti-diabetic activity, whose dose of 2% w/w was effective to give results. It
results in the reduction of increase blood sugar level [86].
18.7.6 Anti-Cancer Effect
Epidemiological studies have shown that consumption of herbs and spices shows a
positive correlation in controlling the cancerous effect. This can only be due to the
presence of antioxidants in the herbs like garlic. [87] have shown the anticancer
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potential of steamed, fresh and dried herbs using human Hela cancer cells. Of all these,
the steamed herbs were more effective as compared to the fresh and dry herbs [88].
S. Zafar etal.
18.7.7 Anti-inammatory Effect
Inammation is a natural condition, which arises due to some defective or unusual
condition inside the body. This inammation can be acute or chronic. In this condition, three main pathways JAK-STAT, MAPK and NF-kB are activated and cause
inammation-associated diseases [89]. In controlling the anti-inammatory activities,
the herbs are more effective as these contain bioactive compounds which are effective
against inammation and produce health benets. Cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2), an
inducible enzyme increases the inammation by the production of Prostaglandin (PG)
[90, 91], examined the anti-inammatory activity of uncooked, cooked and digested
of cloves. Results revealed that cloves used in different conditions inhibited the production of COX-2 which in turn reduced the inammatory activity [92].
18.8 The Content ofTrace Elements intheMedicinal Plants
18.8.1 Silicon
Silicon works as a catalyst in redox reaction and brought about the metabolism of
fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Also, Silicon is directly involved in the formation
of collagen of the human body. It’s lesser amount increases the chances of diabetes
mellitus [93].
18.8.2 Magnesium
Magnesium acts as a regulator of the functions of many organs and system, like
endocrine system, which is involved in the secretion of insulin [94]. That’s why
magnesium deciency causes decrease in the synthesis of insulin.
18.9 Garlic Superstitions & Folklore
According to Pliny, garlic and onions were invoked as deities by the Egyptians at the
taking of oaths [95]. People of the Elysium (Lower Egypt), used to worship onions
as well as took them as food. According to Egyptian, garlic was usually taken to
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increase endurance and strength and to reduce illness, so these were given to slaves
of Egyptian routinely. According to Egyptian records, the pyramid builders were
given with raw garlic, onions, beer and atbread as food [96]. They were given more
garlic, when they threatened to give up building the constructions of pyramids. It is
estimated that the Pharaoh spent almost two million dollars on supplying garlic to
the pyramid builders [97]. Garlic quantity was set aside to buy the prisoners at that
time, especially during the era of King Tut like fteen pounds garlic for a healthy
male slave. Bulbs of garlic were obtained scattered for the room of King Tot’s comb,
when his tomb was excavated. In 1200BC, during the era of Moses, when he led the
Herbew slaves out of Egypt, they all complained of missing of some of the important
things in life, like garlic, leeks, onions, melons and cucumbers. The Koreans use to
pickled the garlic, whenever they cross a mountain path. They were of the view that,
the garlic were disliked by the tigers [98]. In Mohammed’s writings; he equates garlic with Satan when he describes the feet of the Devil as he was cast out of the
Garden of Eden. According to the writings, garlic sprang up, where he put his left
foot and onion from, where he put his right foot. In Palestinian traditions, for the
successful wedding night, bride groom should had to wear garlic in their buttonhole.
In Ayurvedic culture, garlic is considered best for aphrodisiac and it’s ability to
increase semen [99]. Ancient Greeks used to place the garlic on cross roads, as a
symbol of goddess of childbirth and wilderness and to stay away from demons. The
garlic was supposed to the evil spirits and causes them to lose their way. Before
competition and battle, garlic was usually used to taken by the athletes and soldiers
of Greek. Greek midwives used to hang garlic cloves in birthing rooms as the custom, to keep the evil spirit away. These became the common practice in most of
European home, as the time passed [100]. It was considered as the sign of courage
and inspiration by the Romans. Whenever the Romans conquered any country, they
used to plant Garlic there, as considering the sign of courage. They believe that courage is then transferred to their battleeld. Homer reported that Ulysses owed his
escape from Circe to “yellow garlic”. Some of the herbalist like Culpepper considered a link between garlic and planet Mars, the planet also connected with the blood.
According to the central European folk beliefs, garlic is considered as a powerful
ward against werewolves, vampires and devils. Garlic should be worn by persons,
rubbed on the chimneys, keyholes and hung in the window, just to avoid the devils
entry. “The touch of vampire” was given to the name of disease caused by the bite of
mosquitos. There, the garlic were used as mosquito repellent. Alexander Neck, recommends Garlic as a palliative of heat of the sun for labors especially [101]. Dreams
of the “Garlic in the house”, is considered lucky for that person. If the dream is
about, “eating garlic”, that man is considered to be going to discover secrets [102].
This old Welsh saying May indeed have merit as a health remedy: “Eat leeks in
March and garlic in May, Then the rest of the year, your doctor can play.”
The words “gar” and “leac” both refer to spears, specically spear-shaped leaves.
It’s believed that garlic has both positive and negative powers. There are local folklore in central Europe that claim garlic wards off vampires, demons, werewolves,
and the Evil Eye. Europeans who were frightened of the pandemic consumed whole
garlic cloves during the Middle Ages to ward off the Black Death’s anger. Grave
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robbers in eighteenth-century France used to mash whole garlic cloves in wine.
They rmly believed that by ingesting this preparation, they would defend themselves against the fatal illness recognized as plague [103–107]. Garlic migrated
from ancient Egypt to the Indus Valley’s highly advanced ancient cultures (Pakistan
and western India today). It then moved to China. It has been utilized in China since
2000BC [108–113]. Because of its intense smell, the privileged classes in ancient
India avoided garlic. Due to its stimulant properties, teenagers, widows, and nuns
were prohibited from eating garlic. In India, it’s still very common to hang red
chilli, lemon, and garlic at the entrance or inside a store to keep off evil. Garlic has
been used to cure a number of illnesses in the Middle East, East Asia, and Nepal,
including asthma, high blood pressure, TB (tuberculosis), liver problems, diarrhea,
bloating, constipation, intestinal worms, arthritis, diabetes, and cramps. Hippocrates,
a physician in ancient Greece, supported the use of garlic to cure respiratory issues,
infections, poor digestion, and fatigue. And hence, garlic has been used as a foodstuff and a medicine for thousands of years throughout the world.
In 1897, in the Romanian city of Bistritz, it was noted that the most well-known
vampire, Bram Stoker’s Dracula, had a denite dislike for garlic. There, garlic was
handed to Johnathan Harker as protection when going to the castle of Dracula.
Professor Van Helsing, a Dutch vampire hunter, uses garlic owers to enhance Lucy
Westenra’s chamber, rub them all around the window frames, the door, and the replace, and x her with a “wreath of garlic around her neck” to protect her from
danger. Despite this, Lucy is attacked by Dracula, who then changes her into a
vampire, forcing Dracula to kill her with a wooden stake and stuff garlic into her
lips. According to local folklore, Dracula disliked garlic because it “so aficted him
that he has no strength” [103, 114–123].
Before the discovery of New World vampire bats, much of the original source
used to inform these behaviors was thoroughly recorded from folklore that dates
back to the middle times (ie, Desmodus and other genera).Moreover, there are odd
similarities because the native peoples of tropical America used a similar method of
defence against bites [106, 124–132].
The important effect of garlic would therefore seem to be as a repellent in both
reality and ction, leading us to think about the bioactive components in garlic and
the potential physiological mechanisms that could result in such a result after eating
or inhaling it [133–135]. These mechanisms include a decreased ability for vampires to quickly feed from victims with lowered blood pressure after consuming
garlic and/or the increase of signs in people with porphyria as a result of the haemolytic effect of garlic (misdiagnosed vampires!).
S. Zafar etal.
18.10 Garlic Facts, Myths andLegends
Ancient Greek given the name “cordon” to the present day garlic. According to
Folder and Blackwood, French physician Henri Leclerc derived this from scion
radon which he translated as rose Puente, or “stinking rose”. Garlic is being used for
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thousands of years for medicinal purposes [136]. Records shows that the garlic was
used some 3000year ago by Chinese people in medicines while about 5000years
ago by Sanskrit people in medicines. The Babylonians, Romans, Greeks and
Egyptians used garlic for purpose of healing. Pasteur noted antibacterial activity of
the garlic in 1858. Garlic was used to sure many disease like infections, snakebites,
hyper-tension. In some of the culture it was used to ward off the evil spirits [137].
Garlic is of great benet in controlling cardiovascular risk and decreasing cholesterol levels along with it’s benecial antimicrobial and antineoplastic properties. In
the past, garlic was also used to get rid of many of the insects like mosquitos, slug
etc. Garlic used from the prevention of mosquitos bites. Hippocrates in 300BC,
recommend garlic for various infections, leprosy, digestive disorders and cancer.
Discords used I for the treatment of heart problems. Pliny used this plant as a treatment agent for epilepsy, tapeworm and leprosy. In World War 1, garlic was used to
cure wounds of the soldiers which were on front line. In 1928, discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming replaced the use of garlic at home. But the war fought at
a larger scale instead of depending on penicillin, still depended on garlic. There
garlic worked as the antibiotic of choice. In Red Army Physicians, garlic was known
as “Russian Penicillin”, as the army was heavily dependent on the garlic.
These days, garlic is used by many of the herbalist to cure many of the disease
like colds, coughs, bronchitis, ringworm, intestinal worm, fever, ue and cholesterol. It is mostly effective for gallbladder, digestive system and liver. Many reports
are provided in the publish papers of the last two years, indicating that garlic is
helping to prevent heart diseases and cancer, even in controlling the cancer which is
spread widely or is severe.
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18.10.1 Garlic Caution
There should be some safety measures to store the garlic. Garlic must not be left at
the room temperature, when mixed with olive oil. It has an awesome avor until
botulism threatens it’s safety [138]. Garlic mixed with vinegar, is safe to store. As
the acidic level of the vinegar does not allow the growth of botulin bacteria.
Therefore, the store garlic is safe from incubating and can be used easily. In Italy, to
alleviate stomachaches, the garlic poultices are applied. In the early twentieth century, there was a common practice of the people to make their children to wear
necklace made up of garlic cloves, just to prevent them from getting cold. This
practice kept the children away from cold at that time. Ticks were also controlled by
using garlic for almost 30minutes. As, the garlic was used to kill the ticks in animals. It was also used as the repellent towards new infestations. Mouth and hoof
disease of cattle was also treated with garlic. In 1955, a study was conducted in
Russia. According to which the garlic extract used to eliminate heavy metals from
the body and it is used as therapeutic cure. The garlic extract bind with heavy metals
and eliminate through the body. Labors infected with lead poisoning, were treated
with garlic extract and were observed the reduction of symptoms of poisoning.
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Other experiments were performed in the japan where the persons were infected
mercury and cadmium were treated with garlic and were observed improvement in
their health. These metals were bounded with the garlic extract for the removal from
the body. Herbs and medicinal plants provide health or therapeutic benets. They
prevent and treat several diseases. The treated diseases include cancer, intestinal,
cardiovascular, uretic and metabolic diseases[82]. These medicinal plants and herbs
have many applications in perfume, toothpaste, sugar, medicines, food industries,
cosmetics, soap and beverages. These applications are regulated by different countries according to their own laws. Different countries may also have their own rules
for labelling approved by health and nutritional authorities. The use of these medicines required several factors to be considered. Like the variations in the exposure
of different things in different communities [58]. Interaction of these herbs with
food or other bioactives is also considered an important element for it’s use. In conclusion, these various parameters, are important to consider when applied for the
application for various purposes and for various industries.
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